AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

GHAZIABAD

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

LAB MANUAL

COURSE : B.Tech (IT)

SEMESTER :V
SUBJECT : DBMS LAB
SUBJECT CODE : BCS-551
SECTION : IT-1

(HoD IT)
 AKGEC/LP/BCS-551/01

AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

COURSE: B. Tech SEMESTER: V SESSION: 2024-25 (ODD SEM)

BRANCH: IT SECTION: IT-1
SUBJECT CODE & NAME: BCS-551 (DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM LAB)

SI. No. NAME OF EXPERIMENT

1 Application of Creation, Deletion, Insertion, Updation, Alter, Destroy, Rename
Commands
a. Create Table CLIENT_MASTER, PRODUCT_MASTER,
SALESMAN_MASTER
b. Insert relevant data into the tables
c. Retrieve data from table CLIENT_MASTER, PRODUCT_MASTER,
SALESMAN_MASTER
d. Update records in the tables CLIENT_MASTER, PRODUCT_MASTER,
SALESMAN_MASTER
e. Delete records from tables CLIENT_MASTER, PRODUCT_MASTER,
SALESMAN_MASTER
f. Create a new table with already existing table
g. Insert data into a new table from already existing table
h. Alter structure of the tables CLIENT_MASTER, PRODUCT_MASTER,
SALESMAN_MASTER
i. Destroy a table along with its data
j. Rename SALESMAN_MASTER
k. Show the structure of the table product_master
2 Application of operators, date conversion functions:
a. Application of operator on a column
b. Application of operator and renaming of column
c. Use of AND operator
d. Use of OR
e. Use of BETWEEN
f. Use of NOT BETWEEN
g. USE of LIKE
h. USE of LIKE with OR
i. Use of IN
j. Use of NOT IN
k. Use of Conversion functions like TO_CHAR, TO_DATE etc.
3# Execute the following queries:
a. The NOT NULL
 b. The UNIQUE Constraint
c. The PRIMARY KEY Constraint
d. The FOREIGN KEY Constraint
e. The CHECK Constraint
f. Defining Integrity constraints in ALTER table command

4 Execute queries related to Group By and Having Clause on tables

SALES_ORDER.

5 Execute Nested Queries on tables CLIENT_MASTER, PRODUCT_MASTER,

SALESMAN_MASTER, SALES_ORDER, SALES_ORDER_DETAILS

6 Execute queries related to Exists, Not Exists, Union, Intersection, Difference, Join
on tables CLIENT_MASTER, PRODUCT_MASTER, SALESMAN_MASTER,
SALES_ORDER, SALES_ORDER_DETAILS

7 Procedures, Functions & Packages:

a. Write a simple procedure to display a message “Good Day to You”
b. Code a function to return the Square of a given number.
c. Create a package to include the following:
i. A named procedure to list the Product_no of products with
Quantity_on_hand as 5 in PRODUCT_MASTER table.
ii. A function which returns the max maximum Quantity_on_hand for
a given product.

8 Write a TRIGGER to ensure that CLIENT_MASTER TABLE does not contain

duplicate of null values in CLIENT_NO column.
9 Write a CURSOR to display list of clients in the CLIENT_MASTER table.
10 Installing Oracle
11 Creating Entity-Relationship Diagram using case tools.
12* PL/SQL programming
Write a PL/SQL block code to print the squares of numbers upto 99.
Write a PL/SQL block code to insert data into table CUSTOMER

*Innovative Exeriments
# Virtual Lab Experiments

(HoD CSE)
 AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Program Educational Objectives (PEO)

PEO 1. The graduate of CSE will have a strong foundation in mathematical, scientific, and
engineering fundamentals necessary to formulate, solve and analyze engineering problem in
their career.
PEO 2. The graduate of CSE will have the ability to analyses the requirements, understand
the technical specification, and design the much engineering solutions by applying computer
science theory and principles.
PEO 3. The graduates of CSE will have exposure to work as teams on emerging cutting-edge
technologies with effective communication skills and leadership qualities.
PEO 4. The graduates of CSE will have successful career by engaging in lifelong learning.
PEO 5. The graduates of CSE will have skills to work collaboratively on multidisciplinary
projects and exhibits high levels of professional and ethics values.

Program Outcomes (PO)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex Computer
Science problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex Computer Science
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex Computer
Science activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex Computer Science activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological changes
in the field of Computer Science.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO 1: Ability to exhibit analytical & logical skills and apply knowledge of Maths and
Computer Science to design, develop, test and maintenance of software solutions.
PSO 2: Ability to identify, formulate and resolve real life/social problems by using current
computer technology.

