Question Paper

Software Verification & Validation

1. Process Management is used to improve the software Quality. Justify it with your answer
2. Write a detailed note on “Taxonomy for fault handling technique”

3. Imagine you are testing a mobile game app featuring Sanrio characters, where players
guide Hello Kitty through various levels, avoiding obstacles and collecting items. The
game has several decision points based on the player's actions, such as choosing whether
to go left or right, or deciding if they want to take a shortcut or follow the main path.

The following simplified code logic controls the decision-making process for the game:

def navigate_path(player_choice, has_item):

if player_choice == "left":
if has_item:
print("You took the left path with an item!")
return "left_with_item"
else:
print("You took the left path without an item.")
return "left_no_item"
elif player_choice == "right":
if has_item:
print("You took the right path with an item!")
return "right_with_item"
else:
print("You took the right path without an item.")
return "right_no_item"
else:
print("Invalid choice, please choose left or right.")
return "invalid_choice"

As a software tester, you are tasked with performing control flow testing on the navigate_path
function of the game. Answer the following:

1. Control Flow Graph (CFG):

Draw a control flow graph (CFG) representing the decision points and paths in the
navigate_path function.
2. Test Case Design:
Based on your understanding of control flow testing, design test cases to ensure that all
possible paths in the navigate_path function are covered. Specify the input values and
expected outcomes for each test case.
3. Path Coverage:
What is the path coverage for this function, and how many test cases are required to
achieve 100% path coverage?
4. Decision Coverage:
What is the decision coverage for this function, and how many test cases are required to
achieve 100% decision coverage?
5. Boundary Testing:
Although this is a control flow testing scenario, how would you incorporate boundary
testing for this function? Identify potential boundary conditions and explain how to test
them.

4. What is Major difference between these terms

 Component testing
 Integration testing
 System testing
 Acceptance testing
 Regression testing

Machine Learning
1. Confusion matrix is used to evaluate the performance of machine learning
algorithms, Let’s consider 200 cases in which TN=70,TP=110,FP=90,FN=10
Draw the confusion matrix table and calculate error rate, accuracy, precision,
recall and F1 score
2. Regression is a statistical method that helps us to understand the Relationship
between different variable. Explain it with practical example the draw the
regression line
3. Draw the decision tree from given data by calculating information gain, Entropy
(Entity), Gain

Age Competition Type Profit

Old Yes S/W Down
Old No S/W Down
Old No H/W Down
Mid Yes S/W Down
Mid Yes H/W Down
Mid No H/W Up
Mid No S/W Up
New Yes S/W Up
New No H/W Up
New No S/W Up

4. What is Naïve Bayes classification. How it works. Prove its working with this
example

Person Covid Flu Fever

1 Yes No Yes
2 No Yes Yes
 3 Yes Yes Yes
4 No No No
5 Yes No Yes
6 No No Yes
7 Yes No Yes
8 Yes No No
9 No Yes Yes
10 No Yes No

Data Mining
1. Draw the decision tree from given data by calculating information gain, Entropy
(Entity), Gain

Age Competition Type Profit

Old Yes S/W Down
Old No S/W Down
Old No H/W Down
Mid Yes S/W Down
Mid Yes H/W Down
Mid No H/W Up
Mid No S/W Up
New Yes S/W Up
New No H/W Up
New No S/W Up

2. Regression is a statistical method that helps us to understand the Relationship

between different variable. Explain it with practical example the draw the
regression line
3. What is Association Rules Mining? Why it is most important regarding business
activities. Consider this table and pass arguments on it with by using formulas

TID ITEMS
1 A, B, D
2 C,B,A
3 E,B,C
4 A,B,D

4. There are three algorithms that are mostly used in Data mining. k-median is a
clustering algorithms. How it works, prove its working with given example
Consider a 2D data set with following points: (1, 2), (2, 3), (3,5), (3,1), (4,6),
(5,6), (6,6), (6,7), (7,8), (8.8). Apply K-Median Clustering with K=2.
 Design and Analysis of Algorithm
1. Find minimum cost using all paired shortest path by this directing graph

