Motion

 Movement of any object from one position to another with respect to the observer. We must
specify a reference point called the origin.

Types

 Oscillatory: To and Fro motion

 Rotatory: Circular motion

 Rectilinear: Motion along a straight line.

Uniform Motion

When an object travels the same distance in equal intervals of time.

Non-uniform Motion

When an object travels different distances in equal intervals of time

Acceleration

The change of velocity in a certain time interval OR

Delta velocity

V-T Graph:Finding displacement

The displacement of an object can be found by calculating the area between the velocity-time graph
and the time axis.

V-T Graph:Finding acceleration

The slope OR

Acceleration

Y2-y1

Divided by

X2-x1

Speed

The distance covered by an object in a specific time interval

Velocity

The displacement of an object in a specific time interval

Uniform Circular Motion

When an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform circular
motion,

Situations
  Object with constant acceleration but zero velocity

1. When an object is thrown up at its maximum height a=9.8 and the velocity is zero

 An object with acceleration but uniform speed

1. Uniform circular motion

 Object moving in certain direction with an acceleration in perpendicular

1. At the top of a slope, the car accelerates down, but the car is moving forward.

Unit 2

NLM and Galileo Galilei

Force

Force is a physical quantity that can be defined as an external effort that changes or tends to change
an object's state of motion or rest.

First Law-Inertia

The tendency of undisturbed objects to stay at rest or to keep moving with the same velocity is called
inertia.

Inertia is directly proportional to mass.

Second Law-Momentum

The rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the force applied to it, and
this change in momentum is in the direction of the applied force.

Third Law-Action and Reaction

For every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction, acting on separate bodies
at the same time.

P=MV

Galileo’s Experiment

When a marble is allowed to roll down a slope it will roll and go up on the other side the same
height from which it was released from.

If the inclinations of the plane on both sides are equal then the marble climbs the same distance that
it covers while rolling down.

This is only possible when no other external force is acting on the surface.

If the angle of inclination of the right side of the plane is gradually decreased then the marble will
travel further than the original height. If the right side of the plane’s slope was made zero, the
marble will continue to travel for ever trying to reach the same height that it was released from
An unbalanced, external force is required to change the motion of the marble but no net force is
needed to sustain the uniform motion of the marble

Gravitation

 Centripetal force(center seeking)

1. The force that causes acceleration while swinging a piece of thread and stone in circles.

2. Acts towards the center

3. In its absence the stone will fly off in a straight line: tangential to the circular path

Tangent to a circle

 A straight line that meets the circle at only one point.

Importance/Applications of centripetal force

 Motion of the moon around the earth.

 If it wasn't there the moon would move in a uniform straight line motion

Gravitational force

 The force of attraction between objects.

Universal Law of Gravitation

 Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which is proportional to
the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them. The force is along the line joining the centers of two objects.

Henry Cavendish

 Found universal accepted value of g

Importance of the Universal Law of Gravitation

Explains:

 The force that binds us to the earth

 The motion of the Moon around the Earth

 The motion of planets around the Sun

 Motion of the tides due to the Moon and the Sun

Gravity: Poles and Equator

The radius of the earth decreases from the equator to the poles, the value of g becomes greater at
the poles than at the equator.

Proving that gravity is independent of acceleration:

Galileo Galilei took many different objects of varying masses and dropped them from the Leaning
Tower of Pisa in Italy.

 They took the same time to reach the bottom

Mass Weight

Measure of Inertia Force of attraction of the earth on an object

Directly proportional to inertia Directly proportional to mass

Constant Variable:dependent on the gravitational force acting on an object

M=f/a w=mg

Pressure

Thrust acting on unit area

Pressure in fluids

Exerted in any confined mass of fluid is transmitted and UNDIMINISHED in all directions

Buoyancy

 The upward force exerted by the water on the bottle is known as buoyant force.

 All objects experience this force when immersed in a liquid

 Magnitude depends on the density of liquid

Density of object > Density of fluid: object sinks

Density of object < Density of fluid:object floats

Archimedes Principle

When an object is fully or partially immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upward force that is equal
to the weight of fluid displaced by it.

Applications

 Lactometers: determine the purity of a sample of milk

 Hydrometers: determine density of liquid

Formulae

 v=u+at

 s=ut+1/2at square

 V square- u square= 2 a s

 f= GMm/r2

 G=6.673x10 to the power -11 N m2 kg -2

 Radius of the earth

 p=f/a

 p=rho*g*h

 f=ma

 m1u1+m2u2=m1v1+m2v2

 momentum= mass*velocity( it is a vector)