3.

1 DIFFERENT SPORTS ACTIVITIES

 SPORTS
 Is a part of human civilization?In the past, people or whole armies would do battle with each other,
causing hundreds of death. Later, it evolved into a fight between or among representatives. People
would send the champion or the strongest one of the army to represent and compete with the
champions of the other groups. Eventually, sports became a form of entertainment,as well as an
avenue to practice and show physical prowess and skill.
BENEFITS OF SPORTS
There are several benefits f engaging in sports.
a. Learning how to set goals, as well as collaborating with others in order to attain such
goals.
b. Learning to follow and respect rules.
c. Develop the value of persistence and perseverance in practices, motivated with the
desire to improve technique and the self.
d. Learned how to deal with failure.
e. Sports and games are laboratories in life.
THE NATURE OF SPORTS
Sports, by nature, are made up of rules. These rules are put in places for several reasons.
First, rules are put up in sports to secure safety. Skill, strength, speed, power, strength, agility,
competitive acumen, and swiftness of reaction time are characteristics develop ad competitors try to best
each other given a set of parameters that will totally eliminate, if not minimize harm to each other and to
everyone.
Second, rules are set up for a sport or game to be playable. For example boundary lines are usually
put in place to eliminate players from running away. This might sound too simplistic unless we think of a
specific situation. Imagine playing basketball without an outside line. Once a team scores, the next time
they logic goes for time. If there are no time constraints, then a basketball team will not have the need to
drive the ball to the other side of the court and shoot the ball. In boxing or in most martial arts, a player
needs attack given an allowed amount of time. In weight lifting, the participant needs to lift the weight
within a given time after his or her name is called by the officials. Time and boundary lines are examples
of rules to make a sport playable.
Third, rule exists so that the sport is marketable. A sport that is not understood by the audience
alienates that audience. If a spectator is watching and knows the rules, then the spectator is drawn into
the game. The reasons that a player acts in a certain way may be due to the excitement induced as the
game is played, the thrill of winning or the agony of losing shared by the spectators. When the audience
knows the rules, the demonstrations of skill, techniques, prowess, strength, and all the other traits are a lot
more appreciated. The audience will then become a part of a fan base for the sport who will want to watch
more, or who will want to engage in it, and the sport will gain popularity.

3.2 TRACK AND FIELD SPORTS: ATHLETICS

A. CONCEPT NOTES
Daily exercise is an important aspect for young people like you to grow up healthy. In fact, the
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that children and adolescents spends at
least an hour doing exercises each day of the week.
Do you enjoy running, jumping, and throwing? If so, it is likely a track-and-field activity is an
appropriate channel for you to participate in exercise. Running, jumping, and throwing are not only
identified as the foundation of natural human locomotion but also of the prestigious Olympic games.
HISTORY OF ATHLETICS
 The first recorded athletic event IS the ancient Olympic Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece with only
one event the stadion foot- race with Koroibos as the first Olympic winner.
 Running competitions were added in the Ancient Olympic Pentathlon, with the four main events: the
long jump, javelin throw, discus throw, and stadium footrace.
 Athletic events were always held and later became known to Rome in 200 BC.
 The Celtics were the first in the stone put and weight throw com-petition during the Middle Ages which
we now know as shot put and hammer throw events, while during the 18th century Northern
Europeans popularized the pole vault.
 The 19TH century showed modern Athletics competition in the military, schools, and sports club.
Hurdling competitions were started with the first national associations, established the Amateur
Athletics Association (AAA) of. England, followed by US in 876 where the first Outdoor Track and Field
champion- ships was organized by the New York Athletics club.
 With amateurism as its founding principles, The International Amateur Athletic Federations (IAAF) was
established as its governing body in 1912. In 1919, the South American Championships was held
followed by the European Athletics championships in 1934. The first participation of women in the
Summer Olympics was held in 1926 and major athletics Competitions for disabled athletes were
introduced in the 1960 Summer Paralympics.
 From 1960 onward, Athletics gained mileage through television ad after half a century, the amateur
grew to professional status in the late 1970's. The IAAF was changed into the International Association
of Federation World Championships in Athletics-the first ever global competition for athletes and
started to give prize money for champions in 1997. In 2010, the lAAF World Championships in Athletics
was replaced by IAAF Diamond League composed of leaders from Europe, Asia, North America, and the
Middle East.
STRANDS OF ATHLETICS (TRACK AND FIELDS EVENTS)
I. TRACK EVENTS
 i. RUNNINGis the classification in track and field events and is usually done in an oval track measuring
400 meters with 6-8 lanes having a standard width of 1.22 meters. Included in this event are races
short distances or sprints in 100, 200, and 400 meter dashes.
COMMON RELAY EVENTS ARE OF THREE TYPES:
 Sprint relays: this will include 400, 800, and 1600 meter relays
 Sprint medley: this will include 3200 and 6000 meter relays
 Distance relays: this will include400,800, 1200, and 1600 meter relays
HURDING- is a foot race over obstacles called gurdles. While going over the hurdles, you must
remain in your assigned lane throughout the race. If you knock a hurdle down while jumping over
them, you may do so only with a leg of a foot. This event will develop your speed, flexibility, and
balance.
ii. JUMPING is the second classification in the track and field events. It has two types : one for length or
distance (long jump and triple jump), and another for height (high jump and pole vault).