2. What is Insertion sort algorithm, Discuss it with detail?

3. A logistics company is trying to optimize its delivery route system to minimize delivery
times. They are responsible for delivering goods to multiple locations across a city. The
company is currently facing the following challenges:

1. Multiple Delivery Locations: There are NNN delivery locations in the city, and each
delivery needs to be made from a central depot. The company needs to find the most
efficient route to deliver goods to all the locations and then return to the depot.
2. Time Constraints: Each delivery location is associated with a specific time window
within which the goods need to be delivered. The company needs to find an optimal route
considering these time constraints.
3. Traffic Conditions: Traffic can vary depending on the time of day, and there are
different routes to reach each delivery location. The travel time between two locations
can change dynamically based on traffic patterns. The company needs to optimize the
route in real-time.
4. Budget: The company is constrained by a fixed budget for fuel and other logistics
expenses. The solution needs to minimize the total distance or time traveled, which
directly impacts fuel and operational costs.

Problem Statement:

The company needs to design an algorithm that computes the most optimal delivery route while
considering the following factors:

 Minimize the total time or distance.

  Respect the time windows for deliveries.
 Handle real-time changes in traffic conditions.

The company wants to know:

1. What algorithm(s) could be used to solve this problem effectively?

2. How can you ensure that the solution works in real-time considering traffic updates?
3. What is the time complexity of the proposed algorithm?

4. What is shell sort. Sort this list of number using shell sort and discuss its best, worst and average
time complexity. Sort 18,12,3,5,38,33,16,2,1

Agile Software Development

1.There are different models that are used for software development. What you know about
Agile software development Model. What are common mistake in agile and how to avoid them

2.A financial institution has decided to develop a mobile banking application to provide
customers with features such as account management, fund transfers, bill payments, and
transaction history. The institution has selected an Agile software development approach to
ensure the project can be flexible, adaptive, and responsive to the rapidly changing requirements
of both the business and the customer.

The development team consists of product owners, business analysts, UI/UX designers,
developers, and quality assurance engineers. They will follow Scrum, one of the Agile
methodologies, to develop the application.

Key Points:

1. Frequent Feature Changes: During the development phase, the business stakeholders
frequently change the features and request additional functionalities, such as adding new
security features, integrating third-party APIs, and improving the user interface for better
accessibility.
2. Tight Deadlines: The mobile banking app must be released in six months. Stakeholders
want to prioritize critical features like secure login, balance inquiry, and fund transfer in
the initial release, while less critical features can be rolled out later.
3. Multiple Stakeholders: There are various stakeholders in the project: the product
owners, business analysts, marketing team, legal advisors, and customer support team.
Each has different needs and expectations for the app.
4. Remote Development Team: The development team is distributed across different time
zones. The project requires efficient communication and collaboration to ensure that all
team members are aligned with the project goals.
Problem Statement:

As the Scrum Master, you are tasked with ensuring that the development team works efficiently
within the Agile framework, handles frequent changes in requirements, and delivers the project
within the deadline.

The key questions you need to answer are:

1. How would you manage and prioritize the frequent changes in requirements while
maintaining a steady development pace?
2. How can you ensure effective communication and collaboration within a remote,
distributed team?
3. What Agile practices or tools would you recommend to handle the pressure of tight
deadlines and ensure that critical features are delivered on time?
4. How would you handle the involvement of multiple stakeholders, ensuring that their needs
are met without overwhelming the team with conflicting priorities?

3. Write a detail note on agile tool and mechanism

4. What do you know about V-Model, explain it with pictorially?

Software Re-engineering
1. You are software engineer in any reputed software development company, as a
software engineer what are quality issues you have to face in software
reengineering process, how you resolve them.?
2. What is software integration. Write down the steps in software integration
3. What is software reengineering economics? Write down the types of software
reengineering.
4. Write a detail note on Reverse Engineering and how it is different from software
engineering.?