Chapter 1: Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following equations is linear?

(A) 2x21 + 3x32 + 4x43 = 5
√ √
(B) 3x1 − 2x2 + x3 = 5
√ √
(C) 5x1 + 5 x2 − x3 = 1
(D) 22 x1 + cos (x2 ) + 4x3 = 7

2. Which system corresponds to the following augmented matrix?

 
1 11 6 3
9 4 0 −2
x1 + 11x2 = −3
(A)
9x1 + 4x2 = −2

x1 + 11x2 + 6x3 = 3
(B)
9x1 + 4x2 = −2

x1 + 11x2 + 6x3 + 3x4 = 0

(C)
9x1 + 4x2 − 2x4 = 0

x1 + 9x2 = 0
11x1 + 4x2 = 0
(D)
6x1 =0
3x1 − 2x2 = 0
3. Which of the following statements best describes the following augmented matrix?
⎡ ⎤
1 2 6 5
⎢ ⎥
⎢
A = ⎣−1 1 −2 3⎥ ⎦
1 −4 −2 1

(A) A is consistent with a unique solution.

(B) A is consistent with infinitely many solutions.
(C) A is inconsistent.
(D) none of the above.
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –2– Anton/Rorres

4. Which of the following matrices is in reduced row echelon form?

⎡ ⎤
1 0 −1 1
⎢ ⎥
(A) ⎢
⎣0 1 2 0⎥ ⎦
0 1 3 1
⎡ ⎤
1 0 2 5
⎢ ⎥
⎢
(B) ⎣0 1 −7 5⎥⎦
0 0 1 14
 
1 0 0 11 −3
(C)
0 0 0 1 4
⎡ ⎤
1 0 −5
⎢ ⎥
(D) ⎢
⎣0 1 3⎥
⎦
0 0 0
5. If the matrix A is 4 × 2, B is 3 × 4, C is 2 × 4, D is 4 × 3, and E is 2 × 5, which of the
following expressions is not defined?
(A) AT D + CB T (B) (B + DT )A (C) CA + CB T (D) DBAE
6. What is the second row of the product AB?
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
0 2 3 2 1 7
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A=⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎣5 4 8 ⎦ , B = ⎣ 6 3 2⎥
⎦
9 7 2 2 9 7

(A) 18 33 25 (B) 64 48 91 (C) 50 89 99 (D) 48 89 33

 
a b
7. Which of the following is the determinant of the 2 × 2 matrix A = ?
c d
1 1
(A) ad − bc (B) bc − ad (C) bc−ad
(D) ad−bc

8. Which of the following matrices is not invertible?

       
3 6 7 7 9 0 9 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 2 3 4 4 6 5
9. Which of the following matrices is not an elementary matrix?
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
    0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
(A) (B) (C) ⎢ ⎥
⎣1 0 0⎦ (D) ⎣0 −2
⎢ 0⎥
⎦
5 1 0 2
0 0 1 0 0 1

Chapter 1
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –3– Anton/Rorres

10. For which elementary matrix E will the equation EA = B hold?

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 4 6 1 4 6
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A=⎢ ⎣0 0 1⎥⎦ , B = ⎢0 0
⎣ 1 ⎥
⎦
2 10 9 0 2 −3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
(A) ⎢
⎣ 0 1 0 ⎥ (B) ⎢0 0 1⎥
⎦ ⎣ ⎦ (C) ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1 0⎦ (D) ⎣0
⎢ 1 0⎥
⎦
2 0 1 0 1 0 −2 0 1 1 0 0

11. Which matrix will be used as the inverted coefficient matrix when solving the following
system?
3x1 + x2 = 4
5x1 + 2x2 = 7
       
2 −1 −2 1 2 1 −2 −1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
−5 3 5 −3 5 3 −5 −3

12. What value of b makes the following system consistent?

4x1 + 2x2 = b
2x1 + x2 = 0

(A) b = −1 (B) b = 0 (C) b = 1 (D) b = 2

13. If A is a 3 × 3 diagonal matrix, which of the following matrices is not a possible value
of Ak for some integer k?
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
(A) ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 4 0⎦ (B) ⎣0 16
⎢ 0⎥ ⎢
⎦ (C) ⎣0 4
1
0⎥⎦ (D) ⎣0
⎢ 0 0⎥
⎦
0 0 9 4 0 25 0 0 −1 0 0 0
⎡ ⎤
3 0 0
⎢ ⎥
14. The matrix ⎢ ⎣0 −7 0⎦ is:
⎥
0 0 1
(A) upper triangular.
(B) lower triangular.
(C) both (A) and (B).
(D) neither (A) nor (B).

