EM Chap 1 Quadratic and Fractional Functions 3E/Page 1 of 28

Name: ………………………………………… ( ) Class: 3 / ________ Date: ………………………

Lesson Objectives: *Tick when you master the following objective

□ Solving quadratic equations by completing the square
□ Solving quadratic equations using formula
□ Solving fractional equations reducible to quadratic equations
□ Solving quadratic equations by graphical method
□ Sketching graphs of quadratic functions expressed in the form y = +/-(x – p)2 + q or +/-(x – h)(x – k)
□ Applying quadratic equations and functions in real-world contexts

1.1 Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square

Let’s recapitulate on how to Factorise and solve quadratic equations first.
A quadratic equation can be expressed in the general form ax2 + bx + c = 0 , where a , b and c are
constants and a  0 .

A root or solution of the equation is a value of x that satisfies the equation. In another words, the
roots of the equation are the x –coordinates of the points of intersection of the graph and the x –axis.

Graphs of y y
quadratic
y
equations

x x x

Number of root(s)
or solution(s)

For example,
Why are − 3 and − 2 roots (or solutions) of the quadratic equation x
2
+ 5x + 6 = 0 ?
(−3) + 5(−3) + 6 = 0
2

(−2) 2 + 5(−2) + 6 = 0

− 3 and − 2 are roots (or solutions) of the quadratic equation x 2 + 5x + 6 = 0 because the equation equates to
zero when substituted into the equation.

Is − 1 also a root of the quadratic equation x

2
+ 5x + 6 = 0 ? ……………………………………………….

There are a few methods to solve quadratic equation. One of the methods is factorisation method.

x 2 + 5x + 6 = 0
IMPORTANT:
( x + 3)( x + 2) = 0
To solve quadratic equation,
x + 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
equate the entire equation to zero.
x = −3 or x = −2

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Let’s Try 1: Solve x 2 + 4 x = −4

Step 1: Make sure the equation equates to zero

x2 + 4 x + 4 = 0
Step 2: Factorise the quadratic expression using cross-method.

( )( )= 0

x2 4
Step 3: Solve the equation
( )= 0

Let’s Try 2: Solve each of the following equations

(a) ( x − 14)( x − 9) = 0 (b) 3x 2 − 20 x = 0 Ans

a )14,9
20
b) , 0
3
8 8
c) , −
9 9
4
d ) − , −7
3
(c) 81x 2 = 64 (d) 3x 2 + 25 x + 28 = 0

Mastery Practice 3: Solve each of the following equations

(a) ( x + 5)( x + 7) = 0 Ans : −5,−7 (b) x(5x − 3) = 0 Ans : 0,
3
5

(c) ( x − 8)2 = (3x + 5)2 3 13

Ans : ,− (d) 2 x( x − 18) = x Ans :
37
,0
4 2 2

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(e) x 2 − 5 x − 14 = 0 Ans : 7,−2 (f) 6 x 2 + 11x − 10 = 0 2 5

Ans : ,−
3 2

(g) (2 x + 1) 2 = x 2 + 5 2
Ans : ,−2 (h) (5x + 2)( x − 1) = ( x + 1)( x − 1) Ans : 1,−
1
3 4

If the equation 4 x − 12 x + c =
2
Let’s Try 4: 0 , where c is a constant, has two equal roots, find the value of c
and the roots of the equation.
3
Ans : 9,
2

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Continuing with 1.1… Now, how do we COMPLETE THE SQUARE?

Quadratic Expressions *NUMBER* Completed Relationship to the

(Focus on the manipulatives on to be added to Square Form for completed square form
the whiteboard) complete the square x 2 + bx
1) x + 4 x
2

2) x + 10 x
2

3) x − 10 x
2

4) x − 3x
2

3
5) x −
2
x
4

*Note the differences across 2 to 5.

To make x 2 + bx into a perfect square, add _________ to the expression.

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So how do we COMPLETE THE SQUARE when there are extra terms?

Quadratic Expressions *NUMBER* Completed Relationship to the

(Focus on the guidance first) to be added to Square Form for Completed Square Form
complete the square x 2 + bx
1) x + 4 x + 5
2

2) x + 6 x + 5
2

3) x − 6 x − 8
2

4) x − 5 x + 1
2

5) 3x − 15 x + 3
2

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a 2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)
2

a 2 − 2ab + b2 = (a − b)
2

(a + b) and (a − b ) are called perfect squares.

2 2

Time to solve the following quadratic equations by COMPLETING THE SQUARE

2
b
In general, the expression x + bx becomes a perfect square when   is added to it. Solving a quadratic
2

2
equation using this approach is called the completing the square method.