a. High Jump- It is an event where you try to jump vertically and move your body over a bar that is
across two upright poles, upon which rests a 4 meter horizontal bar, then landing on your back upon a
cushioned mattress. The bar is raised as the competition progresses. You must take off from one foot
after an approach from a runway. You may touch the cross bar as you jump. However, if the bar falls
off, you have failed the jump. After 3 failed jumps, you will be eliminated. The competitor who can take
the highest jumps will win.
b. Long Jump. In this event you sprint along a runway to a wooden take-off board embedded in the
runway and level with the ground into a stretch of 2.75-3 meter wide of soft, damp sand. The edge of
the take-off board nearest the pit is called the take-off line. If you overstep this line, you forfeit the
jump. You must aim at landing as far as possible from the starting point and distance is measured by
the first mark made by any part of your body on the sand at landing. No part of the body must touch
the ground between jumping and landing.

c. Triple Jump. The rules of the triple jump are the same as those of the long jump. It is also known as
the "hop, step, and jump." Here you make a running start along a runway then hop and land on the
same foot from which you took off. You then take one step onto the other foot and jump.
d. Pole Vault. You carry a long, flexible fiberglass pole then sprint along a short runway, plant the pole
into a sloping metal box beneath the bar and push yourself up over the bar. You should pass your body
over the bar, legs first and face down. You push the pole away, and land into a pit of foam. You are
allowed 3 vaults for each height. If you have three misses at any height, you are eliminated.
II. FIELD EVENTS
iii. THROWING is the final classification in the track and field events. There are 4 different throwing
events which require you to perform with power, strength and accuracy.
a. Hammer. This is an extremely heavy metal batt weighing 7.2 kg attached to a handle by steel wire.
The hammer requires you to have the strength and excellent technique to throw the metal ball across
the field. You are made to stand within a designated area marked by a circle. You will fail if you step
out of the circle during the throw and before the hammer lands.
b. Discus. You are required to throw a disc-like object weighing 2 kg for men and 1 kg for women across
the field as far as possible. You begin the throw from a stationary position in a circle marked on the
ground. You are not allowed to leave the circle before the discus has landed. It is a fail if you step on or
outside the circle.
c. Javelin. You have to combine speed and strength with a javelin a long spiked-pole which you have to
throw as far as possible across the field. Throw the javelin by having your arm extend your throw over
the shoulder or upper part of the arm. The throw is counted if the tip (front part) of the javelin hits the
ground before the tail (back). It is a fail if you turn your back to the throwing line during the throw or
when you cross the throwing line during or after the throw.
d. Shot Put. It is a solid metal ball weighing 7.25 kg for men and 4 kg for women. You have to throw the
shot with one hand from stationary position from a marked circle 7 ft. in diameter across the field. You
are disqualified if you leave the marked circle before the shot has touched the ground.