COs: Database Management System (BCS-351)

(w.e.f. session: 2024-25)
AT THE END OF THE COURSE, STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:
C312.1 Understand and apply oracle 11 g products for creating tables, views, indexes,
sequences and other database objects.
C312.2 Design and implement a database schema for company data base, banking data base,
library information system, payroll processing system, student information system.
C312.3 Write and execute simple and complex queries using DDL, DML, DCL and TCL.
C312.4 Write and execute PL/SQL blocks, procedure functions, packages and triggers,
cursors.
C312.5 Enforce entity integrity, referential integrity, key constraints, and domain constraints
on database.

Course Outcomes and Corresponding Experiments

COs C312.1 C312.2 C312.3 C312.4 C312.5
Experiments 1,2 3,4,5 6,7,8 9, 10 11,12
No.
 PO-CO MAPPING
(w.e.f. session: 2024-25)

Course Course Program Outcomes (PO) PSO

Code & Outcomes
Title
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
C312.1
2 1 2 2 3 2 3 3

C312.2
3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2
BCS 551
Database
Management
C312.3
System
3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2
Lab
C312.4
2 2 3 2 3 3 3 2

C312.5
3 3 3 3 2 1 3 3

3-Strongly Related, 2-Moderately Related, 1-Slightly Related, Blank-Not Related

 Experiment-1

Program Name: Application of Creation, Deletion, Insertion, Updation, Alter, Destroy,

Rename Commands
a. Create Table CLIENT_MASTER, PRODUCT_MASTER, SALESMAN_MASTER
b. Insert relevant data into the tables
c. Retrieve data from table CLIENT_MASTER, PRODUCT_MASTER,
SALESMAN_MASTER
d. Update records in the tables CLIENT_MASTER, PRODUCT_MASTER,
SALESMAN_MASTER
e. Delete records from tables CLIENT_MASTER, PRODUCT_MASTER,
SALESMAN_MASTER
f. Create a new table with already existing table
g. Insert data into a new table from already existing table
h. Alter structure of the tables CLIENT_MASTER, PRODUCT_MASTER,
SALESMAN_MASTER
i. Destroy a table along with its data
j. Rename SALESMAN_MASTER
k. Show the structure of the table product_master

Theory Concept: This program intends to demonstrate application of various commands

used for data definition and data manipulation language.

Implementation:

Q-a) Create the tables described below

Table Name : CLIENT_MASTER

Description : Used to store the client information

Column Name Data Type Size

Client_no Varchar2 6
Name Varchar2 20
Address1 Varchar2 30
Address2 Varchar2 30
City Varchar2 15
Pincode Number 6
State Varchar2 15

Table Name : PRODUCT_MASTER

Description : Used to store the product information

Column Name Data Type Size

Product_no Varchar2 6
Description Varchar2 20
Quantity_on_hand Number 8
Reorder_level Number 8
Cost_price Number 8,2
Selling_Price Number 8,2

Table Name : SALESMAN_MASTER

Description : Used to store the salesman information working for the Company

Column Name Data Type Size

Salesman_no Varchar2 6
Name Varchar2 20
Address1 Varchar2 30
Address2 Varchar2 30
City Varchar2 15
Pincode Number 6
State Varchar2 15
Date_of_joining Date
Salary Number 8,2

Ans: create table client_master(client_no. varchar(6), name varchar(20), city varchar(15),

pincode number(6), state varchar(5));
create table product_master(product_no. varchar(6), description varchar(20),
quantity_on_headnumber(8), cost price number(8,2), selling price number(8,2));
create table SALESMAN_MASTER(salesman_novarchar(6), name varchar(20),address1
varchar(30), address2 varchar(30), city varchar(15), pincode number(6), state varchar(15),
date_of_joining date, salary number(8,2));
Output: Table created

Q-b) Insert data items into the tables created above

Ans : insert into client_master(client_no. , name , city , pincode , state) values(‘&client_no.’
, ‘&name’ , ‘&city’ , ‘&pincode’ , ‘&state’);
Client_no Name City Pincode State
3 Akshita Ghaziabad 23456 UP
4 Dhawal Ghaziabad 24364 UP
5 Akansha Dhampur 246761 UP
6 Divya Hapur 35498 UP