Not all quadratic expression can be expressed as a perfect square but to solve a quadratic equation, we only
need to focus on x
2
+ bx . The coefficient of x 2 must always be + 1 .

For example, solve x 2 + 6 x − 7 = 0 by completing the square method.

Method Solution
Focus on x + 6 x and express it x + 6 x = ( x + 3) − 3
2 2 2 2

into a prefect square.

32 ? When expand, ( x + 3) = x + 6 x + 9 . We do not want +9

Why subtract 2 2

, as such we have to subtract that value away.

Bring down the constant term x 2 + 6x − 7 = 0

( x + 3) 2 − 3 2 − 7 = 0
Why should I include the sign  .
Bring all constant terms over to ( x + 3) 2 = 3 2 + 7
For example, x = 16
2
the RHS of the equation
( x + 3) = 16
2
x = 4
(4)(4) = 16
( x + 3) =  16
Take the square root of both (−4)( −4) = 16
sides (remember to include  x+3= 4 or x + 3 = −4
Hence, there must be 2 solutions.
sign) x =1 or x = −7

OR we can do it this way…

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Let’s Try 1: Solve x 2 − 6 x + 9 = 0 by completing the square method.

Always check if
1. the coefficient of x2 is + 1 .

2. RHS is 0.

Ans : 3

Let’s Try 2: Solve − x 2 − 7 x + 5 = 0 by completing the square method, giving your answers correct
to 3 significant figures.

− x2 − 7 x + 5 = 0 What happens if the coefficient of x2 is − 1 ?

x + 7x − 5 = 0
2

Ans : 0.653,−7.65
Let’s Try 3: Solve (x − 4)2 = 9 x by completing the square method.

Ans : 16,1

Mastery Practice 1: Solve the following equations by completing the square method, giving your answers
to 3 significant figures, if necessary.

(a) x2 − 7 x + 9 = 0 Ans : 5.30, 1.70

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(b) − x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0 Ans : 3.56, − 0.562

Ans : 8.27, 0.725

(c) ( x − 2) 2 = 5 x − 2

Extended Learning (Optional)

Solve 3x 2 + 5 x − 1 = 0 by completing the square method, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures.

3x 2 + 5 x − 1 = 0 What should I do if coefficient of x2 is

more than 1?
 5 1
3 x 2 + x −  = 0
 3 3
5 1
x2 + x − = 0
3 3
2
5   1
2

 x +  −   − = 0
 6   3

Ans : −1.85,0.180

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1.2 Solving Quadratic Graphs by QUADRATIC FORMULA

Introduction
We can use completing the square method to find yet another method for solving quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 by making x the subject.

ax 2 + bx + c = 0

Hence, the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are

Note: There is no need to prove how the quadratic formula is being derived but you have to memorise the formula.

The Quadratic Song

This song should be sang to the tune of “Mary had a little lamb”. The lyrics of the song, should be:

x equals negative b
plus or minus
the square root of
b squared minus 4ac
everything over 2a

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Let’s Try 1: Solve the equation 3x

2
+ 5x − 1 = 0 , giving your answers correct to 3 decimal places.

a = 3, b = 5, c = −1
− b  b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
− (5)  (5)2 − 4(3)(− 1)
=
2(3)
− 5  37
=
6
− 5 + 37 − 5 − 37
= or
6 6

= or (correct to 3 decimal places)

This equation has two real roots (2 solutions)

Let’s Try 2: Solve the equation 4 x 2 + 20 x + 25 = 0 .

a = _____, b = _____, c = _____

− b  b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
−( )  (20 )2 − 4(4)(25)
=
2(4)
− ( ) 0
=
2( )

=
This equation has real and equal roots (1 solution)

Let’s Try 3: Solve the equation 2 x 2 − 3x + 7 = 0 .

a = _____, b = _____, c = _____

− b  b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
−( )  (− 3)2 − 4(2)(7 )
=
2(2) Try keying − 47 into your
− ( )  − 47 calculator; you will get an
=
2( )
error message.

This equation has no real root (0 solution)

What do you observe about the value of b 2 − 4ac if the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has
• two real roots …………….……….

• real and equal roots …………….……….

• no real roots …………….……….

