PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

Chapter 1:
INTERNETWORKING

GROUP 6
GROUP MEMBERS

HOANG TU ANH - 23070670

LE HOANG LAN - 23070634

DO THI PHUONG - 23070615

GROUP 6
I. Introducing
internetworking
Let’s introduce the internetworking: we will
learn the basics of network computation and
Cisco devices such as switches, routers and
bridges.

Concept of Internal Network (Internetwork)

An internal network (internetwork) is formed
when we connect two or more networks
through a router and configure a logical
network addressing scheme, using protocol
like IP or IPv6.
II. Internetworking Basics
1. Collision Domain and Broadcast Domain:
LANs connect devices in a limited area but face challenges
like collision domains (where data packet collisions occur)
and broadcast domains (where broadcast traffic spreads).
Proper management of these zones is crucial to prevent
network congestion.

2. Network Devices Overview:

Hub: A simple, outdated device connecting LAN devices. It
transmits signals to all devices indiscriminately, causing
collisions and reducing performance.

Example: A hub connects Bob and Sally's PCs in this

diagram, which depicts a simple network. Although the
hub acts as a central device for data relay, it sends the
message to any device linked to it without discrimination,
which could result in collisions and inefficient
communication.
II. Internetworking Basics

2. Network Devices Overview:

Switch: Replaces hubs in modern networks,

segments networks to create new collision
domains, reducing congestion. However, a
basic switch still has one broadcast domain.

Example: When Bob and John communicate,

the graphic shows that their hubs share the
same collision domain, which causes data
collisions. In the mean time, the switch helps
data from the hub not to interrupt Sally by
connecting her and dividing the collision
domain. Compared to hubs, switches
enhance network performance.
II. Internetworking
Basics
2. Network Devices Overview:
Bridge: A simpler version of a switch, used for
basic network segmentation.

Router: Connects different LANs, separates both

collision and broadcast domains, minimizing
broadcasts, enhancing performance, security,
and filtering traffic using IP addresses. Example of router: The function of the router in
joining two separate networks is seen in the
image. By using switches (S2) to divide the two
networks, router R1 makes the right network
(Sally) silent while the left network (Bob)
continues to be noisy due to broadcasts. By
assisting in broadcast control, routers increase
the effectiveness of inter-network
communication.
II. Internetworking Basics
3. Common Network Growth Issues:

Network Congestion: Overloaded LANs face

reduced performance due to broadcast
storms or excessive multicast traffic.

IP Address Management: Poor allocation leads

to conflicts and inefficiency.

Network Evolution: Expanding networks require

efficient device connections and resource
allocation.
II. Internetworking Basics
4. Modern Devices:

WLAN: Enables wireless connections for

modern devices via WiFi.

Access Points: Manage and configure wireless

connections in medium-to-large networks.

Firewall: Ensures security by controlling traffic

and preventing external attacks
III. Internetworking The OSI model, developed by ISO in the late 1970s, standardizes
network communication to enable interoperability between

Models systems from different vendors. It divides the process into

seven independent layers, each responsible for specific tasks,
simplifying development, troubleshooting, and scalability. Key
benefits include:

Encourages standardization: Defines clear functions for

each layer, promoting industry standards.
Interoperability: Enables effective communication between
hardware and software from different manufacturers.

Layer independence: Changes in one layer do not affect

others, reducing disruption.
Multi-vendor support: Standardized protocols ensure
compatibility across devices.
Simplified management: Dividing communication into
layers makes systems easier to manage and troubleshoot.
IV. The OSI reference model
Application Layer 7

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Presentation Layer 6

reference model is a conceptual framework that
describes how different networking devices and
protocols should communicate with each other. Session Layer 5
It divides the complex process of network
communication into seven distinct layers Transport Layer 4

Network Layer 3

Data Link Layer 2

Physical Layer 1
IV. The OSI reference model
Application Layer 7
The top three layers define how the applications
within the end stations will communicate with each
Presentation Layer 6 other as well as with users.

Session Layer 5
Transport Layer 4

The four bottom layers that define how data is

Network Layer 3
transferred through physical media like wire, cable,
fiber optics, switches, and routers.
Data Link Layer 2

Physical Layer 1
 APPLICATION Provides a user interface

IV. The OSI PRESENTATION

Presents data in the proper format

reference model Handles processing such as encryption

The functions of 7 layers: SESSION Keeps different applications’ data separate

Provides reliable or unreliable delivery

TRANSPORT
Performs error correction before retransmit

Provides logical addressing, which routers use for

NETWORK
path determination

Combines packets into bytes and bytes into frames

Data Link
DATA LINK
Provides access to media using MAC address
Performs error detection not correction

Moves bits between devices

PHYSICAL
Specifies voltage, wire speed, and pinout of cables
1. THE APPLICATION
LAYER:
The Application Layer is the interface between the
user’s application and the underlying network
services. It ensures that access to the network
occurs when needed.

Function: The layer ensures that communication

happens smoothly by:
Identifying the availability of the communication
partner (e.g., a remote server).
Confirming the required resources for the
communication.
2. THE PRESENTATION LAYER:
The primary purpose of the Presentation Layer is to present
data in a standardized format before it is sent across a network.

