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tutorials

Uploaded by

Yashashvi Vashishtha
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© © All Rights Reserved
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2025 Winter Tutorial #1 MA 102

⃗ in Rn , show that
1. Given four vectors ⃗x, ⃗y , ⃗z & w

((⃗x + ⃗y ) + ⃗z) + w
⃗ = (⃗x + (⃗y + ⃗z)) + w
⃗ = (⃗x + ⃗y ) + (⃗z + w)
⃗ = ⃗x + ((⃗y + ⃗z) + w))
⃗ = ⃗x + (⃗y + (⃗z + w)).
⃗

The common value is what we mean when we write ⃗x + ⃗y + ⃗z + w.


⃗ Why have we skipped ⃗x + (⃗y + ⃗z) + w
⃗
in the list above?
2. A collection of points in Rn is collinear if there is one straight line on which all the points lie. Likewise,
the collection is coplanar if there is one plane on which all the points lie.
Determine whether the points S = (3, 2, 5, 4), T = (10, 2, 11, 9), U = (36, 10, 43, 35) are collinear and/or
coplanar in R4 .

3. Given
v1 = (−3, 1, 1), v2 = (1, −3, 1), v3 = (1, 1, −3), v4 = (1, 1, 1), w1 = (−1, 1, 1), w2 = (1, −1, 1), w3 = (1, 1, −1),
prove that Span {v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 } = Span {w1 , w2 , w3 }.
4. Determine whether the set {(−1, 1, 1), (2, 1, 1), (1, 1, −1)} is a basis for R3 .

5. Let ∅ ⊊ S ⊊ T ⊂ Rn be given. Prove the following:

(a) T is independent implies S is independent (c) For Rn , if S is a basis, then T is not a basis
(b) If Span S = Rn then Span T = Rn

Write down the contra-positives of each of the statements above.


6. Let û ∈ Rn be a unit vector. Denote the angle between û and the standard basis vector êi by αi . Prove
cos2 α1 + cos2 α2 + · · · + cos2 αn = 1. Interpret the latter equation when n = 2.

7. Let ∅ ⊊ S ⊂ Rn . Define
S ⊥ = {w|w · v = 0, for all v ∈ S, w ∈ Rn }.
Prove that S ⊥ is a subspace of Rn .

Version: 1.214 Page 1 of 2


2025 Winter Tutorial #1 MA 102

elementary

8. Prove the 10 properties (V.1-10 of Lec. 1) of addition and scalar multiplication in Rn .


9. In Rn , show that the zero vector is unique and that the (additive) inverse of every vector is unique.

10. In Rn , show that 0⃗x = ⃗0. Also, show that for every s ∈ R, s⃗0 = ⃗0. Next, show that (−1)⃗x = −⃗x, for any
⃗x ∈ Rn . Further, if for some s0 ∈ R, s0 ⃗x = ⃗0 for every ⃗x ∈ Rn , then s0 = 0. And if for some ⃗x0 ∈ Rn ,
s1 ⃗x0 = ⃗0 for some 0 ̸= s1 ∈ R, then ⃗x0 = ⃗0.
11. Find one example each from every department on campus for utility of Rn for at least one n ≥ 5.
P  P 
k k
12. With proof, expand s
1 i ⃗
x x i ∈ Rn .
1 i , where si ∈ R and ⃗

13. If S is a subspace of Rn , show that ⃗0 ∈ S. Further, for every ⃗q ∈ Rn , show that ⃗q + S := {⃗q + ⃗s|⃗s ∈ S} is
not a subspace whenever ⃗q ̸= ⃗0.
14. Show that R has exactly two subspaces. Show that for every n ≥ 2, Rn has infinitely many distinct
subspaces.

15. If S, T ⊂ Rn are subspaces, show that the following are subspaces of Rn .

(a) S ∩ T (b) S + T = {s + t|s ∈ S, t ∈ T }

16. Find Span Rn . If S is a subspace, what is Span S.

17. Show that if non–zero subspace has a basis, it has infinitely many basis.
18. For any two vectors x, y ∈ Rn , show that ∥x + y∥2 = ∥x∥2 + ∥y∥2 if and only if x · y = 0. Why is this called
the Pythagorean Theorem?
19. Prove the Cauchy-Schwarz and Triangle inequalities.

Advanced

20. Give an example of a set D = {⃗u1 , ⃗u2 , . . . , ⃗un } ⊂ Rn satisfying:


(a) D is linearly dependent
(b) Every subset of D with fewer than n elements is linearly independent.

21. Let D ⊂ S for a subspace S ⊂ Rn be such that Span D = S and Span E ⊊ S for every subset E ⊊ D.
Show that D is a basis for S.
22. Let D ⊂ S for a subspace S ⊂ Rn be such that D is linearly independent. Further, it is known that D ∪ {x}
is linearly dependent for every x ∈ S \ D. Show that D is a basis for S.
23. Find a criterion to determine whether the given n vectors:
(a11 , a12 , . . . , a1n ), (a21 , a22 , . . . , a2n ), . . . , (an1 , an2 , . . . , ann )
form a basis for Rn .

Version: 1.214 Page 2 of 2

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