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(9x + 5)(x + 2) = −x − 6
4
Let’s Try 4: Solve the equation Ans : −
3

Ans : no solution
Let’s Try 5: Solve the equation 2 x 2 + 7 = 3x

1
Let’s Try 6: Solve the equation 2 x
2
+ 7 = 3( x + 2) Ans : 1,
2

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Mastery Practice 1: Solve the following equations by using the quadratic formula, giving your answers
correct to 3 significant places (if necessary).
(a) x 2 + 7 x + 12 = 0 Ans : −3,−4

(b) 2x2 + 6x − 3 = 0 Ans : 0.436,−3.44

(c) − 3x 2 + 7 x + 5 = 0 Ans : −0.573, 2.91

(d) x(1 − 2 x) + 9 = 0 Ans : 2.39,−1.89

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1.3 Solving FRACTIONAL equations

In Secondary 1, you’ve learnt how to solve fractional equations by transforming them into linear equations.

4k k − 1
Solve the equation − = 3. THINK: Can we apply
3 2 cross-multiplication
straightaway?

Method Solution
When you have two fractions on 4k k − 1 3
either side of the equation, − =
express it as a single fraction by
3 2 1
using LCM.
Include brackets
2(4k ) − 3(k − 1) 3
LCM of 2 and 3 is 6. Hence, 6 is = and take note of
the common denominator. 6 1 negative sign.
Expand and simplify numerator 8k − 3k + 3 3
=
6 1
5k + 3 3
When you have one fraction on =
each side of the equation, 6 1
multiply both sides by the LCM 5k + 3 = 18
of the denominators.
5k = 15
k =3
Check: LHS = RHS

3x − 1 x − 3
Let’s Try 1: Solve =
2x + 5 x + 4

Some fractional equations can be solved by transforming them into quadratic equations.
3x − 1 x − 3
=
2x + 5 x + 4
(3x − 1)(x + 4) = (x − 3)(2 x + 5)
3x 2 + 12 x − x − 4 = 2 x 2 + 5 x − 6 x − 15
There are four methods to solve a
x 2 + 12 x + 11 = 0 quadratic equation.
1. Factorisation
2. Using completing the Squares
3. Using quadratic formula
4. Using quadratic graph

Which method do you prefer?

Note:
• We must check whether the derived roots cause the ‘division-by-zero’ error in the fractions in the original
equation. If it happens, the root that causes the error must be rejected.
• The value of the denominator can never be zero.

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x−2 1
Let’s Try 2: Solve the equation = 1− . x = 6.5or 2
5 2x − 3

3 2 2
Mastery Practice: Solve the equation − = . x = 9 or − 3.5
x − 4 x +1 5

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5 x + 10
Let’s Try 3: Solve the equation − 2 = 15 . x=
5
or −
2
x +1 x − x − 2 3 5

Always check if the

denominator can be
factorize!

3 2 1
Let’s Try 4: Solve the equation − = . x = 29
x−4 4− x 5

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y −1 2
Mastery Practice 1: Solve the equation = . y = 5 or − 3
8 y −1

7 x+5
Mastery Practice 2: Solve the equation − =6. x = 6 or −
6
x − 3x − 4 4 − x
2
5

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Name: ………………………………………… ( ) Class: 3 / ________ Date: ………………………

1.4 Solving Quadratic Graphs by GRAPHICAL METHOD

Introduction
For this section, we are going to learn to plot graphs of quadratic functions, y = ax 2 + bx + c , for example

y = x 2 − 4 x + 7 . Similar to plotting a graph of linear function, to plot graphs of quadratic functions you need to
follow the same steps.
Step 1: Plot table of values.
12

x –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
10
y 12 7 4 3 4 7 12
8

Step 2: Using the given scale, 6

① Draw x and y axis, with arrows and label x and y

4
② Plot the points using the table of values.
2
③ Join the points with a smooth curve and
label the equation.
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Tips for drawing SMOOTH CURVE

1. Keep your hand inside the curve, even if this means turning your graph paper around.

2. Always draw a smooth curve, not straight lines. There should be no ‘corners’ in the curve.

3. Use a sharp pencil and join the points up smoothly.

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Let’s Try 1: The graph of y = − x 2 + 2 x + 8 is given as shown below. Using the graph, solve the following
equations.
(a) − x2 + 2x + 8 = 0
(b) − x2 + 2x + 8 = 5
(c) x 2 − 2 x − 8 = −8
(d) − x2 + 2x + 8 = x + 2
(e) − x2 + 2x + 8 = 4 − x

y = −x 2 + 2x + 8

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Let’s Try 2: Answer the whole question on a piece of graph paper.

The following table show values for the quadratic function y = x 2 + 2 x − 15 .

x –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
y 0 –7 m – 15 – 16 n – 12 –7

(a) Find the values of m and n.

