Lecture 1
Lecture 1
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM I
Introduction
Database Management System (DBMS)
•DBMS contains information about a
particular enterprise
• Collection of interrelated data
• Set of programs to access the data
• An environment that is both convenient and
efficient to use
•Database Applications:
• Banking: transactions
• Airlines: reservations, schedules
• Universities: registration, grades
• Sales: customers, products, purchases
Database Management System (DBMS)
• Atomicity of updates
• Failures may leave database in an inconsistent
state with partial updates carried out
• Example: Transfer of funds from one account to
another should either complete or not happen
at all
• Concurrent access by multiple users
• Concurrent access needed for performance
• Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to
inconsistencies
• Example: Two people reading a balance (say
100) and updating it by withdrawing money
(say 50 each) at the same time
Drawbacks of using file systems to store data (Cont.)
•Security problems
•Hard to provide user access to some, but
not all, data
Types
•Relational model
•Entity-Relationship data model
(mainly for database design)
Data Models
• Relational model
• Example of tabular data in the relational model
Columns
Rows
A Sample Relational Database
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
•Normalization Theory
• Formalize what designs are bad, and test for
them
•Entity Relationship Model
• Models an enterprise as a collection of entities
and relationships
• Entity: a “thing” or “object” in the enterprise that is
distinguishable from other objects
• Described by a set of attributes
• Relationship: an association among several entities
• Represented diagrammatically by an entity-
relationship diagram:
The Entity-Relationship Model
•Transaction-management component
ensures that the database remains in a
consistent (correct) state despite system
failures (e.g., power failures and operating
system crashes) and transaction failures.
•Concurrency-control manager controls the
interaction among the concurrent
transactions, to ensure the consistency of
the database.
Database Users and Administrators
Database
Database System Internals
Database Architecture
•1980s:
• Research relational prototypes evolve into
commercial systems
• SQL becomes industrial standard
• Parallel and distributed database systems
• Object-oriented database systems
•1990s:
• Large decision support and data-mining
applications
• Large multi-terabyte data warehouses
• Emergence of Web commerce
History (cont.)
•Early 2000s:
•XML and XQuery standards
•Automated database administration
•Later 2000s:
•Giant data storage systems
• Google BigTable, Yahoo PNuts, Amazon, ..
Thank You
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Figure 1.06