Statistics

Lesson
• Types of Statistics
Outline
• Data
• Scales of Measurements
• Population and Sample
• Sampling Techniques
 Lesson Outcomes
By the end of the lesson, you'll be able to:
• Understand the concepts of statistics;
• Identify the types of data;
• Perform sampling from any target population using Raosoft
Calculator and Slovin’s Formula; and
• Differentiate the sampling techniques.
 Statistics
- is a branch of mathematics
that deals with the collection,
organization or presentation,
analysis, and interpretation of
data.
 Types of Statistics
Statistics

Descriptive Inferential
- Using data collected
- Collecting,
from a small group to
summarizing, presenting draw conclusions about
and analyzing data.
a larger group.
 Descriptive Statistics
- is a statistical procedure concerned with
describing the characteristics and properties of a
group of persons, places or things; it is based on
easily verifiable facts. It organizes the presentation,
description, and interpretation of data gathered.
 Examples
1. Based on the research conducted by the DOH, 63% of those
found to have diabetes were not aware that they have such
disease.
2. According to the nationwide survey, the three highest responses
to persons living with older persons are: grandchild (61.8%),
spouse (59%) and daughter (50.9%).
3. Cigarettes were associated with 29% of the 4,470 civilian fire
deaths in 1989.
 Inferential Statistics
-is a statistical procedure used to draw inferences for the
population on the basis of the information obtained from the
sample. With inferential statistics, you are going to try to arrive
at conclusions extending beyond the data alone.
 Examples
1.Eating garlic can lower blood pressure.
2.Drinking red wine may reduce the risk of heart diseases by
12%.
3.Aspirin may lower the rate of heart attacks by 50%.
4.Is there a significant difference between the weight of night
shift working adults and day shift working adults?
Activity 1. Classify whether the situation belongs to the area of
descriptive statistics (write DS) or inferential statistics (write IS).

1.Some investigators have proposed that consumption of Vitamin A

prevents cancer.
2.A prediction whether it will rain tomorrow or not.
3.The average age of students in a statistics class is 22 years.
4.The Philippine Dermatologist Association has halted a clinical trial on a
type of whitening soap, calling it ineffective and possibly harmful to a
person’s skin.
5.The normal pH range for human blood is 7.35 to 7.45.
 Data
- are facts, set of information
or observation under a study.
 Qualitative Data
- Are data which can assume values that manifest the concept of
attributes. These are sometimes called categorical data.

Quantitative Data
- Data which are numerical in nature.
- Data obtained from counting or measuring
- Meaningful arithmetic operation can be done with this type of
data
Types of Quantitative Data
Discrete Data - It assume exact value
and can be obtained through counting.
Continuous Data - It assume infinite
values within an interval and obtained
through measurement.
ACTIVITY 2. Determine whether the following are Qualitative
(write Q), Quantitative – continuous (write QC), or Quantitative
– discrete (write QD).

1.Blood types in the blood bank.

2.Gender of the newborn babies in the nursery room.
3.Dosage of medicine intake by a dengue patient.
4.Number of syringe needed in the mass vaccination.
5.Identification no. of a newly registered certified public
accountant.
 Variables
- is a characteristic or property of a population or sample which makes
the members different to each other.
Independent Variable
- Deliberately manipulated or changed by the researcher in an experiment. It is
that which causes changes in the dependent variable. It is called "independent"
because it is not influenced by any variable in the experiment.

Dependent Variable
- Measured or observed, it is the outcome or result of the changes in the
independent variable. Its value is “dependent” on the changes made in the
independent variable.
 Scales of
Measurement
 Nominal
v The nominal level of measurement is
characterized by data that consists of names,
labels, or categories only. The data cannot be
arranged in an ordering scheme.
v Example: gender, civil status, nationality,
religion, etc.
 Ordinal
vThe ordinal level of measurement involves data that may
be arranged in some order, but differences between data
values either cannot be determined or are meaningless.

vExamples: level of agreement or satisfaction (e.g.,

strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree).
 Interval
vThe interval level of measurement is like the ordinal level,
with the additional property that meaningful amounts of
differences between data can be determined. However,
there are no inherent (natural) zero starting point.

