16)) o)23 Unit- 04

mataiy of onden n. The

Eigen Valye Saoblem Let A he a squane
squane Ax (M A)=o
valea of Afoo cohteh the cquatiou (An: A* or lchaacdeníshe
al Mon. zeso solutionA ecalled eígen values the
of an
Values Of the nrtonk A. I4 A is on etgen -value ,theu e
non-z O vecon
foa Uholda ia called
e'gen vecton of A colich eq" toO -the
contespouclg, elgen
oen value
value A,-The
A.
vclues A ae the toots
det (A-AI) =0 ). P, n2) s knoon as
the chaac teustc egn of 4. Note that tet (4-0) s
the chanacteristc
polynomial in 2 of deqae n. called nXn
! Ais arn
yvomial otA. Note hat'it a mataix, theh
thoie can be atmost ndistinct eiqen values of A.
Eqi- A= 2

chas, egeqh bf Ai
4:- det(4- AI) =o
te,

-| 2
I-d
2 |-t
1(1-0)y=o,
e}-0)² oy- -){o'-oy t2o-
(1-d)(1+d-2¢J+ f-2(-d)y=o
2
(I-)(l-d-21 =o
-[-t=a, C-d)2=0
[ = (a-1)*= 2.

i-!, JE, | -E(Note tth at alevaves

.: e. Yalues oft itaotse Qae distiinct
eWe com þute eigen vectors of A
solve (A-oL)1 i.e,(A-L)a=o
2 71;
o

2
 -20)= -2 X213 =

-43 [-y
eIR
z13
J/st ato)
Thus, st t such vectoy is obtained as

e. vetD
foken as
Onesfouclig to the eipeu yolve. d=( can be

Sdve (A-2I=

2 -J2| ) 2"
-2n,-,+2n
.2=0

J2mj= 2
e.vectorG=

da=|+Jz ta
. set of e: vrcoru comesp. fo
 Simlaly, thea elooh
Simla vcon torses
deteamined as povuting to the eien

Consíden the
we eosily check it to be Ji:

Anxn and 2,
then the set coAesfouding evectesa,
is l.i.
R=l, CoSt,onich is li.
Let it hold fo k-).
frove it foor k.
Consider dit
Let us teft mutiþly by Aon both sides.
A («I2t - - t k e) =Aoo

At2,2t -O
Mtply Oby Aki
Subin act fsom . we obta in

all 3ae
G9e distint, so
from above we must have

Then by O, put r aue fnom

r
,
 at , ,ond.O, we
- -

ciogoualvalues

Chas.eqn i- det A-E) =6

an2-2h

-ann
-.(a,- )an-d)(Qan-)=o
---ln ann,

e.values

3oO

eiqnvalues G1e I,2, 3, -l,- 2

Moteit Loith ane.vaue
>heosem Let A be an
be aepeated ), Then
) detA= Adz--dn
2) FraceA =AtÀetttn.
Obtafu det[A-dI) =o

a22---a2,

ane - Ann
On ehadi we cbtoir a polyuomial in of eeqe n
"ftht fom,

-Then,

Nog, claim is that , for eq

C; taabesobboiied os C= Giit 422 t--- tan
n=2
a22
then tde=(-(anta1))

A, tdet-tdn=Qt-tann
= taace (A).

IAl= (-1)r/0- ot--

= 1nCn=Cn
Tis shows that DetA =dide-- dn
AG3Y3 mataik howng hauig an e.v alues a with
multilicity tuo ond trae 2.ohat s det Ae e
Sum of e.alug = trarA)
3+ 3+d3 = 2
d3 = 2-6=-y
 nddet A=ddds = 3r3x (-Y) = -3 6
#Remash yalues of a matiK wth gealeutorizs can be
eonpkx numbeu

cCnples nos uules s n n o , HI, 2 - --

O=
coWich ase
A and
and the
the conespon dhg
t let A be an eiqen value of a motiX
e.vecbr . Then, Uthe e. valucs of the matíX qA
e,vecton o
UNe have A
.(An)z«(A)
(KA)n (A) e.veto
comnchoucting
..Ais e.vdue of A ith
.:A(A) =A(0a)
A2 =A(A2)
e.veetA
-2 A2 1s e.value of
Also, biy
by A? =
A(Ala) =A)

(4) = À40)

A3, oucl e.voctun .

gonene tor,a tve inteye m, e.value of n with toe A"

with e.vector 1.

(A- R1)a =(A-ks)

- k is evde o e mat's AkÌ wid e,ve toh
 AA

-' -is e.value of Aluith correrfonding

value ot (A-kI) -) il belA-k)-!eudossociottd e veter
will be Same, i.e,.
AT and A
have the samee. values
Ch.
=(A A)T =(A-dE| =ch. poly fA v
# Fo Dístinct e. yalues the e.vectors (oTesponiug-to AA¢ AT ae
olbogoual.
Conside distuct evaues s A, .
Let Ar , Ay
/Xn nXn n

.: (y7A)= y
Use tis n

# .values of A ase he
sO ae te e. vectousi
jgetes of evalus of 4f
 Thon
> Obsenvotion i-- Let n

MT=(},yand
= ll»|| 2 a scalat
J||>o
The nll»llo;
is
Also, An=A

=All)2
scalas
eal. (Ã: A)
matsin one
# esult he e. vdues of tenrmiton
19ho23
and e.veton
Let A be a temitfan matois oth evalue A,
.: aT(A)= 1(a)
.= daT)
7TA

Consides (a7 An) = 7

1

Claím:- 7ATTis a scale

7A is a scalas, so we an eei t
Note that, by eqn O
a-TA =(TAz)'

So thot

A1a is fadeed a salce

(7A ) =aTT
 ond
moguitude
of
ne
tide
oL
;A, -( -An),
i3 matis
5)
An
are. the.vauenagni
A) =(7a7)
5a)(An)
motai* qunbky
ati meal of
a
Ujenth'ou hat aMe
A)
the
the
vitoy au
matain
clude
nalnatx
ontsgo
( that a (onside
A
d = con
conefdea that
of a
siew-sy
Aeal
smmetaie
we
AG be
hows e.valves Mutihying ,
A above
Let Then, s
cohich Let
The ^ on)
E Then
Pf: Jno a
a
i) i)
Similaly,
obtaia o We .vecter
defne o
(n)=J
Ets'*:
E it y-(a-(V)»
cevespeucig
dlti,
da=-1
eigen
ehace
t A2dt:(l-A
tornessouding A=
I+i:

tu
the
scala4a
n .value e

Ai=lti.a