3.3 RACKET SPORTS: BADMINTON ( facilities and equipment)

B. CONCEPT NOTES
Five centuries ago, a game called battledore and shuttlecock was invented. ‘’Battledore’’ was an old word
for racket.’’ It was played in a various countries such as India, Greece, and Japan. This game made use of
a paddle called battledore to strike the shuttlecock back and forth. During the 1860s in India, it was named
poona. It was very similar to battledore and shuttlecock but with the use of a net. A decade later, the
British army in India returned to their homeland and adopted the game. In 1873, the Duke of Beaufort held
a lawn party in his country place. The elites played poona, in which the game became a new party sport.
Four years late the Bath Badminton Club was formed and governed the rules. In 1934, the international
Badminton Federation was founded. In 1992, badminton first appeared as an Olympic event in Barcelona,
Spain.
A. FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
1. RACKET- is lightweight and usually weighs below 100 g. it must not exceed 680 mm (length)
and 230 mm(width). Its frame can be made of steel, aluminum, carbon fiber, ceramic or any
combinations of these. The parts of a badminton racket are shown in the right.
2. SHUTTLECOCK OR BIRDIE consists of 16 feathers that re fixed in a cock covered in kid
leather. Some are made of plastic, nylon, or real goose feather. It weighs between 5 to 6 g. It
should be handled by the tips only. If caught in the net, it should be removed carefully.
 3. THE NET shall be made of fine cord of dark colour and even thickness with a mesh of not less
than 15 mm and not more than 20 mm.
The net shall be 760 mm in depth and at least 6.1 metres wide. The top of the net shall be
edged with a 75 mm white tape doubled over a cord or cable running through the tape. This
tape shall rest upon the cord or cable. The cord or cable shall be stretched firmly, flush with
the top of the posts. The top of the net from the surface of the court shall be 1.524 metres at
the centre of the court and 1.55 metres over the side lines for doubles.
4. COURT is a rectangle in shape and green in color. It measures 20 ft. wide by 44 ft. long for
doubles, and 17 ft. wide by 44 ft. long for singles. The net is 5 ft. tall at the center and 5.1 ft.
at the posts or sides. Wood and bituminous material is the recommended surface for a
badminton court.

PARTS OF THE COURT

A. BASELINE/BACK BOUNDARY LINE is the back line that runs parallel on both ends to the net. Its
length is the entire width of the court.
B. CENTER LINE runs perpendicular to the net and down the middle of each side, separating the two
service boxes.
C. SERVICE BOX is the area formed by the center line, doubles sideline, and double long serviceline for
doubles. It is formed by the center line, baseline, and singles sideline for singles.
D. SHORT SERVICE LINE covers the width of the court and is the closest line that runs parallel to the
net.
E. SIDELINE is the boundary line for the court.
F. ALLEY is the area formed between the singles and doubles sideline. It is considered outside of
boundaries for the singles.
G. DOUBLES LONG SERVICE LINE designates the back service line for doubles and spans the width of
the court.
5. Accessories include shoes, clothes, grip, headband, and wristband to absorb sweat, increase a player’s
performance, among others.
A. Players
1. Singles required on player on each side.
2. Doubles requires two palyers on each side.
3. Mixed doubles requires one male and one female partner on each side.
B. Terminology
1. “Cho” is a chinese expression shouted to celebrate the winning point.
2. Free hand is the hand not carrying the racket and in which tha ball is placed before
service.
3. In play is the moment when the game starts or when the ball is served.
4. Let is a rally in which the score is not recorded.
5. Point is the score or when the result is recorded.
6. Over or around occurs when the ball passess anywhere other than between the net
and the net post, or the playing surface.
7. Rally is the period when the ball is in play.