Chapter 1
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –4– Anton/Rorres

15. If A is a 4×5 matrix, find the domain and codomain of the transformation TA (x) = Ax.
(A) Not enough information
(B) Domain: R4 , Codomain: R5
(C) Domain: R5 , Codomain: R5
(D) Domain: R5 , Codomain: R4

16. Which of the following is a matrix transformation?

(A) T (x, y, z) = (yx2 , yz 2 )
(B) T (x, y, z, w) = (xy, yz, zw, wx)
(C) T (x, y, z) = (x + 1, x + 2, x + z, y + z)
(D) T (x, y) = (4x, 5x, −x, 0)

17. Which matrix represents reflection about the xy-plane?

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
−1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 −1 0 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
(A) ⎢
⎣ 0 1 0 ⎥ (B) ⎢0 −1
⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎥ (C) ⎢0 1
⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎥
⎦ (D) ⎢
⎣ 0 −1 0⎥
⎦
0 0 1 0 0 −1 0 0 −1 0 0 1

18. Use matrix multiplication to find the image of the vector 2, 1 when it is rotated
counterclockwise about the origin through an angle θ = 45◦ .
√ √   √ √   √ √   √ √ 
2
(A) 2 , 2 3 2 3 2
(B) 2 , 2 2 2
(C) − 2 , 23 2 (D) − 3 2 2 , 22

19. Which of the following pairs of operators T1 , T2 : R2 → R2 commute? (That is, for
which pair is it true that T1 ◦ T2 = T2 ◦ T1 ?)
(A) T1 is the reflection about the x-axis.
T2 is the reflection about line y = x.
(B) T1 is the orthogonal projection onto the x-axis.
T2 is the reflection about line y = x.
(C) T1 is the counterclockwise rotation about the origin through an angle of π.
T2 is the projection onto the y-axis.
(D) T1 is the reflection about the x-axis.
T2 is the counterclockwise rotation about the origin through an angle of π/2.

Free Response Questions

1. Find the relationship between a and b such that the following system has infinitely many
solutions.
−x + 2y = a
−3x + 6y = b

Chapter 1
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –5– Anton/Rorres

2. Solve the following system and use parametric equations to describe the solution set.

x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 11
2x1 − x2 + x3 = 2
3x1 + x2 + 4x3 = 13

3. Determine whether the following system has no solution, exactly one solution, or infinitely
many solutions.
2x1 + 2x2 = 2
x1 + x 2 = 4
 
15 −3 6
4. Find the value of k that makes the system inconsistent.
−10 k 9

5. Solve the following system using Gaussian elimination.

x1 − x2 − 5x3 = −1
−2x1 + 2x2 + 11x3 = 1
3x1 − x2 + x3 = 3

6. Solve the following system for x, y, and z.

1 1 1
x
− y
− z
=0
2 1 1
x
+ y
+ z
=3
3 1
x
− z
=0

7. The curve y = ax3 + bx2 + x + c passes through the points (0, 0), (1, 1), and (−1, −2).
Find and solve a system of linear equations to determine the values of a, b, and c.

8. Solve the following system for x and y.

x2 + y 2 = 6
x2 − y 2 = 2
 
1 −1
9. Given C = , find CC T .
2 0

10. Express the following matrix equation as a system of linear equations.

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
−1 7 0 x 0
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 4 3⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ = ⎣0 ⎦
6 0 −2 z 0

Chapter 1
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –6– Anton/Rorres

11. Find the 3 × 3 matrix A = [aij ] whose entries satisfy the condition aij = i2 − j.

12. Let A and B be n × n matrices. Prove that tr (c · A − B) = c · tr (A) − tr (B).

 
4 0
13. What is the inverse of ?
9 2
 
4 4
14. Given the polynomial p(x) = x2 − 3x + 1 and the matrix A = , compute p(A).
6 1

15. Let A, B, C, and D be n × n invertible matrices. Solve for A given that the following
equation holds.
C 2 DA−1 CB −1 = BCB −1

16. Prove that for any m × n matrices A and B, (A − B)T = AT − B T .

17. Use the inversion algorithm to find the inverse of the following matrix.
⎡ ⎤
1 2 1
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 2 2⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 0 4

18. Which elementary row operation will transform the following matrix into the identity
matrix? ⎡ ⎤
1 0 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 1 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 −9 0 1

19. Find the 3 × 3 elementary matrix that adds c times row 3 to row 1.

20. Find the elementary matrix E that satisfies

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 4 6 1 4 6
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢
E ⎣0 ⎥
0 1⎦ = ⎣ 0⎢ 0 1⎥
⎦
2 10 9 0 2 −3

21. Solve the following system by inverting the coefficient matrix.

7x + 2y = 1
3x + y = 5

Chapter 1
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –7– Anton/Rorres

22. Solve the following matrix equation for X.

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 2 3 2 2 3 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 4 ⎥ X = ⎢ 0 0 0 1⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
5 6 0 3 1 1 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 0 0 3
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
23. Given that A = ⎢
−1 ⎥
⎣0 2 1⎦ and b = ⎣1⎦,
⎢ ⎥ solve the system A2 x = b.
0 1 0 2
24. Find a nonzero solution to the following equation.
 
