COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

NINEVAH UNIVERSITY
1ST CLASS
Computers
What is computer?
❖ Electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own
memory unit.

❖Computers -convert data into information

Computer Functions :

Any digital computer carries out the following five functions :-

Step 1 - Takes data as input.
Step 2 - Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them as required.
Step 3 - Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
Step 4 - Generates the output.
Step 5 - Controls all the above four steps.
Computer Activity
 History of computer.

▪The first computers were huge, room-sized machines that took teams of people to build, manage, and
maintain.
▪The computer systems of today are exponentially faster and small in size compared with those of
original computers.

1st gen. (Vacuum tube based).

2nd gen.(Transistor based).
3rd gen.(Integrated Circuit based).
4th gen.(VLSI microprocessor based).
5th gen.(ULSI microprocessor based).
Computer applications
 Computer types:
computers are classified by the size and power as:
❖Mainframe
❖Mini
❖PC
❖PDA
❖Super
❖Smart phones
❖Laptop
1. Mainframe Computer
▪ Large (room size), powerful and expensive computers.
▪ Used within large systems (banks, government departments) & large organizations.
▪ Can be used by more than one user simultaneously.
▪ Large storage capacities.
▪ They are connected to a large number of terminals.
2. Mini Computer
▪ Do the same job as a mainframe, but on a smaller scale.
▪ Expensive but less than mainframe.
▪ Big powerful. Very high speed but less than mainframe, used by mid-size companies.

Minicomputers were used for scientific and engineering

computations, business transaction processing, and
database management.
3. Personal Computer – PC

▪ General-purpose computer, it made up of a separate monitor, keyboard, mouse, processor unit.

▪ Can be set on a desk.
▪ Cheap and easy to use therefore they are very popular.
▪ today: a single person can execute many tasks simultaneously (multitasking).
4. Personal Digital Assistant - PDA (Palm)

▪ Small handheld computer with a touch screen is called Notepad. Some have traditional
keyboards behind underneath the screen. Others display a keyboard on the screen. Some use
handwriting recognition software to enter text.
▪ Include satellite navigation facilities (GPS), mobile phone capability and versions of application
software that have a limited range of functions.
5. Network connected computer

▪ Every computer (PC, notebook, PDA) connected to the network is considered a network computer; can be
connected either through network cable or through a phone line (at least to one more computer).
▪ A large PC-type computer called a server is connected to smaller PCs ( network computer ) called Clients
terminals. The server holds all applications and data, which it serves to the clients.
6. Super Computer

▪ Computers with very high speed.

▪ Very powerful capacity for processing data.
▪ Used in large scientific and research laboratories, weather forecasting space operations.
▪ Cost several million dollars.

* Supercomputer can perform the execution of billions of instructions

in just a second (or floating-point instructions).
* Supercomputers basically focus on faster computing
7. Smart phones

▪ It is an advanced mobile phone with the other features: web browsers, high-resolution touch screens, GPS
navigation and Wi-Fi access.
▪ Smartphones are often used as media players and cameras.
8. Laptop Computer or Notebook

▪ Relatively small, portable computers, easily carried around.

▪ Consists of LCD display and a small keyboard.
▪ Run on batteries.
▪ It is powerful as PC but more expensive.
Components of Computer System:

▪ Hardware refers to the physical parts of the computer, the Hardware cannot do
anything without Software. It refers to the physical equipment, including the case,
keyboard, monitor, cables, storage drives, speakers, and printers.

▪ Software refers to the code (set of commands) that runs on the computer. The
software includes the operating system and programs.

▪ Liveware Also, Kwon as human-ware. a person who uses the software on the
computer to do some tasks.
Computer
System

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The Main Components of Hardware

▪ The components of a computer system are the primary elements which

make the functioning of an electronic device smooth and faster.
▪ There are five basic components which include:
1. Input devices.
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
3. Memory.
4. Output devices.
5. Storage devices.

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Basic Component of Hardware:

▪ Input device
▪ Output device.
▪ System unit
1. Input devices:
Translate data from the human understand to one the computer can work with it.

• Keyboard.
• Mouse.
• Optical Scanner
• Bar-Code Reader
• Joystick
• Digital and Web Camera
• Microphone

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• keyboard:
is a peripheral input device that enables a user to input text into
a computer or any other electronic machinery by manually
keying in or typing certain keys. A keyboard is the most basic
way for the user to communicate with a computer.

