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Seminar1 Theory&solutions

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15 views26 pages

Seminar1 Theory&solutions

Uploaded by

Alvaro Gurumendi Quijano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Seminar 1 Thermodynamic cycles

MVKN51 HT2024

[email protected]

0
Repetition
Chapter 3 Internal combustion engine fundamentals
• Introduce combustion engines: working principles, terminology

• Understand the basics of what is going on inside SI and CI engines

– What constitutes “normal” and “abnormal” combustion in both engine types?

– Learn about the difference in how both engine types regulate their power output, “load
control”

• Learn about the different ways in which engine performance is measured

– Metrics, typical values

– Understand the loss mechanisms

1
Repetition
Ideal gas law
• PV = nRT

2
Repetition
Thermodynamic cycles
• The reversible thermodynamic cycle consists of a
series of interrelated thermodynamic processes
involving heat and works going in and out of the
body, simultaneously changing pressure,
temperature, and other changes in body state, and
eventually returning to the initial state.

• Internal combustion engines involve the Otto cycle


and diesel cycle.

3
Repetition
Thermodynamic cycles
• Air-standard analysis is a simplification of the real cycle that includes the following assumptions:
1) Working fluid consists of fixed amount of air (ideal gas)
2) Combustion process represented by heat transfer into and out of the cylinder from an
external source
3) Differences between intake and exhaust processes not considered (i.e. no pumping work)
4) Engine friction and heat losses not considered

4
Repetition

5
Four-stroke engine

6
Two-stroke engine

• Gas exchange occurs between the working


cycles by scavenging the exhaust gases
with a fresh cylinder charge
• Control mostly via intake and exhaust ports
• In contrast to the four-stroke cycle , no valve
train is necessary, but a blower is need for
scavenging air

7
Otto cycle (SI)
1 → 2: adiabatic compression
2 → 3: isochoric heat input
3 → 4: adiabatic expansion
4 → 1: isochoric heat extraction

8
Repetition
Otto cycle

Compression ratio: rc = Vmax/Vmin = V1/V2


Efficiency:
𝛈otto=W/Q23=(Q23-Q41)/Q23

9
Repetition
Otto cycle

Compression ratio: rc = Vmax/Vmin = V1/V2


Efficiency:
𝛈otto=W/Q23=(Q23-Q41)/Q23

10
A Real cycle

11
Diesel cycle (CI)

12
Solutions to Exercise 1
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES
1 1
𝜂 = 1− 𝛾−1 = 1 − 91.4−1 = 1 − 0.42 = 0.58 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 58%
𝑟𝑐

1 1
𝜂 = 1− 𝛾−1 = 1 − 91.67−1 = 1 − 0.23 = 0.77 𝜂𝐻𝑒 = 77%
𝑟𝑐
1 1
𝜂 = 1− 𝛾−1 = 1 − 91.33−1 = 1 − 0.48 = 0.52 𝜂𝐶𝑂2 = 52%
𝑟𝑐

Combustion in a homogeneous charge means we can decrease the combustion


temperature either by using a surplus of air or adding an inert gas.
As EGR contains triatomic gases (CO2, H2O), g is reduced and so is the efficiency.
Answer: From the perspective of an ideal Otto cycle, it is better to dilute with air.
Reflection: Why does efficiency drop with lower g ?
Or, in other words, how does g affect the work carried out during expansion?

Assume adiabatic expansion:


𝛾 𝛾
𝑝𝑇𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝑇𝐷𝐶 = 𝑝𝐵𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝐵𝐷𝐶
𝛾
𝑉𝑇𝐷𝐶 𝛾
𝑝𝐵𝐷𝐶 = 𝑝𝑇𝐷𝐶 = 𝑝𝑇𝐷𝐶 𝑟𝑐
𝑉𝐵𝐷𝐶

In other words, the more g drops, the lower the pressure during expansion.

𝑑𝑊 = 𝑝𝑑𝑉 , so the more g drops, the less work is performed during expansion.

