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HW 5

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17 views16 pages

HW 5

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ioliver1102
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Homework #5

due Wednesday, February 9, at 11:59pm

1. Find a basis for the null space of each matrix, and express the null space as the
column space of some other matrix.
!
Å ã 2 2 1
2 1 1 4
a) b) 4 5 5
4 2 1 7
6 1 12
0 1
1 2 3 1 1 !
1 1 0
B 2 4 5 4 1C
c) @ d) 1 2 1
1 2 2 3 1A
0 1 2
3 6 7 7 6
[Hint: Compare HW4#14.]

2. Draw pictures of the null space and the column space of the following matrices. Be
precise!
Nul(A) Col(A)

Å ã
1 1
a) A= :
0 1

Nul(A) Col(A)

Å ã
1 2
b) A= :
1 2

Nul(A) Col(A)

Å ã
0 0
c) A= :
0 0

3. Give examples of subsets V of R2 such that:


a) V is closed under addition and contains 0, but is not closed under scalar mul-
tiplication.
b) V is is closed under scalar multiplication and contains 0, but is not closed under
addition.
c) V is closed under addition and scalar multiplication, but does not contain 0.
Therefore, none of these conditions is redundant.

4. Which of the following subsets of R3 are subspaces? If it is not a subspace, why


not? If it is, write it as the column space or null space of some matrix.
a) The plane (x, y, x): x, y 2 R .

b) The plane (x, y, 1): x, y 2 R .


c) The set consisting of all vectors (x, y, z) such that x y = 0.
d) The set consisting of all vectors (x, y, z) such that x  y.
e) The span of (1, 2, 3) and (2, 1, 3).
ß
x + y+z =0
f) The solution set of the system of equations
x 2 y z = 0.
ß
x + y+z =0
g) The solution set of the system of equations
x 2 y z = 1.

5. Give a geometric description of the following column spaces (line, plane, . . . ).


! ! !
2 0 0 0 0
a) Col 2 b) Col 1 2 c) Col 1 2
1 3 1 3 6
! !
2 2 1 1 1 0
d) Col 4 5 5 e) Col 1 2 1
6 1 12 0 1 2

[Hint: Compare HW4#21.]

6. Find a nonzero 2 ⇥ 2 matrix such that A2 = 0.

7. a) Explain why Col(AB) is contained in Col(A).


b) Give an example where Col(AB) 6= Col(A).
[Hint: use Problem 6.]

8. a) Explain why Nul(AB) contains Nul(B).


b) Give an example where Nul(AB) 6= Nul(B).
[Hint: use Problem 6.]

9. Suppose that A is in reduced row echelon form. Describe Col(A).

10. Decide if each statement is true or false, and explain why.


a) The null space of an m ⇥ n matrix with n pivots is Rn .
b) If Col(A) = {0}, then A is the zero matrix.
c) The column space of 2A equals the column space of A.
d) The null space of A + B contains the null space of A.
e) If U is an echelon form of A, then Nul(U) = Nul(A).
f) If U is an echelon form of A, then Col(U) = Col(A).

11. Which sets of vectors are linearly independent? If the vectors are linearly depen-
dent, find a linear relation among them.
( ! ! !) ( ! ! !)
1 4 7 ßÅ ã Å ã Å ã™ 1 1 0
1 2 0
a) 2 , 5 , 8 b) , , c) 1 , 2 , 1
2 1 0
3 6 9 0 1 2
80 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 19
> 1 2 3 1 1 > ( ! !)
< = 0 0
B 2C B 4C B 5C B 4C B 1C
d) @ A , @ A , @ A , @ A , @ A e) 1 , 2
> 1 2 2 3 1 >
: ; 3 1
3 6 7 7 6
Which sets do you know are linearly dependent without doing any work?

12. a) For each set in Problem 11, find a basis for the span of the vectors.
b) For each set in Problem 11, find a different basis for the span of the vectors.
Your new basis cannot contain a scalar multiple of any vector in your answer
for a).
c) What is the dimension of each of these spans?

13. Consider the vectors


( ! ! !)
1 4 7
2 , 5 , 8
3 6 9
of Problem 11(a).
a) Find two different ways to express (5, 7, 9) as a linear combination of these
vectors.
b) How many ways can you express (5, 7, 9) as a linear combination of the first
two vectors?

14. Let {w1 , w2 , w3 } be a basis for a subspace V , and set


v1 = w2 + w3 v2 = w1 + w3 v3 = w1 + w2 .
Show that {v1 , v2 , v3 } is also a basis for V .
15. Certain vectors v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 span a 3-dimensional subspace of R5 . They satisfy the
linear relation
2v1 + 0v2 v3 + v4 = 0.
a) Describe all linear relations among v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 .
[Hint: what is the rank of the matrix with columns v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 ?]
b) Which vector is not in the span of the others, and why?

16. Consider the following matrix:


!
2 2 1
A= 4 5 5
6 1 12
Which sets of columns form a basis for the column space? (I.e., do the first and
third columns form a basis? what about the second and third? etc.)

17. Find bases for the following subspaces.


a) (x, y, x): x, y 2 R .

b) (x, y, z) 2 R3 : x = 2 y + z .
ß
x + y+z =0
c) The solution set of the system of equations
x 2 y z = 0.
0 1
0 6 8
x 2 R3 : Ax = 2x , where A = @ 2 0 0 A.
1
d)
0 12 0

e) The subspace of all vectors in R3 whose coordinates sum to zero.


f) The intersection of the plane x 2y z = 0 with the x y-plane.

18. Let V be a 4-dimensional subspace of R5 .


a) Explain why every basis for V can be extended to a basis for R5 by adding one
more vector.
b) Find an example of a 4-dimensional subspace V of R5 and a basis for R5 that
cannot be reduced to a basis for V by removing one vector.

19. Decide if each statement is true or false, and explain why.


a) If v1 , v2 , . . . , vn are linearly independent vectors, then Span{v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } has
dimension n.
b) If the matrix equation Ax = 0 has the trivial solution, then the columns of A
are linearly independent.
c) If Span{v1 , v2 } is a plane and the set {v1 , v2 , v3 } is linearly dependent, then
v3 2 Span{v1 , v2 }.
d) If v3 is not a linear combination of v1 and v2 , then {v1 , v2 , v3 } is linearly inde-
pendent.
e) If {v1 , v2 , v3 } is linearly dependent, then so is {v1 , v2 , v3 , x} for any vector x.
f) The set {0} is linearly independent.
g) If {v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 } is linearly independent, then so is {v1 , v2 , v3 }.
h) The columns of any 4 ⇥ 5 matrix are linearly dependent.
1
i) If Ax = 2 has only one solution, then the columns of A are linearly indepen-
dent.
j) If Span{v1 , v2 , v3 } has dimension 3, then {v1 , v2 , v3 } is linearly independent.

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