1 3
x = 3x
4 −3

25. Find the values of a, b, and c that make the following matrix symmetric.
⎡ ⎤
3 a 2−b
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 4 0 a + b⎥
⎣ ⎦
2 c 7
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
3 4 3 1 −7 6
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
26. Let A = ⎢
⎣ 0 0 6 ⎥, B = ⎢−4
⎦ ⎣ 5 0 ⎥, and AB = [cij ].
⎦
0 0 2 1 0 2
Find the diagonal entries c11 , c22 , and c33 .
27. Let the entries of a matrix A = [aij ] be defined as aij = 2i2 − i + j + g(j), where g is a
function of j. If A is a symmetric matrix, what is g(j)?
28. Prove that for any square matrix A, the matrix B = (A + AT ) is symmetric.
29. Find the domain and codomain of the transformation defined by
⎡ ⎤
x1
 ⎢ ⎥
5 7 6 0 ⎢ x2 ⎥
⎢
⎥
⎢ ⎥
1 0 −2 −2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ x3 ⎦
x4

30. Find the standard matrix for the operator T : R2 → R2 defined by

3x1 + x2 = w1
4x2 = w2

Chapter 1
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –8– Anton/Rorres

31. Find the standard matrix for the transformation T defined by the formula

T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 , −x3 , x2 − x1 , 3x2 + x3 )

32. Find the standard matrix A for the linear transformation T : R2 → R2 for which
       
2 3 −1 5
T = ,T =
−1 −4 1 2

33. Prove that the composition of two rotation operators about the origin of R2 is another
rotation about the origin.

34. Prove that if TA : R3 → R3 and TA (x) = 0 for every vector x in R3 , then A is the 3 × 3
zero matrix.

35. Write a balanced equation for the following chemical reaction.

C3 H8 + O2 → H2 O + CO2

36. Find the quadratic polynomial whose graph passes through the points 0, 3 , −1, 8 ,
and 1, 0 .

37. Use matrix inversion to find the production vector x that meets the demand d for the
consumption matrix C. ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
0.1 0.3 0.2 18
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
C=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0.5 0.1 0.2⎦ ; d = ⎣40⎦
0.2 0.4 0.3 26

Chapter 1
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –9– Anton/Rorres

Answers

Multiple Choice Answers

1. (B)

2. (B)

3. (C)

4. (D)

5. (C)

6. (C)

7. (A)

8. (A)

9. (B)

10. (C)

11. (A)

12. (B)

13. (B)

14. (C)

15. (D)

16. (D)

17. (C)

18. (A)

19. (C)

Free Response Answers

1. 3a = b

Chapter 1
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e – 10 – Anton/Rorres

2. x1 = −t + 3 , x2 = −t + 4 , x3 = t

3. no solution

4. k = 2
5. x1 = 5, x2 = 11, x3 = −1

6. x = 1, y = − 12 , z = 1
3

c= 0
7. System: a+b+c= 0
−a + b + c = −1
Solution: a = 12 , b = − 12 , c = 0
√
8. x = ±2, y = ± 2
 
2 2
9. CC T =
2 4

−x + 7y =0
10. 4y + 3z = 0
6x − 2z = 0
⎡ ⎤
0 −1 −2
⎢ ⎥
11. A = ⎢
⎣3 2 1⎥
⎦
8 7 6
 
1
4
0
13.
− 98 1
2

 
29 8
14.
12 23

15. A = B −1 C 2 D
⎡ ⎤
1
1 −1 4
⎢ ⎥
⎢
17. ⎣0 1
− 1⎥
2 4⎦
1
0 0 4

Chapter 1
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e – 11 – Anton/Rorres

18. Add 9 times row 2 to row 4

⎡ ⎤
1 0 c
⎢ ⎥
19. ⎢
⎣0 1 0⎥ ⎦
0 0 1
⎡ ⎤
1 0 0
⎢ ⎥
20. E = ⎢
⎣ 0 1 0⎥
⎦
−2 0 1

21. x = −9, y = 32
⎡ ⎤
−33 −43 −67 23
⎢ ⎥
22. ⎢
⎣ 28 36 56 −19⎥
⎦
−7 −9 −14 5
⎡ ⎤
3
⎢ ⎥
23. x = ⎢
⎣9 ⎦
⎥
4
   
x1 3
24. Any x = such that 2x1 = 3x2 . Possible solution: x =
x2 2

25. a = 4, b = 0, c = 4

26. c11 = −10, c22 = 0, and c33 = 4

27. g(j) = 2j 2 − 2j

29. Domain: R4 , Codomain: R2

 
3 1
30.
0 4
⎡ ⎤
1 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −1⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
31. ⎢ ⎥
⎢−1 1 0⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 3 1

Chapter 1
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e – 12 – Anton/Rorres
 
8 13
32.
−2 0

35. C3 H8 + 5O2 → 4H2 O + 3CO2

36. 3 − 4x + x2
⎡ ⎤
91.85
⎢ ⎥
37. x ≈ ⎢
⎣ 125.50 ⎥
⎦
135.10

Chapter 1