University of Lagos

School of Postgraduate Studies

Department of Business
Administration
Programme: M.Sc. in Management (Part Time)

Course: Business Research

Course Code: BUS 802

Name: Mujeeb Oluwafemi Aina

Matric No: 179023121

Date: 23rd March, 2018

Lecturer in Charge: Prof. Ben E. A. Oghojafor

QUESTIONS:

1.Write a topic in your functional area, it must be

governed by variables (dependent &
independent)
2.(a) Distinguish between References and
Bibliography
 (b) Provide a Bibliography using APA style of
referencing

Question 1
The Impact of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) on Customer Satisfaction in
Banks.

Question 2 (a)
People most of the time do not think that there is any difference between
bibliography and references. They often mistake the two to be the same.
However, they are different and used in different contexts with each essay or
article or book.

Bibliography is listing all the materials that have been consulted while
writing an essay or a book. References, on the other hand, are those that
have been referenced in your article or book.

You might have consulted a lot of books, essays and websites for writing
something. Though you might have referred to these while preparing a write
up, the content of these might not have been included in the actual text.
This is what refers to bibliography. References are those that are directly
included in your actual text.

While references are cited directly in the text, bibliography is not cited
directly in the text. While references can be used to support your statement
or argument, a bibliography does not have such roles. As such references
are used for establishing something in a more authoritative way. Readers
could refer your references and evaluate the correctness of your statement.
Meanwhile, bibliography does not support your argument but you only refer
them in a personal way.

A bibliography will contain all research materials, including books,

magazines, periodicals, websites and scientific papers, which you have
referred. References contain source of material like quotes or texts, which
has been actually used when writing an essay or book.

Both bibliography and references appear at the end of a document. But

bibliography comes after the reference list. A bibliography may contain all
those that have appeared in the reference list but it may also contain
additional works.

Both bibliography and references are arranged alphabetically. But a

Reference list can also be arranged in Numeric style, which means arranging
the references according to the numbers in the text.

While writing a bibliography, you should have to include the authors last and
first name, year of publication, name of the book, publication place and
name of publishers. Well, a reference page can be called as a footnote where
you just write the book or website and the year of publication or the date
when you looked at the website.

Summary of distinctive difference.

1. Bibliography is listing all the materials that have been consulted while
writing an essay or a book. References, on the other hand, are those that
have been referenced in your article or book.
2. Bibliography is not directly included in the text. References are those that
are directly included in your actual text.
3. Both bibliography and references are arranged alphabetically. But a
Reference list can also be arranged in Numeric style,

Question 2 (B)
Below are standard formats and examples for basic bibliographic information
recommended by the American Psychological Association (APA)

Your list of works cited should begin at the end of the paper on a new page
with the centered title, References. Alphabetize the entries in your list by the
author's last name, using the letter-by-letter system (ignore spaces and
other punctuation.) Only the initials of the first and middle names are given.
If the author's name is unknown, alphabetize by the title, ignoring any A, An,
or The.

For dates, spell out the names of months in the text of your paper, but
abbreviate them in the list of works cited, except for May, June, and July. Use
either the day-month-year style (22 July 1999) or the month-day-year style
(July 22, 1999) and be consistent. With the month-day-year style, be sure to
add a comma after the year unless another punctuation mark goes there.

Underlining or Italics?
When reports were written on typewriters, the names of publications were
underlined because most typewriters had no way to print italics. If you write
a bibliography by hand, you should still underline the names of publications.
But, if you use a computer, then publication names should be in italics as
they are below. Always check with your instructor regarding their preference
of using italics or underlining. Our examples use italics.

Hanging Indentation

All APA citations should use hanging indents, that is, the first line of an entry
should be flush left, and the second and subsequent lines should be indented
1/2".

Capitalization, Abbreviation, and Punctuation

The APA guidelines specify using sentence-style capitalization for the titles of
books or articles, so you should capitalize only the first word of a title and
subtitle. The exceptions to this rule would be periodical titles and proper
names in a title which should still be capitalized. The periodical title is run in
title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also
italicized.

If there is more than one author, use an ampersand (&) before the name of
the last author. If there are more than six authors, list only the first one and
use et al. for the rest.

Place the date of publication in parentheses immediately after the name of

the author. Place a period after the closing parenthesis. Do not italicize,
underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works within longer
works.

Format Examples -

Books
Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Book title. Additional
information. City of publication: Publishing company.

Examples:

Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.:

National Geographic Society.
Boorstin, D. (1992). The creators: A history of the heroes of the imagination.
New York: Random House.

Nicol, A. M., & Pexman, P. M. (1999). Presenting your findings: A practical

guide for creating tables. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.

Searles, B., & Last, M. (1979). A reader's guide to science fiction. New York:
Facts on File, Inc.

Toomer, J. (1988). Cane. Ed. Darwin T. Turner. New York: Norton.

Encyclopedia & Dictionary

Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Date). Title of Article. Title of
Encyclopedia (Volume, pages). City of publication: Publishing company.

Examples:

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol.

26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:

Merriam-Webster.

Pettingill, O. S., Jr. (1980). Falcon and Falconry. World book encyclopedia.
(pp. 150-155). Chicago: World Book.

Tobias, R. (1991). Thurber, James. Encyclopedia americana. (p. 600). New

York: Scholastic Library Publishing.

Magazine & Newspaper Articles

Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article title. Periodical title,
volume number (issue number if available), inclusive pages.

Note: Do not enclose the title in quotation marks. Put a period after the title.
If a periodical includes a volume number, italicize it and then give the page
range (in regular type) without "pp." If the periodical does not use volume
numbers, as in newspapers, use p. or pp. for page numbers.
Note: Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a
newspaper reference in APA style.

Examples:

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal

articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time,
135, 28-31.

Kalette, D. (1986, July 21). California town counts town to big quake. USA
Today, 9, p. A1.

Kanfer, S. (1986, July 21). Heard any good books lately? Time, 113, 71-72.

Trillin, C. (1993, February 15). Culture shopping. New Yorker, pp. 48-51.

Website or Webpage
Format:
Online periodical:
Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical,
volume number, Retrieved month day, year, from full URL

Online document:
Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of work. Retrieved month day,
year, from full URL

Note: When citing Internet sources, refer to the specific website document. If
a document is undated, use "n.d." (for no date) immediately after the
document title. Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line after a slash or
before a period. Continually check your references to online documents.
There is no period following a URL.
Note: If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available.

Examples:

Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning injures four at music festival. The Why?
Files. Retrieved January 23, 2002, from
http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html

Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Text Center.
Retrieved June 19, 1998, from Alderman Library, University of Virginia
website: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html
Note: If a document is contained within a large and complex website (such as
that for a university or a government agency), identify the host organization
and the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the
document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.

Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize

health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved
November 20, 2000, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/

Health Canada. (2002, February). The safety of genetically modified food

crops. Retrieved March 22, 2005, from
http://www.hcsc.gc.ca/english/protection/biologics_genetics/gen_mod_foods/
genmodebk.html

Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people

flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from
http://www.nytimes.com