(b) Take 2cm to 1 unit on x-axis and 1cm to 1 unit on y-axis, plot the graph of
y = x 2 + 2 x − 15 for − 5  x  2 .
(c) From your graph, find the values of
(i) x when the curve crosses the x – axis,
(ii) y when the curve crosses the y – axis,
(iii) x when y = – 2.
(d) State the equation of the line of symmetry.
(e) Write down the coordinates of the turning point on the curve. State whether the turning
point is minimum or maximum point.

Mastery Practice 1 Answer the whole of this question on a sheet of graph paper.

equation y = x − 4 x − 5 .
2
The variables x and y are connected by the
Some corresponding values of x and y are given in the following table.

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y a 0 −5 −8 −9 −8 −5 b 7

(a) Calculate the values of a and b.

(b) Taking 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to represent 2 units
on the y-axis, draw the graph of y = x − 4 x − 5 for − 2  x  6 .
2

(c) Find the values of x when y = 1 .

(d) On the same graph, draw a suitable line to solve 2 x 2 − 8 x − 16 = −2 x .

Mastery Practice 2: Answer the whole question on a piece of graph paper.

Variables x and y are connected by the equation y = (1 − x)( x − 3) .

x -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y -8 -3 m 1 0 n -8

(a) Find the values of m and n.

Take 2cm to 1 unit on both axes, plot the graph of y = (1 − x)( x − 3) for – 1 ≤ x ≤ 5.
(b) From your graph,
(i) draw the line of symmetry of the curve on your graph and write down its equation.
(ii) the points (–0.5, p ) and (q, p) lie on the curve. Use your graphs to find the values of p and q.
(iii) write down the coordinates of the turning point on the curve. State whether the turning point is
minimum or maximum point.
(c) From the graph, find the solution of the equation (1 − x)( x − 3) = −1 .

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1.5 Sketching Quadratic Graphs of the form y =  ( x − h) 2 + k

When a quadratic expression  x2+bx+c is transformed to the form ( x − h)2 + k , it facilitates
the sketching of the quadratic graph y =  x2+bx+c. Let us observe through the use of DESMOS.
Type 1 y = ( x − 2) 2 + 1 Type 2 y = ( x + 2) 2 + 1
Sketch Sketch

a) Equation of line of symmetry is ___________. a) Equation of line of symmetry is ___________.

b) Minimum point is ______________________. b) Minimum point is ______________________.

c) when x = 0, the y-intercept is _____________. c) when x = 0, the y-intercept is _____________.

Type 3 y = −( x − 1) 2 + 4 Type 4 y = −( x − 1) 2 − 4
Sketch Sketch

a) Maximum point is ______________________. a) Maximum point is ______________________.

b) when x = 0, the y-intercept is _____________. b) when x = 0, the y-intercept is _____________.

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Let’s Try:
1 (a) Express x2 ‒ 2x + 3 in the form (x – h)2 + k.
(b) Hence sketch the graph of y = x2 ‒ 2x + 3.
(c) Explain why the graph of y = x2 ‒ 2x + 3 does not cut the x- axis.

2 (a) Express ‒ x2 ‒ 3x + 4 in the form – (x + h)2 + k.

(b) Hence sketch the graph of y = ‒ x2 ‒ 3x + 4.
 3 25 
(c) Explain why the maximum point on the graph is  − ,  .
 2 4 

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Mastery Practices:
1 (a) Express x2 + 4x + 6 in the form (x + h)2 + k.
(b) Hence sketch the graph of y = x2 + 4x + 6.
(c) Explain why the graph of y = x2 + 4x + 6 does not cut the x-axis.

Sketch the graph of y = − ( x − 3) + 4 .

2
2

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Continue with 1.5 Sketching Quadratic graphs of the form y = ( x − p)( x − q)

When a quadratic expression  x2+bx+c is transformed to the form ( x − p)( x − q) , it facilitates
the sketching of the quadratic graph y =  x2+bx+c. Let us observe through the use of DESMOS.

Type 1 y = ( x + 1)( x − 3) Type 2 y = ( x − 1)( x − 3)

Sketch Sketch

a) x-intercepts are __________ and __________. a) x-intercepts are __________ and __________.

b) Minimum point is ________. y-intercept is _____. b) Minimum point is ________. y-intercept is _____.
Type 3 y = −( x + 1)( x − 5) Type 4 y = −(3x − 1)(3x + 7)
Sketch Sketch

a) x-intercepts are __________ and __________. a) x-intercepts are __________ and __________.

b) Maximum point is ________. y-intercept is _____. b) Maximum point is ________. y-intercept is _____.

