SchoolName
of Basic
of &the
Applied Sciences
School SBAS
Course Code
Course : BBS01T1008
Code: BBS01T1008 Course
Course Name: Biology forfor
Name:Biology Engineers
Engineers
Proteins
Faculty Name: Dr.Meenakshi Singh Program Name: B.Tech
Prerequisite/Recapitulations
1.The cell membrane or the plasma
membrane, or cytoplasmic membrane.
2. Cell compositions & functions
• Carbohydrates biomolecule ,lipids
Objectives
Detailed study about Macromolecules: Structure,
Shape and Information
•Carbohydrates
•Lipids
•Proteins
Introduction
Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and
have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules.
Each cell in a living system may contain thousands of proteins, each with a
unique function and structure. All proteins are polymers of amino acids arranged
in a linear sequence.
Course Code : BBS01T1008 Course Name: Biology for Engineers
Amino Acids
Amino acids are the
monomers(building block of
protein ) that make up
proteins.
Each amino acid has the
similar basic structure,
which has a central carbon
atom, known as the alpha
(α) carbon, bonded to an
amino group (NH2), a
carboxyl group (COOH), a
hydrogen atom, and an R
group.
Course Code : BBS01T1008 Course Name: Biology for Engineers
Peptide Bonds
• The sequence and the number of amino acids
determine the shape, size, and function of protein.
The amino acids are attached by a covalent bond,
known as a peptide bond, which is formed by a
dehydration reaction. The carboxyl group of one
amino acid and the amino group of the incoming
amino acid combine & releasing a molecule of water.
Course Code : BBS01T1008 Course Name: Biology for Engineers
Structure of Protein
The shape of a protein is critical to its function.
Protein gets its final shape & conformation with
various levels of protein structure.
There are four levels of protein structure:
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
School of Basic & Applied Sciences
Course Code : BBS01T1008 Course Name: Biology for Engineers
Primary Structure
The unique sequence of amino acids in a
polypeptide chain is its primary structure.
Course Code : BBS01T1008 Course Name: Biology for Engineers
Genes and Primary Structure
• The unique sequence of protein is ultimately
determined by the gene encoding of the protein.
• Change in nucleotide sequence of the gene coding
lead to a different amino acid. Which is being added
to the polypeptide chain & causing change in protein
structure and the function.
Course Code : BBS01T1008 Course Name: Biology for Engineers
Secondary Structure of protein
The secondary structure of the protein is
obtained by the local folding of the
polypeptide in some regions.
Course Code : BBS01T1008 Course Name: Biology for Engineers
Tertiary Structure of protein
The tertiary structure of proteins is obtained
by a variety of chemical interactions. Which is
generally including hydrophobic interactions,
ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding and disulfide
linkages.
School of Basic & Applied Sciences
Course Code : BBS01T1008 Course Name: Biology for Engineers
Quaternary Structure of protein
Some proteins are formed from several
polypeptides subunits, and the interaction of
these subunits can form the quaternary
structure.
The overall stabilize structure of protein is due
to weak interactions between the subunits.
Course Code : BBS01T1008 Course Name: Biology for Engineers
Four Levels
of Protein
Structure
Name of the Faculty: Dr. Meenakshi Singh Program Name:B.Tech I sem
Course Code : BBS01T1008 Course Name: Biology for Engineers
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are the most important
macromolecules of life. They carry the genetic
blueprint of a cell and carry instructions for the
functioning of the cell. The two main types of
nucleic acids are
1.deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
2.ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Course Code : BBS01T1008 Course Name: Biology for Engineers
Nucleotides
DNA and RNA are made up of monomers known as nucleotides.
The nucleotides combine with each other to form a polynucleotide,
DNA or RNA.
Nucleotide is made up of three components:
a nitrogenous base,
a pentose (five-carbon) sugar,
a phosphate group.
Each nitrogenous base in a nucleotide is attached to a sugar molecule,
which is attached to one or more phosphate groups.
Course Code : BBS01T1008 Course Name: Biology for Engineers
Structure of Nucleotides
Course Code : BBS01T1008 Course Name: Biology for Engineers
DNA
DNA is the genetic material which is found in all living organisms & it is
passing genetic information from parents to their offsprings.
DNA is an antiparallel double helix.
The phosphate backbone is outside, and the bases are present inside in the
helix structure.
Each base interacts with a base of the opposing strand.
References
1.Alberts, Bruce, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th ed. New York:
Garland Publishing, 2000.
2.Branden, Carl, and John Tooze. Introduction to Protein Structure . New York
and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1997.
3.Stryer, Lubert. Biochemistry, 4th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company,
1995.
Read more: http://www.biologyreference.com/Po-Re/Protein-
Structure.html#ixzz6eFKb6ptY
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