POINTERS

C programming exercises: Pointer - w3resource

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1. Dynamic Memory Allocation with malloc()

This program dynamically allocates memory for an integer array and initializes its values.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
int *arr, n;
printf("Enter the number of elements: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
// Dynamically allocate memory for n integers
arr = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
// Check if memory was allocated successfully
if (arr == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed!\n");
return 1;
}
// Input values into the array
printf("Enter %d integers:\n", n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}
// Display the values
printf("The entered values are:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}
// Free the allocated memory
free(arr);
return 0;
}

2. Dynamic Memory Allocation with calloc()

This program allocates memory for an array of integers using calloc(), which initializes the
memory to zero.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
int *arr, n;
printf("Enter the number of elements: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
// Dynamically allocate memory for n integers and initialize to 0
arr = (int *)calloc(n, sizeof(int));
// Check if memory was allocated successfully
if (arr == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed!\n");
return 1;
}
// Display the initialized values
printf("The array values after calloc initialization are:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}
// Free the allocated memory
free(arr);
return 0;
}
3. Dynamic Memory Allocation with realloc()
This program shows how to change the size of the dynamically allocated memory using
realloc().
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
int *arr, n;

printf("Enter the initial number of elements: ");

scanf("%d", &n);
// Dynamically allocate memory for n integers
arr = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
if (arr == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed!\n");
return 1;
}
// Input values into the array
printf("Enter %d integers:\n", n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}
// Display the values
printf("Entered values are:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}
// Reallocate memory to hold more integers
printf("\nEnter the new size: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
arr = (int *)realloc(arr, n * sizeof(int));
if (arr == NULL) {
printf("Memory reallocation failed!\n");
return 1;
}
// Input new values
printf("Enter %d integers:\n", n);
 for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}

// Display the updated array

printf("The updated values are:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}
// Free the allocated memory
free(arr);
return 0;
}
4. Dynamic Memory Allocation for 2D Array
This program dynamically allocates memory for a 2D array using pointers.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
int **arr, rows, cols;
printf("Enter the number of rows and columns: ");
scanf("%d %d", &rows, &cols);
// Dynamically allocate memory for rows pointers
arr = (int **)malloc(rows * sizeof(int *));
if (arr == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed!\n");
return 1;
}
// Dynamically allocate memory for columns for each row
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
arr[i] = (int *)malloc(cols * sizeof(int));
if (arr[i] == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed for row %d!\n", i);
 return 1;
}
}

// Input values into the 2D array

printf("Enter values for the 2D array:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i][j]);
}
}
// Display the 2D array
printf("The 2D array values are:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

// Free the allocated memory

for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
free(arr[i]);
}
free(arr);

return 0;
}

1. Program to Swap Two Numbers Using Pointers

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void swap(int *a, int *b) {
int temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}
int main() {
int *x, *y;
x = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
y = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
if (x == NULL || y == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed!\n");
return 1;
}
printf("Enter two integers: ");
scanf("%d %d", x, y);
printf("Before swap: x = %d, y = %d\n", *x, *y);
swap(x, y);
printf("After swap: x = %d, y = %d\n", *x, *y);
free(x);
free(y);
return 0;
}
Sample Output:
Enter two integers: 5 10
Before swap: x = 5, y = 10
After swap: x = 10, y = 5
2. Program to Find the Length of a String Using Pointers
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int stringLength(char *str) {
int length = 0;
while (*str != '\0') {
 length++;
str++;
}
return length;
}

int main() {
char *str;
str = (char *)malloc(100 * sizeof(char));
if (str == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed!\n");
return 1;
}
printf("Enter a string: ");
fgets(str, 100, stdin);
int length = stringLength(str);
printf("Length of the string is: %d\n", length);
free(str);
return 0;
}
Sample Output:
Enter a string: Hello, world!
Length of the string is: 13
3. Program to Add Two Matrices Using Pointers
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
int **matrix1, **matrix2, **sum;
int rows, cols;
printf("Enter the number of rows and columns: ");
scanf("%d %d", &rows, &cols);
// Allocate memory for matrices
matrix1 = (int **)malloc(rows * sizeof(int *));
matrix2 = (int **)malloc(rows * sizeof(int *));
sum = (int **)malloc(rows * sizeof(int *));