Key functions associated with this layer include:

Data Translation: Converting data from one encoding

scheme (e.g., EBCDIC) to another (e.g., ASCII).

Code Formatting: Ensuring that the data sent from one

system can be correctly interpreted by another.

Data Compression and Decompression: Reducing the size

of data for transmission and expanding it back at the
receiving end.

Encryption and Decryption: Securing data by converting it

into a format that is unreadable to unauthorized users
during transmission and converting it back at the receiving
end.
3. THE SESSION LAYER:
PURPOSE FUNCTION

The primary purpose of the Session Session Management: Setting

Layer is to set up, manage, and up, maintaining, and tearing
dismantle sessions between two down communication sessions
communicating devices. It ensures between devices.
that communication is organized
and that user data from different Dialog Control: Managing the
sessions remains separate. flow of communication between
devices to ensure proper
exchange of information.

Mode Coordination: Organizing

communication between hosts in
three modes: Simplex, Half-
Duplex, Full-Duplex.
4. THE TRANSPORT
LAYER
The Transport layer provides services to the
application layer and takes services from
the network layer. It is also provides the
acknowledgment of the successful data
transmission and re-transmits the data if an
error is found.

The connection-oriented function of the

Transport layer includes:
Connection-Oriented Communication
Flow Control
Windowing
Acknowledgments
4. THE TRANSPORT LAYER
Connection-oriented communication ensures reliable
data transfer between sender and receiver by setting
up a virtual circuit.

Purpose: Ensures data integrity and reliability, making it

suitable for applications requiring error-free
communication, such as email or file transfer. Prevents
issues like duplication, loss, or misordering of data

Transmitting segments with flow control

Flow control prevents the sender from

overwhelming the receiver by regulating the
data transmission rate.

Purpose: Ensures data integrity by preventing

data overflow. Maintains network efficiency
and prevents packet loss or delays.

Establishing a connection-oriented session

4. THE TRANSPORT LAYER

Windowing
Windowing is a flow control mechanism used in the
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) to manage the
amount of data transmitted between devices
without causing network congestion. The window in
TCP refers to the maximum number of bytes a
sender is allowed to send before receiving an
acknowledgment (ACK) from the receiver.

This mechanism optimizes data transmission

efficiency, ensuring that too many packets are not
sent simultaneously, which could overflow the
receiver's buffer.
4. THE TRANSPORT LAYER

Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments (ACK) is a mechanism
that ensures reliable data transmission
between two computers in a network. This
mechanism uses the positive
acknowledgment with retransmission
method to ensure:

Data is not lost.

Data is not duplicated.
Data is received in the correct order.
5. THE NETWORK Overview:
- The Network Layer (Layer 3) in the OSI model is

LAYER
responsible for:
Managing the addressing of devices within the
network.
Keeping track of device locations.
Determining the best path for data to travel
across the network.
- Routers operate at this layer, routing and
managing connections between different networks.

Data and Route Update Packets:

Data packets are used to transmit user
information within a network.

Route update packets are used to update

information about connected networks across
all routers within the network.

Components of the Routing Table: Network

Addresses; Interface; Metric
6. THE DATA LINK LAYER
1 Overview 2 Sub-layers of the data link layer
The Data Link Layer, the second layer in the OSI Media Access Control (MAC)
model, is responsible for managing the transmission Logical Link Control (LLC)
of data between devices within the same local area
network (LAN). It ensures that data is transmitted
accurately and delivered to the correct device using 3 Switches and Bridges at the Data Link Layer
hardware addresses, such as MAC addresses. Switches and bridges are devices that operate at Layer 2
of the OSI model (Data Link Layer) and are responsible
This layer also performs data framing, error for forwarding data based on Media Access Control
detection, flow control, and defines the structure of (MAC) addresses. They connect devices within a LAN
the physical network (network topology) and enhance data transmission efficiency.
7. THE PHYSICAL LAYER Key Components:
Bits and Signals:
Overview Data is transmitted as binary bits (1s or 0s).
These bits can be represented as: Sound, Voltage
The Physical Layer is the lowest layer in the OSI model,
responsible for transmitting and receiving databits (1s Transmission Media: Includes cables or wireless
and 0s) over communication media. It directly interacts methods:
with hardware, cables, electrical signals, or radio waves, Copper cables: UTP, STP
ensuring data is transmitted from source to destination. Fiber optics: Uses light to transmit data.
Wireless: Radio waves or infrared.

Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data

Communication Equipment (DCE):
DTE: Terminal devices (e.g., computers, routers).
DCE: Communication devices (e.g., modems,
CSU/DSU).
Role: DCE provides connection and services for DTE.

Connections and Interfaces:

Connectors: RJ45, DB25, SC, LC, etc.
Protocols: Define how data is encoded, such as
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3).
7. THE PHYSICAL LAYER
Hubs at the Physical Layer Topologies at the Physical Layer
A Hub is a device that operates at the Network topology at the physical layer
Physical Layer of the OSI model. has two key aspects:
The main function of a hub is to amplify or Physical Topology
regenerate signals and broadcast them to Logical Topology
all connected ports without analyzing the
data. Types of Topologies:

Bus Topology
Ring Topology

Star Topology Mesh Topology

Thank You!
For Listening
GROUP 6