Arihant - Class X - Heredity and Evolution [ Chapter - 9 ] 05/11/24, 11:12 PM
Arihant - Class X - Heredity and Evolution [ Chapter - 9 ]
Contact Number: 9667591930 / 8527521718
1. Parents transmit some of their characteristics into 17. What is the evolutionary significance of the fossil
their offsprings. How? Archaeopteryx?
2. Genes are the unit of inheritance, what makes them 18. Give an example of a characteristic being used to
necessary for all organisms? determine, what relationship do two species have in
terms of evolution?
3. Inheritance/heredity is possible because of a certain
factor present in organisms. What is this factor? 19. Barriers of different kinds in an area restricts the
reproductive interactions between species. What are
4. Reproduction leads to variation. How? these barriers and what do they lead to?
5. In any population, no two individuals are absolutely 20. Which type of organism will have more variations
similar. Why? — sexually or asexually reproducing organisms?
6. A pair of contrasting characters behaves 21. Enumerate the functions of chromosomes.
independently of each other. Which law of Mendel does
this statement support? 22. In Mendel's experiment of inheritance in which he
took two contrasting characters, i.e. round green and
7. What is the cause of variation in asexually wrinkled yellow seeds,
reproducing organisms? (i) What was the phenotype of offsprings in F1-
generation?
8. Give an example where sex is determined by (ii) What was the ratio of offsprings in F2-generation?
environmental factors.
23. Explain Mendel's observation when he crossed a
9. In human females, the gametes formed have X- homozygous tall (TT) plant with homozygous dwarf (tt)
chromosomes in all. Give reason. plant followed by self-cross.
10. Why is it that the unit of evolution is population, not 24. An individual inherits different traits from his
the individual? parents. On what basis classification of traits as
dominant and recessive is done?
11. State one of the evolutionary forces leading to the
origin of a new species according to the Darwin theory 25. What are the key factors in the modem concept of
of evolution. evolution?
12. Give the respective scientific terms used for studying 26. Summarise the modern synthetic theory of evolution.
(i) the mechanism by which variations are created and
inherited and 27. What are connecting links? How do they provide us
(ii) the development of new types of organisms from the information about the evolution of an organism?
existing ones.
28. Our teeth and an elephant's tusks are homologous
13. Write one word for the formation of new species due organs'. Justify this statement. What do the analogous
to gradual change over long period of time. organs indicate?
14. Vestigial organs are present in human body as the 29. Two plants, A with white flowers and B with red
indication of evolution. Name a few such organs present flowers were crossed. The F progeny shows all red
1
in the body.
flowers and F2 has three red and one white. Categorise
15. Which vestigial organ in man suggests that he is a the trait as dominant and recessive.
descendent of herbivorous mammals?
30. In human beings, the statistical probability of getting
16. Identify the method which uses carbon for studying either a male or female child is 50:50. Give a suitable
fossils. explanation.
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Arihant - Class X - Heredity and Evolution [ Chapter - 9 ] 05/11/24, 11:12 PM
Arihant - Class X - Heredity and Evolution [ Chapter - 9 ]
Contact Number: 9667591930 / 8527521718
31. A chimpanzee can hold objects by its hand and an 39. (i) If, we cut the tail of a mouse, will tail occur in the
elephant by its trunk. Are these two organs analogous or next generation of that mouse? Give reason to support
homologous? Give reason in support of your answer. your answer.
(ii) What are the features that Archaeopteryx had in
32. A teacher was showing a video on different animals common to the reptiles?
when Varun observed the similarities in sharks and
dolphins about shape of body, fins and flippers. He 40. (i) 'Males are heterogametic'. Why?
classified both of them as homologous to each other. Is (ii) Differentiate between inherited and acquired
he right? Give reasons in support of your answer. characters by giving two points.
33. A child questioned his teacher that why do 41. Traits that are acquired during lifetime do not result
organisms resemble their parents more as compared to in evolution. Why? Give atleast two examples to support
grandparents. In which way will the teacher explain to your answer.
the child?
42. What is speciation? List four factors that could lead
34. (i) In humans, if gene B gives brown eyes and gene b to speciation. Which of these cannot be a major factor in
gives blue eyes, what will be the colour of eyes of the the speciation of a self-pollinating plant species? Give
persons having the following reason to justify your answer.
combination of genes?
(a) Bb (b) bb (c) BB 43. (i) What would happen if two groups of organisms of
(ii) What do you class this trait of eye colour in human? a single species never exchange genes?
Explain. (ii) In which way can the study of diverse forms of life
be done effectively?
35. In a pea plant, find the contrasting trait if
(i) the position of flower is terminal 44. The two areas of study namely 'evolution' and
(ii) the flower is white in colour 'classification' are interlinked. Justify the statement.
(iii) shape of pod is constricted
45. A scientist is conducting embryological studies for
36. In a monohybrid cross, pink coloured flowers are collecting evidences supporting evolution. Is he going
dominant over white coloured flowers. If parent plants the right way. Give reason in support of your answer.
belong to pure breeding dominant trait and pure
breeding recessive trait, what will be the phenotype or 46. (i) Give the evidence that the birds have evolved
morphological feature of F1-generation? If F1 plants are from reptiles.
self-fertilised, what would be the phenotypic ratio or (ii) Insects, Octopus, Planaria and vertebrates possess
how many dominant and recessive traits will be eyes. Can we group these animals together on the basis
produced in the progeny? Explain with an illustration. of eyes that they
possess? Justify, your answer giving reason.