Output: 4 rows created

insert into product_master

(product_no.,description,quantity_on_hand,cost_price,selling_price)
values(‘&product_no’,’&description’,’&quantity_on_hand’,’&cost_price’,’&selling_price’);
Product no. Description quantity_on_hand cost_price selling_price
1 Chair 5 1000 1250
2 Table 5 5000 6000

Output: 2 rows created

Q-c) Retrieve records from the above tables as follows

a) Find out the names of all the clients

b) Retrieve the entire contents of the client_master table
c) Retrieve description, cost_price and selling_price from product master
d) Retrieve clients from client_master table who live in ’Dhampur’

e) Retrieve distinct city from client_master table

f) Retieveproduct_no., description and cost_price from product_masterwhich are
ordered by cost_price.

Ans:
a) select name from client_master ;
Output:
NAME
--------
Akshita
Dhawal
Akansha
Divya

4 rows selected

b) select * from client_master ;

Output:
Client_no Name City Pincode State
3 Akshita Ghaziabad 23456 UP
4 Dhawal Ghaziabad 24364 UP
5 Akansha Dhampur 246761 UP
6 Divya Hapur 35498 UP

4 rows selected

c) select description, cost_price, selling_price from product master ;

Output:
DESCRIPTION COST_PRICE SELLING_PRICE
------------------------------------------------------------------
Chair 1000 1250
Table 5000 6000

2 rows selected

d) select name from client_master where city = ’Dhampur’;

Output:
NAME
--------
Akansha

1 row selected

e) select distinct city from client_master ;

Output:
CITY
------------
Ghaziabad
Dhampur
Hapur

3 row selected

f) select product_no., description, cost_price from product_master order by cost_price ;

Output:
Product No. Description Cost Price
4 Mirror 250
1 Chair 1000

2 rows selected

Q-d) Update the records in the tables above as follows

a) Change the city of client_no ‘C1’ to dhampur

b) Change the cost price from 250 to 500 in product_master;

Ans :
a) Update client-master set city=’Noida’ where city=’Dhampur’;

Output:1 row selected

b) Update product_master
set cost _price=500 where cost _price=250;

Output: 1 row updated

Q-e) Delete records in the table above as follows

Delete all records for the product_master table
Ans:
Delete from product_master;

Output: 5 rows deleted

Q-f) Create table New_client from client_master with the fields Client_no, name
Ans :
 create table new-client(client_no,name) as (select client_no,name from
client_master);
Output:Table created

Q-g) Insert into table new_client data from table client_master where city = ‘Hapur’
Ans: insert into new_client select client_no.,name from client-master where city=’Hapur’;
Output:
Client_no. Name
6 Divya

1 row created

Q-h) Alter the table structures as instructed

a) Add a column called Telephone_no of data type number and size = 10 to the
client_master table
b) Change the size of the description column in product_master to 25
c) Drop the column Telephone_no from the table client_master
Ans:
a) alter table client_master add(telephone_number(10));

Output:Table created
b) alter table product_master modify(description varchar(25));

Output:Table created
c) alter table client_master drop column telephone_no;

Output:Table created

Q-i) Destroy the table new_client along with its data

Ans:
Drop table new_client;
Output:Table dropped

Q-j) Change the name of the product_master to products

Ans:
renameproduct_master to products;
Output:Table renamed

Q-k) Show the structure of the table product_master

Ans :
Describe product1
Output:
Column Description
Product_no. Varchar(6)
Description Varchar(20)
 Experiment- 2

Program Name:
Application of operators, date conversion functions:
a. Application of operator on a column
b. Application of operator and renaming of column
c. Use of AND operator
d. Use of OR
e. Use of BETWEEN
f. Use of NOT BETWEEN
g. USE of LIKE
h. USE of LIKE with OR
i. Use of IN
j. Use of NOT IN
k. Use of Conversion functions like TO_CHAR, TO_DATE etc.

Theory Concepts:
This experiment deals with commands of SQL which are used to print data from a table with
various conditions. It also deals with various in built commands like max(), min(), sqrt(),
round(), trim(), etc. The program would print the current system date and time using the
different commands.