vExample: body temperature, year (1955, 1843, 1776,

1123, etc.)
 Ratio
vThe ratio level of measurement is the interval
modified to include the inherent zero starting point.
For values at this level, differences and ratios are
meaningful.
vExample: weights of plastic, lengths of movies,
distances traveled by cars
ACTIVITY 3. State the level of measurement for the
following problems whether Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or
Ratio.
1.Patients in a psychiatric hospital may be classified as being
schizophrenic, manic-depressive, or psychoneurotic.
2.Mark, a patient with tachycardia has a temperature 38.5 at
5:00pm.
3.Basic salary of nurses in the Philippines.
4.Pain of patients categorized as mild, moderate, extreme,
horrible, and excruciating.
5.Degrees of burn.
Population and
Sample
Representing a population
A sample refers to a portion of the population.

It is u
repre sed to
POPULATION SAMPLE sent
popu the
lation
a stu in
dy.
 Parameter and Statistic
Parameter - is any numerical or nominal characteristic of a
population. Example: There are 300 students enrolled in COA.
N = 300 is a parameter
Statistic - Is an estimate of a parameter. It is any value or
measurement obtained from a sample.
Example: Out of 300 students enrolled in COA, 46 are second year.
n = 40 is a statistic
 How would you select a
sample from the 200
students in your school to
determine their common
stressors and coping
mechanisms? SAMP
The p LING
getti rocess of
ng sa
from mples
popu the
lation
 Determining the Sample Size
1. Identify the population
2. Determine the sample size (Slovin’s Formula or
Raosoft Calculator)
3. Select the sample (Sampling Techniques)
 Slovin’s Formula
!
𝑛= !
"#!$

Where: N = population size

n = sample size
e = margin of error
 Example:
A researcher plans to conduct a survey about food
preference of COA students. If the population size is 1000,
find the sample size at 5% margin of error.
N
𝑛=
1 + Ne!
"###
n= !
"$"### (#.#')
n = 285.714286
𝑛 = 286
Mathspace. “9.01 Sampling Techniques | Grade 7 Math |
Common Core 7 - 2022 Edition.” Accessed 21 June 2023,
https://mathspace.co/textbooks/syllabuses/Syllabus-
1156/topics/Topic-21902/subtopics/Subtopic-279872/
?searchString=&activeTab=theory
 Sampling Techniques
There are two types of sampling techniques:
I.PROBABILITY SAMPLING. Samples are
chosen in such a way that each member of
the population has a known equal chance of
being included in the sample.
Types of Probability Sampling

ØSimple Random Sampling

ØSystematic Sampling
ØStratified Sampling
ØCluster Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling
vIt is a sampling technique where members of the population are selected
in such a way that each member has an equal chance of being selected.

vIt is also called the lottery or raffle type of sampling. It uses table of
random numbers.
 Systematic Sampling
This method is a sampling procedure with a random start.
Samples are randomly chosen using the rules set by the
researchers. This involves choosing the 𝑘 !" member of the
#
population, with 𝑘 = , but there should be a random start.
$
Example: Choose a sample of size 10 from N = 500.
1. Choose a random start, say 10.
!" %&&
2. Determine the 𝑘 period by 𝑘 = = 50, so every 50th
'&
member will be chosen starting from 10
3. So the respondents will be member number 10, 60, 110,
160, 210, 260, 310, 360, 410, 460.
 Stratified Sampling
v This is used when the population can be naturally classified into groups
or strata.

v Example: A survey to find out families living in a certain municipality

are in favor of charter change will be conducted. To ensure that all
income groups are represented, respondents will be divided into high-
income (Class A), middle (class B) and low-income (class C) groups.
Below is the distribution of income groups.
 Stratified Sampling
Strata Number of Families
Class A 1000
Class B 2 500
Class C 1 500
N 5 000
1. Use Raosoft Calculator to find the sample
size (n), use 5% margin of error with 50%
response rate.
2. Use proportional allocation, how many from
each group should be taken as sample?
 Stratified Sampling
Number of
Strata Percent Number of Samples (n)
Families
1000
Class A 1000 = 0.2 = 20% 0.2 357 = 71.4 = 71
5000
2500
Class B 2 500 = 0.5 = 50% 0.5 357 = 178.5 = 179
5000
1500
Class C 1 500 = 0.3 = 30% 0.3 357 = 107.1 = 107
5000
N 5 000 n = 357
 Activity 4
Level Total Number of Number of Sample Size (n)
Students