37. In pea plant, round seed is dominant over the
wrinkled. If a cross is carried out between these two 47. How and why did human race spread from Africa to
plants, give answer to the following questions. other parts of the world?
(i) Mention the genes for the traits of parents.
(ii) State the trait of F1 hybrids. 48. 'A trait may be inherited, but may not be expressed'.
(iii) Write the ratio of F2 progeny obtained from this Justify this statement with the help of suitable example.
cross. What is the name of the cross?
38. Can sexual reproduction lead to the variations in
characters, speciation and evolution? Explain.
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Arihant - Class X - Heredity and Evolution [ Chapter - 9 ] 05/11/24, 11:12 PM
Arihant - Class X - Heredity and Evolution [ Chapter - 9 ]
Contact Number: 9667591930 / 8527521718
49. Give reason for your choice. 54. X, Y and Z are three animals. The animal X can fly,
A person first crossed pure-breed pea plants having but animal Y can only run on ground or walls. The
round-yellow seeds with pure-breed pea plants having forelimbs of animals X and Y have the same basic
wrinkled-green seeds and found that only A-B type of design, but they are used for different purposes, such as
seeds were produced in the F1-generation. When F1- flying and running, respectively. The animal Z became
generation pea plants having A-B type of seeds were extinct a long time ago. The study of fossils of Z tells us
cross-breed by self-pollination, then in addition to the that it had some features like those of X and some like
original round yellow and wrinkled-green seeds, two those of Y. In fact, Z is said to form a connecting link in
new varieties A-D and C-B types of seeds were also the evolutionary chain of X and Y.
obtained. (i) What would the animal Z be?
(i) What are A-B type of seeds? (ii) Name the animal groups to which X and Y belong.
(ii) State whether A and B are dominant traits or (iii) What name is given to the forelimbs like those of X
recessive traits. and y, which have the same basic design, but different
(iii) What are A-D type of seeds? functions?
(iv) What are C-B type of seeds? (iv) Name one feature in which Z resembled X.
(v) Out of A-8 and A-D types of seeds, which one will (v) Name one feature in which Z resembled Y.
be produced in (a) minimum number and (b) maximum (vi) Which is the correct evolutionary chain involving X,
number in the F2 -generation? Y and Z → X → Y or Y → Z → X?
50. Kalawati often blames her daughter-in-law for 55. Why is it more appropriate to compare the process of
having only daughters and no son. Being a biology evolution with branches of a tree rather than with a
student, how will you convince Kalawati that her ladder?
daughter-in-law has no role in giving birth to girls or
boys? 56. Explain the original idea of tracing evolutionary
relationships.
51. Define evolution. How does it occur? Describe, how
fossils provide us evidences in support of evolution. 57. Identify analogous and homologous organs amongst
the following.
52. Name any five vegetables generated from a common Wings of an insect, wings of a bat, forelimbs of lizard,
ancestor through artificial selection rather than natural forelimbs of bird.
selection. Also mention the features for which each
vegetable is selected. 58. Out of potato, sweet potato, pea tendril and spinach,
which two are
53. (i) homologous organs
(ii) analogous organs?
59. Why are thorn of Bougainvillea plant and a tendril of
Passiflora plant considered as homologous structures?
60. Rohit's father is a wrestler and has a robust body. He
was also awarded as Mr. India when he was young.
Rohit is his only child. As Rohit grew older, everyone
expected him to have the same body built as his father.
But, he is thin. His friends tease him and he feels
depressed by it.
(i) Is it true that a wrestler's son should also have heavy
(i) Identify the fossils A, B and C. muscles?
(ii) In which region was fossil C found? (ii) What type of character is it; acquired or inherited?
(iii) In which region are recent fossils found? (iii) What are the values shown by Rohit's Mends?
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Arihant - Class X - Heredity and Evolution [ Chapter - 9 ] 05/11/24, 11:12 PM
Arihant - Class X - Heredity and Evolution [ Chapter - 9 ]
Contact Number: 9667591930 / 8527521718
61. Anita had a huge scar on her cheek after she met
with an accident during her school days. She is worried
if her baby would inherit the scar she had acquired. Her
doctor, a sincere medical practitioner explained that the
scar is an acquired trait and successfully convinced
Anita that she need not to worry about it.
Read the given passage and answer the following
questions:
(i) What are acquired traits?
(ii) How is it different from inherited traits?
(iii) Mention the values of the doctor that shows in the
passage.
62. Mita observed that her grandmother was preparing a
family tree. On enquiring why it was done, she
explained that it was necessary to know our roots as we
have inherited many traits from our ancestors. She also
mentioned that now everybody wants to live in a nuclear
family and joint families have disappeared.
Read the given passage and answer the following
questions:
(i) Human shows maximum similarity in evolutionary
terms with which mammal?
(ii) Mita has hazel coloured eyes which match with her
mother's eyes. Suggest a mason for this similarity in eye
colour between Mita and
her mother.
(iii) What values do you think children would learn in a
joint family?
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