Implementation:
Computation on Tables:

a)Select product_no, description, selling_price * 0.05 from Product_master;

Output:
PRODUCT_NO DESCRIPTION SELLING_PRICE*0.05
1 Chair 62.5
2 Table 300

b)Select product_no, description, selling_price * 0.05 new_price from Product_master;

Output:
PRODUCT_NO DESCRIPTION NEW_PRICE
1 Chair 62.5
2 Table 300

c)Select product_no, description, selling_price fromProduct_master where cost_price> 500

ANDcost_price<700;
Output:
No rows selected

d)Select client_no, name, city from client_master where pincode = 201001 ORpincode =
201009;
Output:
CLIENT_NO NAME CITY
3 Akshita Ghaziabad

e)Select product_no, description, selling_price fromProduct_master where

cost_priceBETWEEN 500 AND 700;
Output:
PRODUCT_NO DESCRIPTION SELL_PRICE
4 mirror 300

f)Select product_no, description, selling_price fromProduct_master where

cost_priceNOTBETWEEN 500 AND 700;
Output:
PRODUCT_NO DESCRIPTION SELLING_PRICE
1 Chair 1250
2 Table 6000

g)Select * from client_master where name like ‘ja%’;

Output:
No rows selected

h)Select * from client_master where name like ‘_r%’ OR name like ‘_h%’;
Output:
CLIENT_NO NAME CITY PINCODE STATE
4 Dhawal Ghaziabad 24364 UP

i)Select from client_masterclient_no, name, city where name IN(‘Ajay’, ‘Vijay’, ‘Amit’);
Output:
No rows selected

j)Select from client_masterclient_no, name, city where name NOT IN(‘Ajay’, ‘Vijay’,
‘Amit’);
Output:
CLIENT_NO NAME CITY
3 Aksita Ghaziabad
4 Dhawal Ghaziabad
5 AkanshaDharampur

k)CONVERSION FUNCTIONS:

1.Select to_date('30-Sep-1966') from dual;

Output:
TO_DATE(’30-SEP-1966)
30-Sep-66

2.Selectadd_months(sysdate,4) from dual;

Output:
ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,4)
13-Jun-13
3.Select last_day(sysdate) from dual;
Output:
LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)
28-Feb-13

4.Select months_between('15-Feb-10','15-Jun-10') from dual;

Output:
MONTHS_BETWEEN('15-Feb-10','15-Jun-10')
-4

5.Select next_day('15-Feb-10', 'Wednesday') from dual;

Output:
NEXT_DAY('15-Feb-10', 'Wednesday')
17-Feb-10
Experiment- 3

ProgramName:Execute the following queries:

a. The NOT NULL
b. The UNIQUE Constraint
c. The PRIMARY KEY Constraint
d. The FOREIGN KEY Constraint
e. The CHECK Constraint
f. Defining Integrity constraints in ALTER table command

Theory Concept:
This program intends to explore various constraints enforced on the database like NOT
NULL, UNIQUE constraint etc. Primary kay is an attribute of table which is used to identify
each row of the table uniquely. Foreign key is used to reference other tables.

Implementation:

a.The NOT NULL Constraint

Q-1) Create table Employee with attributes eno, name, salary and the constraints that
eno and name cannot be NULL
Ans: create table employee(eno number NOT NULL, name varchar(20) NOT NULL,salary
number);
Output:
Table created

Q-2) Insert data into the table Employee.Then Test the NOT NULL constraint with
appropriate data.
Ans:insert into employee (eno,name,salary) values(2,'Amit',20000);
Output:1 row inserted

insert into employee (eno,name,salary) values(2,'Sumit',null);

Output:1 row inserted

insert into employee (eno,name,salary) values(null,'Amit',20000);

Output: ** This query will give an error for violation of NOT NULL constraint

Q-3) Select all records from Employee where salary is NULL

Ans: select * from employee where salary is null;
Output:
eno name
2 Sumit
1 row selected

b.The UNIQUE Constraint

Q-4) Create table Department with attributes dno, dname and no_of_employees and the
constraint that dno and dname must be unique
Ans:create table department (dno number UNIQUE,dnamevarchar(20) UNIQUE,
No_of_employees number);
OR
create table department (dnonumber,dnamevarchar(20) UNIQUE, No_of_employees
number) UNIQUE(dno);
Output: Table created

Q-5) Insert records into the above table. Test the UNIQUE constraint with
appropriate data
Ans: insert into department (dno,dname,no_of_employees) values(1,'EC',20);
Output: 1 row inserted

insert into department (dno,name,no_of_employees) values(1,'EC',20)

Output:** This query will give an error for violation of UNIQUE constraint

c.The PRIMARY KEY Constraint

Q6) Create table Project with attributes pno, pname, location and pno as the
primary key
Ans: create table Project (pnonumber,pnamevarchar(20),location varchar(20),PRIMARY
KEY(pno));
OR

create table Project (pno number PRIMARY KEY ,pnamevarchar(20),location varchar(20));

