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CIE 121 Lesson 2

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27 views27 pages

CIE 121 Lesson 2

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j94810099
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Lesson 2

Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or surface, with the
force acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in all directions.
𝐹 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑃= =
𝐴 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑁
Units: Pascal (Pa) =
𝑚2
𝐾𝑁
KiloPascal (Kpa) =
𝑚2
𝑙𝑏
psf =
𝑓𝑡 2
𝑙𝑏
psi =
𝑖𝑛2
Pascal’s law, developed by French mathematician Blaise Pascal, states that the pressure on
a fluid is equal in all directions in all parts of the container. In a fluid at rest in a closed
container, a pressure change in one part is transmitted without loss to every portion of the
fluid and to the walls of the container.
There are three (3) types of pressure namely:
1. Gage Pressure (Relative Pressure) - Gage pressures are pressures above or below the atmosphere
and can be measured by pressure gauges or manometers.
2. Atmospheric Pressure and Vacuum - Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any one point on the
earth surfaces from the weight of the air above it. A vacuum is a space that has all matter removed
from it

Standard values of Patm under normal conditions at sea level:


𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 14.7 psi
= 2116 psf
= 29.9 inHg
= 760 mmHg
= 760 Torr
= 101325 Pa
= 101.325 Kpa
3. Absolute Pressure - Absolute pressure is the pressure above absolute zero(vacuum).

𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎 + 𝑷𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆

Note:
• Absolute zero is attained if all air is removed. It is the lowest possible pressure attainable.
• Absolute pressure can never be negative.
• The smallest gage pressure is equal to the negative of the ambient atmospheric pressure.
Consider any two points (1) and (2), whose difference in elevation is h, to lie in the ends of an
elementary prism having a cross sectional area and a length of L. Since this prism is at rest,
all forces acting upon it must be in equilibrium. Note that 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 are gage pressures.
▪ The pressure at any point below the free surface of a liquid is equals to the product of the
unit weight of the liquid and the depth of the point

𝑷 = 𝜸𝒉

▪ The difference in pressure between any two points in a homogenous fluid at rest is equal
to the product of the unit weight of the fluid and the vertical distance between the point.

𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 = 𝜸𝒉

▪ The pressure along the same horizontal plane in a homogeneous liquid at rest are equal.

𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝟏
Consider the closed tank shown to be filled with
liquids of different densities and with air at the
top under a gage pressure of 𝑝𝐴.

Then, the pressure at the bottom of the tank is:


▪ Pressure head is the height “ℎ” of a column of homogeneous liquid of unit weight that will produce
an intensity of pressure 𝑝.
𝑷
𝒉=
𝜸

▪ To convert pressure head from one liquid to another, say, from liquid A to liquid B, use this
formula:

𝜸𝑨 𝝆𝑨 𝒔𝒈𝑨
𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨 = 𝒉𝑨 = 𝒉𝑨
𝜸𝑩 𝝆𝑩 𝒔𝒈𝑩

NOTE: To convert the pressure head of any liquid, to water, just multiply its height by its specific
gravity.

𝒉𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝒉𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 ∗ 𝒔𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅


A manometer is a tube, usually bent in a U-form, containing a liquid of known specific
gravity, the surface of which moves proportionally to change in pressure.

There are three types of manometer, namely:


1. Piezometer
2. Differential Manometer
3. Open Manometer
PIEZOMETER
DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER
A piezometer is the simplest form of
A differential manometer doesn’t have an
manometer. It is a tube tapped into a wall
atmospheric surface and is capable of
of a container or conduit for the purpose of
measuring differences in pressure only.
measuring pressure. The fluid in the
container or conduit rises in this tube to
form a free surface.
OPEN MANOMETER
An open type manometer has an atmospheric surface in one leg and is capable of measuring
gage pressure.
STEPS IN SOLVING MANOMETER PROBLEMS:

Step 1: Decide on the fluid, in feet or meter, of which the heads are to be expressed. (Water is
the most advisable.)
Step 2: Starting from an end point, number in order the interface of different fluids.
Step 3: Identify points of equal pressure. Label these points with the same number.
Step 4: Proceed from level to level, adding (if going down) or subtracting (if going up) pressure
heads with due regard for the specific gravity of the fluids.
Problem 1: For the vessel containing glycerin (sg = 1.26) under pressure as shown in the figure, find the
pressure at the bottom of the tank.
Problem 2: If the pressure in a tank is 50 psi, find the equivalent pressure head of water, mercury and
heavy fuel oil with a specific gravity of 0.92.
Problem 3: An open tank contains 5.7 m of water covered with 2.8 m of kerosene (γ = 8 KN/m3). Find
the pressure at the interface and at the bottom of the tank.
Problem 4: If the atmospheric pressure is 101.3 KPa and the absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank is
231.3 KPa, what is the specific gravity of the olive oil?
Problem 5: A vessel containing oil under pressure is shown. Find the elevation of the oil surface in the
attached piezometer.
Problem 6: For the given differential manometer shown, calculate the pressure difference PB – PA.
Problem 7: A pressure gage at elevation 8 m at the side of a tank containing a liquid reads 80 kPa.
Another gage at elevation 3 m reads 120 kPa. Compute for the following:
a) Specific weight of the liquid
b) Density of the liquid
c) Specific gravity of the liquid
Problem 8: A manometer is attached to a tank containing three different fluids. What will be the
difference in elevation of the mercury in the manometer?
CREDITS: This presentation template was created
by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and
infographics & images by Freepik.

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