UNIVERSITY OF THE GAMBIA (UTG)

(Lecture notes for Calculus II 2019/2020 1st SEMESTER)

Instructor: Mr. Cham Email: [email protected]/3739815

Course: Calculus 2 Date: November 5, 2020

Techniques of Integration
The table below shows some basic integral concepts
Function INTEGRALS
1
1. xn xn+1 + C, n 6= −1
R
n+1
R 1
2. sin kx − cos kx + C
k
R 1
3. cos kx sin kx + C
k
1
4. sec2 kx
R
tan kx + C
k
1
5. csc2 kx
R
− cot kx + C
k
R 1
6. sec kx tan kx sec kx + C
k
R 1
7. csc kx cot kx − csc kx + C
k
1 kx
8. ekx
R
e +C
k
R 1
9. ln |x| + C, x 6= 0
x
R 1 1 −1
10. √ sin kx + C
1 − k 2 x2 k
1 1
tan−1 kx + C
R
11.
1 + k 2 x2 k
1
sec−1 kx + C, kx > 1
R
12. √
x k x2 − 1
2
 
R kx 1
13. a akx + C, a > 0, a 6= 0.
k ln a

Integration by Substitution
Power Rule for Integration
If u is any differentiable function of x, then
un+1
Z
un du = + C, n 6= −1.
n+1
Theorem 1 (The Substitution Rule). If u = g(x) is a differentiable function whose range is
an interval I, and f is continuous on I, then
Z Z
0
f (g(x))g (x) dx = f (u) du.

The substitution Rule provides the following substitution method to evaluate the integral
Z
f (g(x))g 0 (x) dx,

when f and g’ are continuous functions:

Z
du
1. Substitute u = g(x) and du = dx = g 0 (x) to obtain the integral f (u) du.
dx
2. Integrate with respect to u.

3. Replace u by g(x) in the result.

EXAMPLE:
Find the integral
Z
x3 + x 3x2 + 1 dx



1.

√
Z
2. 2x + 1 dx
Z
2
3. x2 ex dx
Z
2z
4. √ dz
z2 + 1
3x2
Z
5. dx
x3 + 9
6x2
Z
6. dx
x3 + 9
4x − 8
Z
7. dx
x2 − 4x + 6
a + bx2
Z
8. √ dx
3ax + bx3
Z
9. esinθ cosθdθ

NOTE:

f 0(x)
Z
= ln(f (x)) + C
f (x)
Example :

2
 1
R
1. x
dx = lnx + C
2x
R
2. x2
dx = ln(x2 ) + C
R
3. tan(x)dx = −ln(cos(x)) + C

Integral of symmetric Functions

Suppose f is continuous on [−a, a] then

1. If f is even then Z a Z a
f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx
−a 0

2. If f is odd then Z a
f (x)dx = 0
−a

Example: Evaluate the following if odd or even taken the inter [−3, 3]

1. f (x) = x3 − 4
2. f (x) = x2 + 3x − 2

INTEGRATION BY PART
Integration by parts is a technique for simplifying integrals of the form
Z
f (x)g(x) dx

It is useful when f can be differentiated repeatedly and g can be integrated repeatedly without
difficulty.
Z The integrals Z
x cos x dx and x2 ex dx
are such integrals because f (x) = x or f (x) = x2 can be differentiated repeatedly to become
zero, and g(x) = cos x or g(x) = ex can be integrated repeatedly without difficulty. Integration
by
Z parts also applies
Z to integrals like
ln x dx ex cos x dx.
In the first case, f (x) = ln x is easy to differentiate and g(x) = 1 easily integrates to x. In
the second case, each part of the integrand appears again after repeated differentiation or
integration.
Product Rule in Integral Form
If f and g are differentiable functions of x, the Product Rule says that
d
[f (x)g(x)] = f 0 (x)g(x) + f (x)g 0 (x)
dx
In terms of indefinite integrals, this equation becomes
Z Z
d
[f (x)g(x)] dx = [f 0 (x)g(x) + f (x)g 0 (x)] dx
dx

3
or Z Z Z
d
[f (x)g(x)] dx = f (x)g(x) dx + f (x)g 0 (x) dx.
0
dx
Rearranging the terms of this last equation, we get
Z Z Z
0 d
f (x)g (x) dx = [f (x)g(x)] dx − f 0 (x)g(x) dx,
dx
leading to the integration by parts formula
Z Z
f (x)g (x) dx = f (x)g(x) − f 0 (x)g(x) dx
0
(1)

Sometimes it is easier to remember the formula if we write it in differential form. Let u = f (x)
and v = g(x). Then du = f 0 (x)dx and dv = g 0 (x)dx. Using the Substitution Rule, the integra-
tion by parts formula becomes
Integration by Parts Formula
Z Z
u dv = uv − v du (2)
Z Z
This formula expresses one integral, u dv in terms of a second integral, v du. With a
proper choice of u and v, the second integral may be easier to evaluate than the first. In using
the formula, various choices may be available for u and dv. The next examples illustrate the
technique. To avoid mistakes, we always list our choices for u and dv, then we add to the list
our calculated new terms du and v, and finally we apply the formula in Equation .