Output: Table created

Q7) Insert into project appropriate records

Ans: insert into project (pno,pname,location) values (1,’Web Designing’, ‘Lab);
Output:1 row inserted

insert into project (pno,pname,location) values (1,’Web Designing’, ‘Lab);

Output:** This query will give an error for violation of UNIQUE constraint

d.The FOREIGN KEY Constraint

Q8) Create table works_on with attributes eno, pno and hours where eno is foreign
key referencing eno from Employee table and pno is the foreign key referencing pno
from Project Table. Let {eno,pno} be the primary key for table Works_on
Ans: create table works_on(eno number REFERENCES Employee, pno number
REFERENCES Project, Hours number ,PRIMARY KEY(eno,pno));
Output: Table created

Q9) Insert appropriate records into the Works_on Table

Ans: Insert into Works_onvalues(1,2,30);
delete from employee where eno = 1;
Output: ** Error ORA-02292: integrity constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C003014) violated -
child record found

Q-10) Select appropriate records from the table Works_on by referencing the table
Employee and Project
Ans:select employee.eno,employee.name,project.pno,project.pname,works_on.hours from
works_on,employee,project
where (works_on.eno = employee.eno and works_on.pno = project.pno);
Output:
ENO NAME PNO PNAME HOURS
---- -------------------- ---------- -------------------- ----------
2 Amit 1 asd 8
2 Amit 2 sjxks 9
1 SAmit 1 asd 23
1 SAmit 2 sjxks 30
4 rows selected

e.The CHECK Constraint

Q-11) Create table person with attributes ssno, name city such that all ssno have ‘C’ as
the first character, all names are entered in uppercase and city is either Delhi or
Mumbai or Bangalore
Ans:Create table person(ssnovarchar(3) CHECK(ssno LIKE 'C%'),name varchar(20)
CHECK (name = upper(name)), city varchar(20) CHECK (city
IN('Delhi','Mumbai','Bangalore')));

insert into person values('C12','MAMTA','Mumbai');

Output:1 row created

insert into person values('C12','mamta','Mumbai');

Output:ERROR at line 1:

f)Defining Integrity Constraints in the Alter Table Command

Q-12) Alter table client_master to make client_no the primary key

Ans: alter table client_master ADD Primary key(client_no);
Output:
Table Altered

Q-13) Alter table client_master to drop the primary key

Ans: alter table client_master drop primary key;
Output:
Table Alterted
 Experiment- 4

Program Name:
Execute queries related to Group By and Having Clause on tablesSALES_ORDER.

Theory Concept:
The program aims to familiarize the user with grouping of data based on conditions to ensure
better usability of data.

Implementation:

GROUP BY
Q1) Create table sales_order with attributes product_no and Qty. Insert records
into the table and find the total qty ordered for each product_no.
Ans: Create table sales_order (product_novarchar(10), Qty numbe(4));
Output: Table created.
insert into sales_order values(&product_no, &qty);

select* from sales_order;

Output:
PRODUCT_NO QTY
---------- ----------
p1 12
p2 112
p1 9
p2 23
p3 23
p3 23

6 rows selected.

selectproduct_no, sum(qty) from sales_order group by product_no;

Output:
PRODUCT_NO SUM(QTY)
---------- ----------
p1 21
p2 135
p3 46
3 rows selected.

HAVING clause

Q2) Find the total Qty for product_no ‘p1’ and ‘p2’ from the table sales_order
Ans:select product_no, sum(qty) from sales_order group by product_no
havingproduct_no = 'p1' OR product_no = 'p2';

Output:
PRODUCT_NO SUM(QTY)
---------- ----------
p1 21
p3 46

2 rows selected
 Experiment- 5

Program Name:
Execute Nested Queries on tables CLIENT_MASTER, PRODUCT_MASTER,
SALESMAN_MASTER, SALES_ORDER, SALES_ORDER_DETAILS

Theory Concept:
The program intends to familiarize nested queries so as to retrieve data from a record by
using filtered data from another record.

Implementation:

Q1) Retrieve the order numbers, client names and their order dates from client_master and
sales_order tables.