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• The Mouse:
is a pointing device which is used to control the movement of a
mouse pointer on the screen to make selections from the screen. A
mouse have buttons. The bottom of the mouse is flat and contains a
mechanism that detects movement of the mouse.

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There are different types of mouse:

•Wired Mouse.
•Wireless Mouse.
•Trackball Mouse.
•Laser Mouse.
2. Output devices

• An output device is any piece of computer hardware

equipment which converts information into a human-readable
form.
• The two output devices more commonly used are the screen
(monitor) computer and the printer.
• The computer screen produces a soft copy of your output, and
the printer produces a hard copy of your output.

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Output devices

• Monitor
• Printer
• Headphone
• Speaker
• projectors

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Monitor Characteristics of Monitor:

Color: the color depends on type of screen if it CRT or LCD and graphic adapter.
Size: when measured diagonally, the common sizes are : 15, 17, 19, 21”.
Resolutions: the number of dots or pixels that can be deployed on screen

(High resolutions means better quality and a clear display)

Hardware
Input/output devices
 Hardware
System unit.
It is the box, which contains the Central Processing Unit CPU, Main
Memory, Drives, and the Power Supply.

Case: The computer case (also called a tower, housing,

or cabinet)

*Computer Case: is the box that contains most of the components of computer parts such as power
supply, fans, motherboard. It has attachment points, slots and screws that allow these parts to be fitted
onto the case.
Computer case:

❑Provides protection and support for internal components

❑ Should be durable, easy to service, and have enough room for expansion.
❑ The size and layout of a case is called a form factor.
❑ There are many types of cases, but the basic form factors for computer cases
include desktop and tower.

The size and shape of the computer case is usually determined by the
motherboard and other internal components
 Power Supply
A power inverter located within the power supply converts alternating current (AC)
power coming from a wall outlet into direct-current (DC) power, which is a lower
voltage.
❑ Must provide enough power for the installed components and future additions.
❑ An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can protect a computer from problems caused
by changes in power.
Parts of Computer inside system
unit:

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is normally an Intel (or equivalent) and it
is one of the most important components within your computer.

It determines how fast your computer will run and the CPU speed is measured
by its MHz or GHz speed.

It performs all the calculations within the computer, when running programs
such as word-processors, spreadsheets and databases.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

▪ The CPU:
▪ is known as the brain of the computer. It is also referred to
as the processor.

▪ Is an electronic circuit within a computer that carries out the

instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic,
logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the
instructions.

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 Three main parts of CPU:
Arithmetic and Logic unit (ALU):
Which perform every arithmetic operations (*,+,-,/,^,…..)and the logic operations (and, or,
not,….).
Registers:
They are holding areas for both data and instructions. There are many different registers, each
with its own special purpose.
E.g. there are registers that hold data

Control Unit (CU):

Manages the flow of data through the CPU.
It directs data to and from the other
components within the CPU.
Overclocking and Throttling
Overclocking: is a technique used to make a processor work at a faster speed than its original
specification.
The opposite of overclocking is :
CPU Throttling: is a technique used when the processor runs at less than the rated speed to
conserve power or produce less heat. Throttling is commonly used on laptops and other mobile
devices.
 CPU Types
The latest processor technology has resulted in CPU manufacturers finding ways to incorporate
more than one CPU core onto a single chip. These CPUs are capable of processing multiple
instructions concurrently:
❑ Single Core CPU – One core inside a single CPU
❑ Dual Core CPU – Two cores inside a single CPU in which both cores can process information at
the same time.
❑ Triple Core CPU – Three cores inside a single CPU
❑Quad Core CPU – Four cores inside a single CPU in which all cores can process information
simultaneously for enhanced software applications.
K= unlocked
HQ=high performance, quad core
HK= high performance, unlocked
Y,U= Ultra Low Power
 Memory unit RAM, ROM-BIOS ,
Hard Disk

CPU
Input devices Output devices
Control Unit

ALU Screen
Keyboard
Speaker
Mouse Registers Printer
Microphone
Plotter
Scanner
bus …..
Touchpad
Digital Camera
…..
Block diagram of computer components
Internal Cables
Power cables are used to distribute electricity from the power supply to the
motherboard and other components.
Data cables transmit data between the motherboard and storage devices, such as
hard drives.
Additional cables connect the buttons and link lights on the front of the computer
case to the motherboard.
Questions?

Thank you for your attention