for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {

matrix1[i] = (int *)malloc(cols * sizeof(int));
matrix2[i] = (int *)malloc(cols * sizeof(int));
sum[i] = (int *)malloc(cols * sizeof(int));
}
// Input matrix1
printf("Enter elements of matrix1:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
scanf("%d", &matrix1[i][j]);
}
}
// Input matrix2
printf("Enter elements of matrix2:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
scanf("%d", &matrix2[i][j]);
}
}
// Add matrices
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
sum[i][j] = matrix1[i][j] + matrix2[i][j];
}
}
// Display sum matrix
printf("Sum of the matrices:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
 for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
printf("%d ", sum[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

// Free memory
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
free(matrix1[i]);
free(matrix2[i]);
free(sum[i]);
}
free(matrix1);
free(matrix2);
free(sum);

return 0;
}
Sample Output:
Enter the number of rows and columns: 2 2
Enter elements of matrix1:
12
34
Enter elements of matrix2:
56
78
Sum of the matrices:
68
10 12
4. Program to Reverse an Array Using Pointers
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void reverseArray(int *arr, int size) {
int *start = arr;
int *end = arr + size - 1;
int temp;

while (start < end) {

temp = *start;
*start = *end;
*end = temp;
start++;
end--;
}
}
int main() {
int *arr, n;
printf("Enter the number of elements: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
// Dynamically allocate memory for the array
arr = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));

if (arr == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed!\n");
return 1;
}
// Input values into the array
printf("Enter %d integers:\n", n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}
// Reverse the array
reverseArray(arr, n);
// Display the reversed array
 printf("Reversed array:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}
printf("\n");

// Free the allocated memory

free(arr);

return 0;
}
Sample Output:
Enter the number of elements: 5
Enter 5 integers:
12345
Reversed array:
54321
5. Program to Calculate the Sum of an Array Using Pointers
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int sumArray(int *arr, int size) {
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
sum += *(arr + i);
}
return sum;
}

int main() {
int *arr, n;
printf("Enter the number of elements: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
 // Dynamically allocate memory for the array
arr = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
if (arr == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed!\n");
return 1;
}
// Input values into the array
printf("Enter %d integers:\n", n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}
// Calculate and display the sum
int sum = sumArray(arr, n);
printf("Sum of the array elements is: %d\n", sum);
// Free the allocated memory
free(arr);
return 0;
}
Sample Output:
Enter the number of elements: 4
Enter 4 integers:
1234
Sum of the array elements is: 10

STRUCTURES
1. Program to Store and Display Student Information
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct Student {
char name[50];
int roll_no;
float marks;
};