Ans: Select order_no, order_date, name from sales_order, client_master where

client_master.client_no = sales_order.client_no order by order_date;
OUTPUT :
Order_no order_date name
-------------------------------------------------
1 1999/12/05 akansha
2 1999/12/12 divya

Q2) Retrieve the product numbers, description and total quantity ordered for each product
Ans:Selectsales_order_details.product_no, description, sum(qty_ordered) from
sales_order_details, product_master where product_master.product_no =
sales_order_details.product_no group by sales_order_details.product_no, description;
OUTPUT :
product_no description sum(qty_ordered)
-----------------------------------------------------------
1 chair 2
2 pen 5

Q3) Retrieve the names of employees and names of their respective managers from the
employee table.
Ans: Select employee.name, employee.name from employee where employee.manager_no =
employee.employee_no;
OUTPUT :
Name Name
------------------------------
Akansha Divya
Akshita Divya
UNION , INTERSECT and MINUS CLAUSE

Q1) Retrieve the names of all clients and salesmen in the city of Mumbai from the
tablesclient_master and salesman_master.
Ans:Selectsalesman_no from salesman_master where city = ‘Mumbai’
UNION
Select client_no from client_master where city = ‘Mumbai’;
OUTPUT :
Name
------------------------------
Akansha
Akshita
Divya

Q2) Retrieve the salesman name in Mumbai whose efforts have resulted into atleast one
sales transaction
Ans:Selectsalesman_no, name from salesman_master where city = ‘Mumbai’
INTERSECT
Select salesman_master.salesman_no, name from salesman_master, sales_order where
salesman_master.salesman_no = sales_order.salesman_no;
OUTPUT :
Saleman_noName
------------------------------
1 akansha
2 divya

Q3) Retrieve all the product numbers of non-moving items from the product_master table
Ans:Selectproduct_no from product_master
Minus
Select product_no from sales_order_details;
OUTPUT :
product_no
---------------
3
4

VIEWS

Q1) Create a view on salesman_master table for the sales department

Ans:Create view vw_sales as select * from salesman_master;
OUTPUT:
View created

Q2) Create a view on client_master table

Ans:Create view vw_client as select name, address1, address2 , city,pincode , state, bal_due
from client_master;
OUTPUT:
View created
Q3) Perform insert, modify and delete operations on the view created in Q2
Ans:
a) Insert into vw_client values(‘C001’, ‘Robert’, ‘AAAAAA’, ‘BBB’, ‘Delhi’, 2000000, ‘MMM’);
OUTPUT:
1rows created

b)Updatevw_client set bal_due = 10000 where client_no = ‘C001’;

OUTPUT:
1 row updated

c)Delete from vw_client where client_no = ‘C001’;

OUTPUT:
1 row deleted
 Experiment-6

ProgramName:Execute queries related to Exists, Not Exists, Union, Intersection,

Difference, Join on tables CLIENT_MASTER, PRODUCT_MASTER,
SALESMAN_MASTER, SALES_ORDER, SALES_ORDER_DETAILS

Theory Concept:
The program retrieves data from records by defining relation between two tables so as to
retrieve filtered records.

Implementation:
Correlated queries with EXISTS/NOT EXISTS clause

1)Select all products and order_no where order_status is ‘in Process’

Ans: Select order_no.,product_no. from sales_order_details where exists(select * from
sales_order , order_no = sales_order_details,order_no and order_status=’in process’);
Output:
Order_no Product_no
0003 3

2)Selectorder_no and order_date for all orders which include product_no ‘P001’ and
quantity_ordered>10
Ans:Select order_no,order_data from sales_order where exists(select * from
sales_order_details where sales_order_details,order_no = sales_order.Order_no and
product-no=’p001’ and quantity-ordered>10;
Output :

Order_no Product_no
0002 05/feb/13

3)Find all order_no for salesman rashmi.

Ans:Select order_no from sales_order where exists(select * from salesman_master where
salesman_master.saleman-no= sales_order-salesman_no and name=’rashmi’);
Output :

Order_no
0003

4)Select all clients who have not placed any orders.

Ans:Select * from client_master where not exists(select * from
sales_order.client_no=client_master.client_no);
Output :

Client_no Name City Pincode State

6 Divya Hapur 35498 U.P.
7 Dorothy Noida 32547 U.P.

5)Select all orders with order_date for ‘acrylic colors’

Ans:Select order_no,order_date from sales_order where exists(select * from
sales_order_details.oder_no=sales_order.order_no AND exists(select * from product 1 where
sales_order_details.product_no=product_no AND description=’acrylic colors’);
Output :

Order_no Order_date
0001 23/jan/13

Union,Intersect and minus clause:

1)List all the clients and salesman and their names

Ans:Select client_no, name from client_master UNION select salesman_no,name from
salesman_master;
Output :

Client_no Name
3 Akshita
4 Dhawal

2)List all the clients and their names who are also salesman.
Ans:Select name from client_masterINTERSECT,select name from salesman_master;
Output :
No rows selected

3)List all the clients who are not salesman.