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Let’s Try:
1 (a) Express x2 ‒ 4x ‒ 5 in the form ( x − p)( x − q) .
(b) Hence sketch the graph of y = x2 ‒ 4x ‒ 5.

Mastery Practice:
1 (a) Express ‒ x2 + 3x ‒ 2 in the form −( x − p)( x − q) .
(b) Hence sketch the graph of y = ‒ x2 + 3x ‒ 2.

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1.6 Applications of Quadratic Equations and Functions in Real-World Contexts

Introduction
Quadratic equations are often involved in solving mathematical, engineering and applied science problems.

Let’s Try 1: Mrs Li spent $300 to buy a certain type of tea. If the price of the tea has been reduced by $50 per
kg, she could have bought 0.5 kg more. Find the original price per kg of the tea.

Step 1: Identify the unknown quantity

Unknown quantity → original price per kg of the tea

Step 2: Define the unknown

Let the original price per kg of the tea be x

Step 3: Express other quantities in terms of x

Reduced price per kg = x − 50

Step 4: Form an equation based on the given information

300 300 1
− = Amount of tea purchased if price of tea is
x − 50 x 2 $ x per kg = 300 kg
x
Step 5: Solve the quadratic equation Amount of tea purchased if price of tea is
$ ( x − 50) per kg = 300 kg
300 300 1 x − 50
− = THINK: Which will give you a greater
x − 50 x 2
amount? 300 or 300 ?
300 x − 300 ( x − 50) 1 x x − 50
=
x( x − 50) 2
300 x − 300 x + 15000 1
=
x( x − 50) 2
x( x − 50) = 2(15000 )

x 2 − 50 x − 30000 = 0

50  (− 50 )2 − 4(1)(−30000 )
x=
2(1)

5  122500
=
2
= 200 or − 150

Step 6: Write down the answer statement

Original price per kg of the tea is $ …………….

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Let’s Try 2: A tap is leaking water at a rate of x cm3/min.

(a) Write down an expression for the time taken to collect 10 cm3 of water.

(b) When the tap is tightened, the leakage slows down by 2 cm3/ min. Write down an
expression for the time taken to collect the same amount of water.

(c) If the difference between the two timings is 1.5 minutes, form an equation in x and show
that it reduces to 3x 2 − 6 x − 40 = 0 .

(d) Solve 3x 2 − 6 x − 40 = 0 giving your answers correct to 2 decimal places.

(e) Write down the time taken to collect 10 cm3 of water at a rate of x cm3/min, correct your
answer to 1 decimal place.

(a) time taken =

(b) time taken =

(c)

(d) 3x 2 − 6 x − 40 = 0

− (− 6)  (− 6)2 − 4(3)(− 40 )
x=
2(3)

=
(6)  516
6
=
(6)  22.716
6 Do not reject any values as the both
= 4.79 or − 2.79 answers are solutions to the equation.

(e) time taken = Note:

1. Your working for this part should not

be in 1 decimal place if the question
requires you to correct your answer
to 1 decimal place.

2. Reject one of the solutions as it is

invalid.

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Mastery Practice 1: Mr Quek paid $168 as entrance fees for x tickets.

(a) Write down an expression, in terms of x , for the cost of a ticket in dollars.
(b) During the peak season, he could buy 7 less tickets with the same amount of
money. Write down an expression, in terms of x, for the cost of one ticket
during the peak season.
(c) Given that the increase in the cost of one ticket during the peak season is $2,
form an equation in x and show that it reduces to x − 7 x − 588 = 0 .
2

(d) Find the value of x . [Think: Why did we reject the negative value in this case]
(e) Find the cost of a ticket during the peak season.
(a) 168 , (b) 168 , (d) x = 28 , (e) $8
x x−7

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Mastery Practice 2: Xenon bought x tickets of a rock concert for $495.

(a) Write down an expression, in terms of x , for the cost price of each ticket.
(b) He kept 3 tickets for his family and sold each of the remaining tickets on the
Internet at $28 above its cost price. Write down an expression, in terms of x ,
for the selling price of each of these tickets.
(c) After accounting for the kept tickets, Xenon still earns $3 from selling the
remaining tickets. Form an equation in x and show that it simplifies to
28 x 2 − 87 x − 1485 = 0 .
Solve 28 x − 87 x − 1485 = 0 , correct your answers to 3 decimal places.
2
(d)
(e) Hence, find the cost price of each ticket.
(a) 495 ,(b) 495 , (d) x = 9, x = −5.893 , (e) 55
+ 28
x x

EM Chp 1 Quadratic and Fractional Functions