int main() {
struct Student student;
// Input student details
printf("Enter student's name: ");
fgets(student.name, sizeof(student.name), stdin);
printf("Enter roll number: ");
scanf("%d", &student.roll_no);
printf("Enter marks: ");
scanf("%f", &student.marks);
// Display student details
printf("\nStudent Information:\n");
printf("Name: %s", student.name);
printf("Roll Number: %d\n", student.roll_no);
printf("Marks: %.2f\n", student.marks);
return 0;
}
Sample Output:
Enter student's name: John Doe
Enter roll number: 101
Enter marks: 85.5
Student Information:
Name: John Doe
Roll Number: 101
Marks: 85.50
2. Program to Calculate Area of a Rectangle Using Structures
#include <stdio.h>
struct Rectangle {
float length;
float width;
};
float calculateArea(struct Rectangle rect) {
return rect.length * rect.width;
}
int main() {
struct Rectangle rect;
// Input rectangle dimensions
printf("Enter length of the rectangle: ");
scanf("%f", &rect.length);
printf("Enter width of the rectangle: ");
scanf("%f", &rect.width);
// Calculate and display area
float area = calculateArea(rect);
printf("The area of the rectangle is: %.2f\n", area);
return 0;
}
Sample Output:
Enter length of the rectangle: 5.5
Enter width of the rectangle: 4.2
The area of the rectangle is: 23.10
3. Program to Store and Display Date Using Structure
#include <stdio.h>
struct Date {
int day;
int month;
int year;
};
int main() {
struct Date date;
// Input date details
printf("Enter day: ");
scanf("%d", &date.day);
printf("Enter month: ");
 scanf("%d", &date.month);
printf("Enter year: ");
scanf("%d", &date.year);
// Display date
printf("\nEntered date is: %02d/%02d/%d\n", date.day, date.month, date.year);
return 0;
}
Sample Output:
Enter day: 25
Enter month: 12
Enter year: 2024
Entered date is: 25/12/2024
4. Program to Store and Display Employee Information
#include <stdio.h>
struct Employee {
char name[50];
int id;
float salary;
};
int main() {
struct Employee emp;
// Input employee details
printf("Enter employee name: ");
fgets(emp.name, sizeof(emp.name), stdin);
printf("Enter employee ID: ");
scanf("%d", &emp.id);
printf("Enter employee salary: ");
scanf("%f", &emp.salary);
// Display employee details
printf("\nEmployee Information:\n");
printf("Name: %s", emp.name);
printf("ID: %d\n", emp.id);
 printf("Salary: %.2f\n", emp.salary);
return 0;
}
Sample Output:
Enter employee name: Alice Smith
Enter employee ID: 12345
Enter employee salary: 55000.75
Employee Information:
Name: Alice Smith
ID: 12345
Salary: 55000.75
5. Program to Add Two Complex Numbers Using Structures
#include <stdio.h>
struct Complex {
float real;
float imag;
};
struct Complex addComplex(struct Complex c1, struct Complex c2) {
struct Complex result;
result.real = c1.real + c2.real;
result.imag = c1.imag + c2.imag;
return result;
}
int main() {
struct Complex c1, c2, sum;
// Input complex numbers
printf("Enter real and imaginary parts of first complex number: ");
scanf("%f %f", &c1.real, &c1.imag);
printf("Enter real and imaginary parts of second complex number: ");
scanf("%f %f", &c2.real, &c2.imag);
// Add complex numbers
sum = addComplex(c1, c2);
 // Display the sum
printf("Sum of the complex numbers: %.2f + %.2fi\n", sum.real, sum.imag);
return 0;
}
Sample Output:
Enter real and imaginary parts of first complex number: 3.5 4.2
Enter real and imaginary parts of second complex number: 1.2 2.3
Sum of the complex numbers: 4.70 + 6.50i
6. Program to Find Largest of Three Numbers Using Structures
#include <stdio.h>
struct Numbers {
int num1;
int num2;
int num3;
};
int findLargest(struct Numbers n) {
if (n.num1 >= n.num2 && n.num1 >= n.num3) {
return n.num1;
} else if (n.num2 >= n.num1 && n.num2 >= n.num3) {
return n.num2;
} else {
return n.num3;
}
}
int main() {
struct Numbers n;
// Input three numbers
printf("Enter three numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d %d", &n.num1, &n.num2, &n.num3);
// Find and display the largest number
int largest = findLargest(n);
printf("The largest number is: %d\n", largest);
 return 0;
}
Sample Output:
Enter three numbers: 10 25 15
The largest number is: 25
7. Program to Calculate Simple Interest Using Structure
#include <stdio.h>
struct SimpleInterest {
float principal;
float rate;
float time;
};
float calculateInterest(struct SimpleInterest si) {
return (si.principal * si.rate * si.time) / 100;
}
int main() {
struct SimpleInterest si;
// Input values
printf("Enter principal: ");
scanf("%f", &si.principal);
printf("Enter rate of interest: ");
scanf("%f", &si.rate);
printf("Enter time period: ");
scanf("%f", &si.time);
// Calculate and display simple interest
float interest = calculateInterest(si);
printf("Simple Interest: %.2f\n", interest);
return 0;
}
Sample Output:
Enter principal: 5000
Enter rate of interest: 5
Enter time period: 2
Simple Interest: 500.00