Ans:Select name from client_master MINUS select name from salesman_master;
Output :

Name
Akshita
Dhawal
Akansha
Divya
Dorothy

4)List all the clients who have placed orders

Ans:Select client_no from client_masterINTERSECT select client_no from sales_order;
Output :

Client_no
6
7

5)List all the clients who have not placed any order.

Ans:Select client_no from client_masterMINUS select client_no from sales_order;

Output :

Client_no
3
4
5

6)List all the clients in UP who have placed orders

Ans:Select client_no from client_master where state=’UP’ INTERSECT select client_no
from sales_order;
Output :

Client_no
3
4
5

7)Find all the clients and their names from city Ghaziabad who have delivery date of their
orders as today.
Ans:Select client_no from client_master where city=’Ghaziazbad’ INTERSECT select
client_no from sales_order where delivery_date=’09-MAR-13’
Output :
Client_no
5

Queries on Joins

1)List the product_no and description of products sold.

Ans:Select product_no, description from (product1 natural join sales_order_details)
Output :
Product_no Description
1 Chair
1 Chair
2 Table
3 Sofa

2) Find the products which have been sold to ‘akansha’

Ans:Select product_no, description from (product1 natural join sales_order details natural
join sales_order natural join client_master) where name=’akansha’;
Output :
Product_no Description
3 Sofa

3)Find the products and their quantities that will have to be delivered in the current month.

Ans:Select sales_order_detailsproduct_no, product1 ,description, sum(sales_order_details,

quantity_ordered) from sales_order_details, sales_order, product1 where product1,
product_no=sales_order_details, product_no and sales_order, order_no=sales_order_details,
order_no and to_char (delivery_date,’mon-yy’) = to_char(sysdate,’mon-yy’)group by
sales_order_details, product_no, product1, description ;
Output :
no rows selected

4)Find the names of client who have purchased ‘chair’

Ans:Select name from(client_master natural join sales_order natural join sales_order_details
natural join product1) where description= ‘chair’;
Output :
Name
Akshita
Akansha

5)List the orders for less than 5 units of sale of ‘chair’

Ans:Select product_no, order_no from (sales_order_details natural join product1) where
(description=’chair’ and qty_ordered<5);
Output :
Product_no Order_no
1 0001
1 0001

6)Find the products and their quantities placed by ‘akansha’ or ‘akshita’.

Ans:Select product_no, description, qty_ordered from (product1 natural join
sales_order_details natural join sales_order_natural join client_master) where
(name=’akansha’ or name=’akshita’);
Output :

Product_no Description Qty_ordered

1 Chair 4
1 Chair 3
2 Sofa 2

7)Find the products and their quantities for the orders placed by the client_no ‘3’ and ‘5’
Ans:Select product_no, description, qty_orderedfrom(product1 natural join
sales_order_details natural join sales_order natural join client_master) where (client_no=3
OR client_no=5);
Output :
PRODUCT_NO DESCRIPTION QTY_ORDERED
1 Chair 4
1 Chair 3
3 Sofa 2
 Experiment- 7
Program Name: Procedures, Functions & Packages:
a. Write a simple procedure to display a message “Good Day to You”
b. Code a function to return the Square of a given number.
c. Create a package to include the following:
A named procedure to list the Product_no of products with Quantity_on_hand
as 5 in PRODUCT_MASTER table.
A function which returns the max maximum Quantity_on_hand for a given
product.

Theory Concept:
The program would print the message using a procedure in .

Implementation:
Ans(a):

Ans(b):
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION square(original NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER
AS
original_squared NUMBER;
BEGIN
original_squared := original * original;
RETURN original_squared;
END;

Ans(c):
 Experiment- 9

Program Name: Write a CURSOR to display list of clients in the CLIENT_MASTER

table.

Theory Concept: The following example would illustrate the concept of CURSORS. We
will be using the CLIENT_MASTER table and display records.