The pressure rise during combustion is also smaller for triatomic gases as they have
higher heat capacity. The temperature thus increases less per J of heat released,
meaning that the pressure increases less and there is less pdV-work to perform.
Otto cycle

Specific heat ratio 𝛾

17
With reference to the P-V diagram:

𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑄23 − 𝑄41 𝑄41


𝜂= = =1−
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄23 𝑄23

𝑄41 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 (𝑇4 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑄23 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 )

𝑇4 − 𝑇1
𝜂 = 1− 𝐶𝑝
𝐶𝑝 where 𝐶 = γ
𝐶𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑣

𝑇4 − 𝑇1
𝜂 =1−
𝛾 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
1->2 is adiabatic process, thus 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 𝑟𝑐 𝛾−1

2->3 is heat addition process with constant P, thus


𝑉
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 𝑉3 = 𝑇2 𝛼 = 𝑇1 𝑟𝑐 𝛾−1 𝛼
2

3->4 is adiabatic process, thus


𝑉4 𝛾−1 𝛾−1 𝛼 𝛼𝑉2 𝛾−1
𝑇4 = 𝑇3 𝑉 = 𝑇1 𝑟𝑐 = 𝑇1 𝛼 𝛾
3 𝑟𝑐 𝑉2

1 𝛼𝛾 − 1
𝜂𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 1 −
𝑟𝑐 𝛾−1 𝛾(𝛼 − 1)
1 𝛼𝛾 − 1
𝜂𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 1 − 𝛾−1 𝛾 = 1.4; 𝑟𝑐 = 9
𝑟𝑐 𝛾(𝛼 − 1)

𝜶 𝟏 𝜶𝜸 − 𝟏 𝜸(𝜶 − 𝟏) 𝜶−𝟏 𝜼𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒍


𝜸−𝟏
𝒓𝒄
1.0001 0.42 0.00014 0.00014 0 58%
2 0.42 1.64 1.4 1 51%
4 0.42 5.96 4.2 3 41%
9 0.42 20.67 11.2 8 23%
~𝑄41 ~(𝑇4 − 𝑇1 ) ~𝑄32 ~(𝑇3 − 𝑇2 )

Interpretation 1: Heat losses (T4 -T1) increase more than the added heat (T3 -T2), so
the efficiency drops.
Interpretation 2: The combustion that is added when the load increases burns at a
lower expansion ratio, so the efficiency drops.
1 1
𝜂𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜 = 1 − 𝛾−1 = 1 − 101.4−1 = 0.6
𝑟𝑐

1 𝛼𝛾 − 1 1 2.51.4 − 1
𝜂𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 1 − 𝛾−1 = 1− = 0.6
𝑟𝑐 𝛾 𝛼−1 171.4−1 1.4 2.5 − 1
1—2 = isentropic compression:
𝛾 𝛾
𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2

𝑉1 𝛾
𝑝2 = 𝑝1 = 𝑝1 𝑟𝑐 𝛾 = 100 × 101.4 = 2512 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉2

𝛾−1 𝛾−1
𝑇1 𝑉1 = 𝑇2 𝑉2

𝑇2 = 𝑇1 𝑟𝑐 𝛾−1 = 736 𝐾

2—3 = isochoric process:


𝑄23 𝑞23
𝑄23 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ⇒ = = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑐𝑣
𝑞23 600
𝑇3 = + 𝑇2 = + 736 = 1572 𝐾 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5365 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑐𝑣 0.718
𝑝2 𝑇2 𝑇3 1572 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1572 𝐾
= ⇒ 𝑝3 = 𝑝2 = 2512 = 5365 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑝3 𝑇3 𝑇2 736
We can also get the peak pressure (the last step on the previous slide) using the ideal gas law*:

𝑝3 𝑉3 𝑇3 𝑇3 1572
= ⇒ 𝑝3 = 𝑝1 𝑟𝑐 = 100 10 = 5365 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑇1 𝑇1 293

*It’s a closed system containing an ideal gas, all processes are reversible.
1—2 = isentropic compression:

𝑝2 = 𝑝1 𝑟𝑐 𝛾 = 100 × 171.4 = 5280 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑇2 = 𝑇1 𝑟𝑐 𝛾−1 = 293 × 171.4−1 = 910 𝐾

2—3 = isobaric process:


𝑄23
𝑄23 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ⇒ = 𝑞23 = 𝛾𝑐𝑣 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 )
𝑚
𝑞23 600
𝑇3 = + 𝑇2 = + 910 = 1506 𝐾
𝛾𝑐𝑣 1.4 × 0.718
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5280 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1506 𝐾

We can also get the peak temperature (the last step on the previous slide)
from the isobaric relation:
𝑇3 𝑉3
= = 𝛼 ⇒ 𝑇3 = 𝑇2 𝛼 = 910 ∗ 1,655 = 1506 𝐾
𝑇2 𝑉2
We prefer the diesel cycle to limit the peak pressure for a given load (5280 kPa < 5365 kPa).

As NOx production increases exponentially with temperature, we prefer the cycle


with the lowest peak temperature for a given load, i.e. the diesel cycle (1506 K <
1572 K).

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