Langues Etrangères

English Language

By: Fatima ezzahra Dnaya

Semestre1|Master Mathématique, Modélisation et Simulation (MMS) / Master Sciences des Données et Analytiques (SDA)

UCA-FPS 2024-2025
 Outlines

English Language:

Chapter#1: Scientific Research

Chapter#2: Public Speaking

Chapter#3: Science & Technology

Chapter#4: Computer, Machines & Equipment

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 Chapter#1

Scientific Research

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 Scientific Research Chapter#1
Reading Hypothesizes:

?Scientific Research

? Scientific Publishing

?Collecting Data

? Plagiarism

? Seeking Open Access

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 Scientific Research Chapter#1
Reading :

Plagiarism is the act of using someone else's work, ideas, or intellectual property without
proper acknowledgment or permission, presenting it as one's own. This unethical practice
can occur in various forms, such as copying and pasting text from a source, paraphrasing
someone’s work without acknowledgment, or using images, videos, or music created by
others without permission. In academic settings, plagiarism is a serious violation of
academic integrity, as it distorts the originality of research, discredits the efforts of the
original authors, and disrupts the learning process. Plagiarism undermines academic and
professional integrity, as it involves dishonesty and theft of creative effort. It not only
disrespects the original creators but also compromises the credibility and trustworthiness
of the person committing the act. Consequences of plagiarism can range from academic
penalties, such as failing assignments or courses, to legal repercussions in the professional
world. To avoid plagiarism, it is essential to properly cite sources and give credit to the
original creators 5
 Scientific Research Chapter#1
Vocabulary:

Open access (OA) means free access to information and unrestricted use of electronic resources for everyone.

Any kind of digital content can be OA, from texts and data to software, audio, video, and multi-media.

Cover letters are an additional means that should be viewed as an opportunity to convey essential information

about the manuscript to the journal editors. It's what helps authors "sell" their work.

Predatory journals are a scam that involves unethical publications collecting fees from authors upfront but then

not following through on the promised service.

High-Performance Computing (HPC) is the practice of aggregating computing resources to gain performance

greater than that of a single workstation, server, or computer

Trial and Error is the process of testing a method, an idea, etc. in several ways to achieve the desired outcome.

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 Scientific Research Chapter#1
Grammar:
Simple Present Present Continuous
She reads a book before bed She is reading a book before bed
I drink coffee every morning I’m drinking coffee right now
They watch movies on Friday nights They are watching a movie right now
He studies English at the university He is studying English at the moment
We play basketball on weekends We are playing basketball right now
She listens to music while she works She is listening to music while she works

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 Scientific Research Chapter#1
Grammar:
The Present Simple tense is used to: The Present Continuous tense is used to:
 Describes routine actions or facts,  Describes actions in progress
 Talk about things in the present that are always  Talk about temporary situations happening at the time of
true, speaking, temporary or unfinished actions or situations.
 Talk about future events that are scheduled.  Talk about future arrangements.
Examples: Examples:
• I drink coffee every morning. • I am drinking coffee right now. (currently in progress)
(routine/habit) • She is living in New York City for the summer.
• She lives in New York City. (fact) (temporary situation)
• The earth revolves around the sun. • The construction workers are building a new
(general truth) skyscraper. (unfinished action)
• The train arrives at 9 PM. (future event) • We are meeting for lunch tomorrow. (future
arrangement)
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 Scientific Research Chapter#1
Grammar:
Past Simple Past Continuous
I ate dinner I was eating dinner
She visited Morocco She was visiting Morocco
They studied for the exam They were studying for the exam
We saw that movie before We were seeing that movie before
He wrote a book He was writing a book
The team won the championship The team was winning the championship

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 Scientific Research Chapter#1
Grammar:
The Past Simple tense is used to: The Past continuous Tense is used to:

 Describe completed actions or events that  Describe actions that were ongoing or in progress at a

happened at a specific point in the past. It does not specific moment in the past. It emphasizes the

indicate the duration or the ongoing nature of the duration and temporary nature of the action. It

action. It simply states that the action occurred and is emphasizes the duration of the action and the fact that it

completed. was happening for a period of time in the past.

Example: Example:

• I watched a movie yesterday. (The action of • I was watching a movie when the phone rang.” (The

watching a movie is viewed as a completed event action of watching a movie was ongoing when the

in the past.) phone rang, indicating an interrupted action.)

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 Scientific Research Chapter#1
Listening/ Speaking:

What is the structure of most scientific papers?

What to write first? Why?

What is the so-what of the paper?

How should graphs and tables be represented?

Where should we incorporate the literature?

How the title should be?

What is the tense we should use the most?

How to stay on target?