ZExample: Integrate
Z the followingZ Z 1
2 t 2x 5
(i) t e dt (ii) e sin(2x) dx (iii) p ln(p) dp (iv) (x2 + 1)e−x dx
0

REDUCTION FORMULAE

Obtain a formula that expresses the integral

Z
cosn x dx

in terms of an integral of a lower power of cos x.

We may think of cosn x as cosn−1 x · cos x. Then we let
u = cosn−1 x and dv = cos x dx,
so that
du = (n − 1) cosn−2 x(− sin x dx) and v = sin x.
Integration by parts then gives
Z
cosn xdx = cosn−1 x sin x + (n − 1) sin2 x cosn−2 x dx
R
R
= cosn−1 x sin x + (n − 1) (1 − cos2 x) cosn−2 x dx
= sinn−1 x sin x + (n − 1) cosn−2 x dx − (n − 1) cosn x dx.
R R

4
If we add Z
(n − 1) cosn dx

to both sides of this equation, we obtain

Z Z
n n−1
n cos x dx = cos x sin x + (n − 1) cosn−2 x dx.

We then divide through by n, and the final result is

cosn−1 x sin x n − 1
Z Z
n
cos x dx = + cosn−2 x dx.
n n

The formula found in Example() is called a reduction formula because it replaces an integral
containing some power of a function with an integral of the same form having the power reduced.
When n is a positive integer, we may apply the formula repeatedly until the remaining integral
is easy to evaluate. For example, the result in Example () tells us that

cos3 x sin x 2
Z Z
3
cos x dx = + cos x dx
3 3
Z
1 2
= cos2 x sin x + sin x + C.
3 3
Evaluating Definite Integrals by Parts
The integration by parts formula in Equation can be combined with Part 2 of the Fundamental
Theorem in order to evaluate definite integrals by parts. Assuming that both f’ and g’ are
continuous over the interval [a, b], Part 2 of the Fundamental Theorem gives
Integration by Parts Formula for Definite Integrals
Z b Z b
0 b
f (x)g (x) dx = f (x)g(x)]a − f 0 (x)g(x) dx (3)
a a

EXAMPLE: Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = xe−x and the x-axis
from x = 0 to x = 4.
Tabular Integration Z
We have seen that integrals of the form f (x)g(x) dx in which f can be differentiated repeatedly
to become zero and g can be integrated repeatedly without difficulty, are natural candidates
for integration by parts. However, if many repetitions are required, the calculations can be
cumbersome; or, you choose substitutions for a repeated integration by parts that just ends up
giving back the original integral you were trying to find. In situations like these, there is a way
to organize the calculations that prevents these pitfalls and makes the work much easier. It is
called tabular integration and is illustrated in the following examples. Z
Example: Evaluate the following using tabular integration by parts (a) x2 ex dx (b)
Z
x3 sin x dx

• Evaluate
Z the following Zusing integrationZ by parts. Z Z
−y
(i) (x −5x)e dx (ii) (x )e dx (iii) e sin θ dθ (iv) e cos y dy (v) e2x sin 2x dx
2 x 3 x θ

5
 • Evaluate the following using integration by parts.
Z π Z π Z √1 Z 2
2 2 2
−1 2
(a) 2
θ sin 2θ dθ (b) 3
x cos 2x dx (c) 2x sin x dx (d) t sec−1 t dt
2
0 0 0 √
3

• Prove the following using reduction method

sinn−1 x cos x n − 1
Z Z
n
i. sin x dx = − + sinn−2 x dx, n 6= 0
n n
tann−1 x
Z Z
n
ii. tan x dx = − tann−2 x dx, n 6= 1
n−1
secn−2 x tan x n − 2
Z Z
n
iii. sec x dx = − secn−2 x dx, n 6= 1
n−1 n−1
cscn−2 x cot x n − 2
Z Z
n
iv. csc x dx = − + cscn−2 x dx, n 6= 1
n−1 n−1
cotn−1 x
Z Z
n
v. cot x dx = − − cotn−2 x dx, n 6= 1
n−1

TRY.

Proof the following

R R
1. (lnx)n dx = x(lnx)n − n (lnx)n−1 dx
R R
2. xn ex dx = xn ex − n xn−1 ex dx
1
R
3. e3x sin(x)dx = 10 (−e3x cos(x) + 3e3x sin(x)) + c
2x 2
4. x3 e2x dx = e2 (x3 − 3x2 + 3x + 34 ) + c
R
2