Implementation:

DECLARE
CURSOR client_cur is
SELECT id, name, address
FROM client_master;
client_rec client_cur%rowtype;
BEGIN
OPEN client_cur;
LOOP
FETCH client_cur into client_rec;
EXIT WHEN client_cur%notfound;
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line(client_rec.id || ' ' || client_rec.name);
END LOOP;
END;
/
Output: When the above code is executed at SQL prompt, it produces the following result:

1 Ramesh
2 Khilan
3 kaushik
4 Chaitali
5 Hardik
6 Komal

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

 Experiment- 10

Program Name: Installing Oracle

Theory Concept: To install the software, you must use the Universal installer.

Implementation:

1. For this installation, you need either the DVDs or a downloaded version of the DVDs. In this
tutorial, you install from the downloaded version. From the directory where the DVD files were
unzipped, open Windows Explorer and double-click on setup.exe from the \db\Disk1 directory.

2. The product you want to install is Database 11g. Make sure the product is selected and
click Next.

3. You will perform a basic installation with a starter database. Enter orcl for the Global Database
Name and for Database Password and Confirm Password. Then, click Next.
4. Configuration Manager allows you to associate your configuration information with your
Metalink account. You can choose to enable it on this window. Then, click Next.

5. Review the Summary window to verify what is to be installed. Then, click Install.
6. The progress window appears.

7. The Configuration Assistants window appears.

8. Your database is now being created.

9. When the database has been created, you can unlock the users you want to use. Click OK.

10. Click Exit. Click Yes to confirm exit.

 Experiment- 11

Program Name: Creating Entity-Relationship Diagram using case tools.

Theory Concept: Entity relationship diagram (ERD) is a kind of diagram for presenting
visually the structure of relational database. In this experiment we will make use of ERD to
model the database structure of a simple bus route management system.

Implementation:
1. Start Visual Paradigm. Select a new workspace folder for this tutorial.
2. Select Project > New from the toolbar to create a project. Name the project as Bus Route
Management and confirm.
3. To create an ERD, select Diagram > New from the toolbar. In the New Diagram window,
select Entity Relationship Diagram and clickNext. Enter Bus Route Management as
diagram name and click OK.
4. Let's start by creating the first entity Route. Select Entity in diagram toolbar and click on the
diagram to create an entity. Name the entityRoute and press Enter to confirm.

5. Create columns in Route. Let's start with a primary key. Right click on entity Route and
select New Column from popup menu.

6. Enter +id : varchar(10) and press Enter. Note that the + sign means that the column is a
primary key. Varchar is the column type and 10 is the length.

7. Enter fare : float and press Enter, then Esc to create another column.

8. Create entity Stop. A bus route has many bus stops, while a stop can be shared by many
routes. Therefore, there is a many-to-many relationship between Route and Stop. Place the
mouse pointer over the Route entity. Drag out the Resource Catalog icon at top right.

9. Release the mouse button and select Many-to-Many Relationship -> Entity from Resource
Catalog.
 Name the new entity Stop, You can see that a linked entity Route_Stop is automatically
created in between Route and Stop, with foreign key added.

10. Create the following columns in Stop:

Key Name Type

PK id int(10)

name varchar(255)

terminus blob
11.
The diagram should now become:

12. A route has multiple bus schedules. Create an entity Schedule from Route with a
one-to-many relationship. Move the mouse pointer toRoute. Press and drag out the Resource
 Catalog icon. Select One-to-Many Relationship -> Entity to create entity Schedule.

13. Create the following columns in Schedule:

Key Name Type

PK id int(10)

departure date

arrive date
14. A schedule is handled by a bus. Create an entity Bus from Schedule, with an one-to-one
relationship. Create the following columns inBus:
Key Name Type

PK vehicle_id int(10)

fleet_id varchar(10)

last_main date
15. The diagram should become:

16. A bus is driven by a bus driver. Create entity Driver from Bus with a one-to-one relationship.
Add the following columns to Driver:
Key Name Type

PK id int(10)

name varchar(255)

employ_date date

17. This is the final ERD.

 Experiment- 12

Program Name:
PL/SQL programming
a. Write a PL/SQL block code to print the squares of numbers upto 99.
b. Write a PL/SQL block code to insert data into table CUSTOMER

Theory Concept:
The program would print the squares of numbers upto 99 using for loop and data into table
CUSTOMER in pl/sql.

Implementation:
Ans (a):
DECLARE

BEGIN

for x in 1..99

loop

dbms_output.put_line(x * x);
end loop;
end;

Output:
Implementation:

Ans:(b)

desc customer;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
C_IDVARCHAR2(2)
CNAME VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER

select * from customer;

Output:

C_ CNAME SALARY
-- ---------- ----------
c1jkjkjkj 7888