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 Chapter#2

Public Speaking

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 Public Speaking Chapter#2
Reading Hypothesizes:

? Public Speaking

? Managing Stress

? Scientific Conferences

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 Public Speaking Chapter#2
Reading :

Public speaking is the act of delivering a speech or presentation to an audience, with the
goal of informing, persuading, or entertaining. It is a vital skill in many areas of life,
including education, business, and government. Effective public speaking requires not only
strong communication skills but also the ability to engage an audience, convey ideas
clearly, and manage nervousness or stage fright. A successful speaker is able to organize
their thoughts logically, use appropriate language and body language, and maintain a
connection with the audience throughout the speech. Good public speakers are also
skilled in handling questions or interruptions and adjusting their delivery based on
audience feedback. While it can be intimidating for some, public speaking is a skill that can
be developed with practice and preparation. Whether delivering a presentation in a
classroom, a business pitch, or a keynote address at a conference, mastering public
speaking is key to effectively sharing ideas and influencing others.
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 Public Speaking Chapter#2
Vocabulary:

Attendance: The overall total number of people at an event.

Gala Dinner: The primary social function of an event, usually in the evening and often on the last day of the

event. Typically includes entertainment or speeches following a formal meal.

Anxiety: a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome

Poster presentation, at a congress or conference with an academic or professional focus, is the presentation of

research information in the form of a paper poster that conference participants may view.

Conference Presentation: An in-person or online synchronous or asynchronous oral presentation given to an

audience of colleagues in a specific field or domain.

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 Public Speaking Chapter#2
Grammar:

Talking about the future

When we know about the future, we normally use the present tense.

We use the Present Simple for something scheduled: We can use the Present Continuous for plans or

• We have a lesson next Monday. arrangements:

• The train arrives at 6.30 in the morning. • I'm playing football tomorrow.

• The holidays start next week. • They are coming to see us tomorrow.

• It's my birthday tomorrow. • We're having a party at Christmas.

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 Public Speaking Chapter#2
Grammar:

Talking about the future

We use will:

 When we express beliefs about the future:  To make offers and promises :

• It will be a nice day tomorrow. • I'll see you tomorrow.

• I think Brazil will win the World Cup. • We'll send you an email.
 To talk about offers and promises:
• I'm sure you will enjoy the film.
• Tim will be at the meeting.
 To mean want to or be willing to:
• Mary will help with the cooking
• I hope you will come to my party.

• George says he will help us.

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 Public Speaking Chapter#2
Grammar:
Talking about the future

We use be going to: We use will be with an –ing form:

 To talk about plans or intentions:  for something happening before and after a specific

• I'm going to drive to work today. time in the future:

• They are going to move to Manchester. • I'll be working at eight o'clock. Can you

 To make predictions based on evidence: come later?

• Be careful! You are going to fall. (= I can see that • They'll be waiting for you when you

you might fall.) arrive.

• Look at those black clouds. I think it's going to

rain. (= I can see that it will rain.)

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 Public Speaking Chapter#2
Paragraph Structure and Linking Words:
The basic paragraph consists of three parts: a topic sentence, supporting details
(Body sentence), and a concluding sentence.

Consequence Contrast Concession Purpose Adding ideas

o As a result o However o even thought o To o Also

o Thus o But o But for o So as to o Moreover
o So o Whereas o Despite o So that o In addition
o Therefore o While o Apart from o In order to o Besides
o As a consequence o Yet o Although o What’s more
o That’s why o On the one hand o Though o Not only….but
o Eventually o On the other hand also

Opinion Explaining Condition Choice Cause

o In my opinion o Since o As long as o Or o As
o As far as I’m concern o As o Unless o Whatever o Since
o To my mind o Because o If o Whoever o Because/Because of
o It seems to me that… o The reason why o Provided that o Neither…nor o Due to
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 Public Speaking Chapter#2
Listening/ Speaking:

How does he define public speaking?

What is the role of confidence? know how?

Do you agree with him?

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 Chapter#3

Science & Technology

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 Science & Technology Chapter#3
Chapter#3
Reading Hypothesizes:

?Science and Technology

? Science fiction

? Artificial intelligence

? Neural networks

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 Science & Technology Chapter#3
Reading :

Science and technology are the twin pillars that drive innovation and societal progress, playing
an essential role in shaping modern civilization. Science is the systematic pursuit of knowledge,
exploring natural phenomena through observation, experimentation, and analysis. It spans
diverse fields such as biology, physics, chemistry, and earth sciences, providing us with a deeper
understanding of the universe, life, and the forces that govern them. Advancements in
technology have made possible the creation of tools, machines, and systems that address
everyday needs. The development of computers, the internet, and mobile devices has
transformed communication, education, and business, while innovations in renewable energy
sources, such as solar and wind power, are crucial in combating climate change. Moreover, the
rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning is revolutionizing industries like healthcare,
finance, and transportation by automating processes, enhancing decision-making, and improving
efficiency
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 Science & Technology Chapter#3

Vocabulary:

Digital Divide: The gap between those with regular, effective access to digital and information

technology, and those without it.

Nanotechnology: The science, engineering, and application of materials and devices on a nanometer

scale.

Empirical : Based on observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.

Malware : Software designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems.