Year 7 20

Year 8 30

Year 9 40

Year 10 13

Year 11 15

Year 12 23
 Cluster Sampling
v It occurs when one selects the members of a sample in cluster
rather than in using separate individuals. Sampling where
groups, not individuals, are randomly selected.
 Sampling Techniques
II. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING.
The respondents do not have equal
chances. The selection is dependent
on the situation from which the
sample is taken.
Types of Non - Probability
Sampling

ØPurposive Sampling
ØQuota Sampling
ØConvenience Sampling
 Purposive Sampling
- respondents are selected based on certain criteria laid down by the
researcher.
 Purposive Sampling
- Example: A researcher is interested in the factors which lead a person
to select medical profession.

So the researchers filter out those participants who can eligible to be

part of the research sample.

Thus, the researchers may only select for their sample only those in the
medical profession.
 Quota Sampling
ØSpecified number of elements of certain types
are included in the sample.
ØExample: the number of viewers to a TV show
 Convenience Sampling
- researcher picks the respondents from the population that he finds
convenient to interview due to their availability or accessibility.

- this can be due to geographical proximity, availability at a given

time, or willingness to participate in the research.
 Convenience Sampling
v Example: You were conducting a survey for a company, what
Mega Shopping Mall employees think of their wages.

Since you will not be able to get a list of employees, you have to
resort to standing outside the mall and grabbing whichever
employees come out the door.
Quiz!!!
A. Classify the following as Quantitative
or Qualitative Data.
1. Phone Numbers
2. Birth Rates
3. Student’s Score in Statistics Exam
4. Rating in Board Examination
5. Age of the Accountancy Students
B. Identify each of the following as Continuous or
Discrete Data.
1. Lifespan of a person
2.The number of test questions you answered
correctly
3. Dimension of a table
4. Foot Length
5. Number of patients in a laboratory
C. Indicate which level of measurement is being used in the given
scenario. Write N for nominal, O for Ordinal, I for interval, and R for
ratio. Write your answer in the space provided.
1. The teacher records the weight of each
student.
2. College Program.
3. The teacher records the percentage that each
student got correct on the last mathematics test.
4. A meteorologist compiles a list of temperatures
in degrees Celsius for the month of September.
5. A film critic lists the top 50 greatest movies of
all time.
C. Indicate which level of measurement is being used in the given scenario.
Write N for nominal, O for Ordinal, I for interval, and R for ratio. Write your
answer in the space provided.

6. The roster of a basketball team lists the

jersey numbers for each of the players.
7. A local animal shelter keeps track of the
breeds of dogs that come in
8. List of favorite foods of statistics class.
9. Number of students in the classroom.
10. Ages of students in research class.
D. In each of the following examples, identify the sampling method being used.
1. A sample of 2,000 was sought to estimate the average achievement
in science of fifth graders in a city’s public schools. The average fifth-
grade enrollment in the city’s elementary schools is 100 students.
Thus, 20 schools were randomly selected, and within each of those
schools, all fifth graders were tested.
2. A researcher has a population of 100 accountancy students from a
University school from which a sample of 25 students will be selected.
Each student’s name is put on a list, and each student is assigned a
number from 1 to 100. Then, the numbers 1 to 100 are written on
separate pieces of paper and shuffled. Finally, the researcher picks 25
slips of paper, and the numbers on the paper determine the 25
participants.
3. A sociologist conducts an opinion survey in a major city.
Part of the research plan calls for describing and
comparing the opinions of four different ethnic groups:
African Americans, Asian Americans, European
Americans, and Native Americans. For a total sample of
300, the researcher selects 75 participants from each of
the four predetermined subgroups.
4. Every tenth person boarding a plane was given a
questionnaire.
5. The first 20 people who passed by were chosen to
review the taste of the new flavor of iced coffee.
PLEASE ACCOMPLISH THIS ACTIVITY ON A SHORT
BOND PAPER (Printed).
Kindly research and answer the following:
- What is a Quantitative Method?
-Discuss the different types of quantitative
methods and give an example for each method.
-Enumerate the different data gathering
techniques and presentation of data.
Cite your references in APA FORMAT.