Firewall : A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic

Patent : The official legal right to make or sell an invention for a particular number of years

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 Science & Technology
Chapter#3
Grammar:

Used to
Be used to and get used to

o She used to be a long-distance runner o She is used to the city now and doesn’t get lost anymore.
o He wasn’t used to walking so much, and his legs hurt after the
when she was younger.
hike.
o Did you used to come here as a child?
o I’m finding this new job hard but I’m sure I’ll get used to it soon
We use used to +infinitive to talk about a o I’m getting used to the noise now. I found it stressful when I first
past situation that is no longer true. It tells moved in.
us that there was a repeated action or Be used to means ‘be familiar with’ or ‘be accustomed to’
state in the past that has now changed. We use ‘get used to’ to talk about the process of becoming
familiar with something

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 Science & Technology Chapter#3
Grammar:
Conditionals: Zero, First and Second

Conditionals describe the result of a certain condition. The if clause tells you the condition (If you study hard) and
the main clause tells you the result (you will pass your exams). The order of the clauses does not change the
meaning.
Zero conditional
We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are generally true, especially for laws and rules.

o If I drink too much coffee, I can't sleep at night.

o Ice melts if you heat it.

o When the sun goes down, it gets dark

The structure is: if / when + present simple >> present simple.

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 Science & Technology Chapter#3
Grammar:
First conditional
We use the first conditional when we talk about future situations we believe are real or possible.
o If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.
o Arsenal will be top of the league if they win.
o When I finish work, I'll call you.

In first conditional sentences, the structure is usually: if/when + present simple >> will + infinitive.
It is also common to use this structure with unless, as long as, as soon as or in case instead of if.

o I'll leave as soon as the babysitter arrives.

o I don't want to stay in London unless I’ll get a well-paid job.
o I'll give you a key in case I'm not at home.

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 Science & Technology Chapter#3
Grammar:
Second conditional
The second conditional is used to imagine present or future situations that are impossible or unlikely in reality.
o If we had a garden, we could have a cat.

o If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a big house in the country.

o I wouldn't worry if I were you.

The structure is usually: if + past simple >> + would + infinitive.

When if is followed by the verb be, it is grammatically correct to say if I were, if he were, if she were and if it were.
However, it is also common to hear these structures with was, especially in the he/she form.

If I were you, I wouldn't mention it.

If she was prime minister, she would invest more money in schools.
He would travel more if he was younger.
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 Science & Technology Chapter#3

Listening/ Speaking:

What can we do with 3D printers?

What does the letter of the napkin ring represent?

What about patent protection?

Why is he skeptical about 3D printing becoming domestic as usual printers?

What is the meaning of interaction design?

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 Chapter#4

Computer, Machines & Equipment

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 Computer, Machines & Equipment Chapter#4
Reading Hypothesizes:

? Computer

? Machines

? Equipment

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 Computer, Machines & Equipment Chapter#4
Reading :
Computer machines and equipment are the backbone of modern technology, playing a crucial role
in virtually every sector of society. Computers, which include both hardware and software
components, serve as the brains behind countless operations, from processing data to facilitating
communication. With the advent of powerful processors, computers have become indispensable
in areas like business, education, research, and entertainment. Machines, whether industrial or
consumer-focused, are designed to perform specific tasks with speed, accuracy, and efficiency,
from manufacturing robots in factories to diagnostic machines in healthcare settings. Equipment,
which can range from simple tools to advanced technological instruments, is essential in carrying
out specialized activities in fields such as construction, medical care, and scientific research. The
synergy between computers, machines, and equipment has transformed industries, increasing
productivity, precision, and the ability to solve complex problems, and it continues to drive
innovation in our rapidly evolving world.
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 Computer, Machines & Equipment Chapter#4
Vocabulary:
The verb ‘get’ has many different meanings and uses. Not only does it have a lot of meanings on its own but also
several more when combined with a preposition or adverb to create phrasal verbs.
The most common meanings of ‘get’ are the following:
Become
Obtain
It’s getting colder. Put on your jacket.
I need to get some files from the archives.
You can get better at English by practicing.
Can you get some paper from the cupboard?
Arrive
Take
They left at 4:30 and got home at 5:30.
She gets the train to work every day.
When do you think you’ll get here?
We can get a cab back to the hotel.
Receive Understand
Did you get my email yesterday? I didn’t get what he said. Did you?
She got a beautiful necklace for her birthday. He got the joke but I didn’t.
Make something happen
Buy You should get your hair cut. It’s really long.
We must get some milk. There isn’t any left. We’re getting the car checked before our holiday.
Shall we get some fruit too?
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Computer, Machines & Equipment Chapter#4

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 Computer, Machines & Equipment Chapter#4
Grammar: Adverbs of Frequency

Positive:
subject+ frequency adverb+ verb He often cooks pasta
subject+ be+ frequency adverb You are always late
Question:
Auxiliary+ Subject+ frequency adverb Are you always late?
Does he often cooks?
Use NEVER and HARDLY EVER with positive verbs
He isn’t never late They don’t hardly ever go to the library
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He is never late They hardly ever go to the library
 Computer, Machines & Equipment Chapter#4

Listening/ Speaking:

What was the mission of the machine created by Turing and his colleague?

Why did he replace the question can machines think with the imitation game?

What is the imitation game?

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