Big Data Analytics

Introduction to Big Data: Big Data and its Importance – Four V’s of Big Data – Drivers for
Big Data – Introduction to Big Data Analytics – Big Data Analytics applications.
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Introduction to Big Data
Big Data refers to large volumes of data that are too complex or voluminous for traditional
data processing tools to handle effectively. This data can come from various sources such as
social media, sensors, transactions, and more. The importance of Big Data lies in its potential
to uncover insights, trends, and patterns that can drive better decision-making and innovation
across various sectors.
Four V's of Big Data
1. Volume: This represents the massive amount of data generated every second from
various sources like social media, transaction records, sensors, and more.
2. Velocity: This is the speed at which data is generated and processed. Real-time or
near-real-time data processing is essential for many applications.
3. Variety: This refers to the different types of data, both structured (like databases) and
unstructured (like text, video, images).
4. Veracity: This concerns the trustworthiness and quality of the data. With so much
data being generated, it is crucial to ensure its accuracy and reliability.
Drivers for Big Data
1. Technological Advancements: Increased processing power, storage capabilities, and
the proliferation of connected devices contribute to the generation and handling of
large datasets.
2. Data-Driven Decision Making: Organizations are leveraging data to make more
informed decisions, enhance customer experiences, and streamline operations.
3. Competitive Advantage: Analyzing big data can provide insights that help
businesses gain a competitive edge by identifying trends and opportunities faster than
their competitors.
4. Regulatory Requirements: Certain industries, such as finance and healthcare, are
required to collect and analyze large amounts of data for compliance purposes.
Introduction to Big Data Analytics
Big Data Analytics involves examining large and varied datasets to uncover hidden patterns,
unknown correlations, market trends, customer preferences, and other useful information.
This process helps organizations make informed business decisions, improve operational
efficiency, and gain a deeper understanding of their data.
Big Data Analytics Applications
1. Healthcare: Analyzing patient data to improve diagnostics, personalize treatment
plans, and predict disease outbreaks.
2. Finance: Fraud detection, risk management, and personalized financial services based
on customer data analysis.
3. Retail: Customer behavior analysis, inventory management, and personalized
marketing strategies.
4. Transportation: Optimizing routes, improving traffic management, and enhancing
passenger experience through data analysis.
5. Manufacturing: Predictive maintenance, quality control, and supply chain
optimization using data analytics.
 6. Entertainment: Personalizing content recommendations, optimizing production
schedules, and understanding audience preferences.
Big Data and its analytics are transforming industries by providing deeper insights and
enabling more efficient and effective decision-making processes.
Big Data Technologies: Hadoop’s Parallel World – Data discovery – Open source technology
for Big Data Analytics – cloud and Big Data –Predictive Analytics – Mobile Business
Intelligence and Big Data
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Big Data Technologies
Big Data technologies encompass a wide range of tools and platforms designed to manage,
process, and analyze large datasets effectively. These technologies are crucial for extracting
valuable insights from Big Data.
Hadoop's Parallel World
Hadoop is an open-source framework that allows for the distributed processing of large
datasets across clusters of computers using simple programming models. It is designed to
scale up from a single server to thousands of machines, each offering local computation and
storage.
 Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS): A distributed file system that stores data
across multiple machines and ensures data redundancy.
 MapReduce: A programming model for processing large datasets with a parallel,
distributed algorithm on a cluster.
 YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator): Manages resources and schedules tasks
across the cluster.
 Hadoop Ecosystem: Includes tools like Hive (data warehousing), Pig (data analysis),
HBase (NoSQL database), and others that enhance Hadoop's capabilities.
Data Discovery
Data discovery involves identifying patterns, trends, and relationships in data through
interactive visual exploration and analysis. This process is critical for making sense of large
and complex datasets. Tools for data discovery include:
 Visualization tools: Help in creating interactive charts and graphs (e.g., Tableau,
QlikView).
 Business Intelligence (BI) tools: Provide insights and dashboards for decision-
making (e.g., Power BI, Looker).
Open Source Technology for Big Data Analytics
Open-source technologies play a significant role in Big Data Analytics by providing cost-
effective, scalable, and customizable solutions. Key open-source technologies include:
 Apache Spark: An open-source unified analytics engine for big data processing, with
built-in modules for SQL, streaming, machine learning, and graph processing.
 Apache Flink: A stream-processing framework for distributed, high-performing,
always-available, and accurate data-streaming applications.
 Apache Kafka: A distributed streaming platform used for building real-time data
pipelines and streaming applications.
Cloud and Big Data
The integration of Big Data and cloud computing has revolutionized data storage, processing,
and analytics by offering scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency. Key cloud platforms
include:
  Amazon Web Services (AWS): Provides a range of services for Big Data analytics,
including Amazon EMR, Redshift, and S3.
 Google Cloud Platform (GCP): Offers Big Data solutions like BigQuery, Cloud
Dataflow, and Cloud Dataproc.
 Microsoft Azure: Features tools like Azure HDInsight, Azure Data Lake, and Azure
Synapse Analytics.
Predictive Analytics
Predictive Analytics uses historical data, statistical algorithms, and machine learning
techniques to predict future outcomes. It helps organizations anticipate events, trends, and
behaviors to make proactive decisions.
 Machine Learning Models: Algorithms like regression, classification, and clustering
used to make predictions.
 Tools and Platforms: SAS, R, Python libraries (e.g., scikit-learn), and cloud-based
machine learning services.
Mobile Business Intelligence and Big Data
Mobile Business Intelligence (BI) refers to the ability to access BI-related data such as
KPIs, business metrics, and dashboards on mobile devices. It enables decision-makers to stay
informed and make data-driven decisions on the go.
 Mobile BI Apps: Provide real-time access to analytics and dashboards (e.g., Tableau
Mobile, Power BI Mobile).
 Integration with Big Data: Mobile BI apps can pull data from Big Data sources,
providing insights and visualizations on mobile devices.
These Big Data technologies and tools are essential for managing and analyzing large
datasets, enabling organizations to derive valuable insights, improve decision-making, and
drive innovation.
UNIT - III Introduction Hadoop: Big Data – Apache Hadoop & Hadoop Eco System –
Moving Data in and out of Hadoop – Understanding inputs and outputs of MapReduce - Data
Serialization.
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Introduction to Hadoop
Big Data
Big Data refers to datasets that are so large or complex that traditional data processing
applications are inadequate. Challenges include capturing data, data storage, data analysis,
search, sharing, transfer, visualization, querying, updating, information privacy, and data
source.
Apache Hadoop & Hadoop Ecosystem
Apache Hadoop
Apache Hadoop is an open-source framework that facilitates the processing of large data sets
in a distributed computing environment. Hadoop is designed to scale up from a single server
to thousands of machines, offering local computation and storage.
Key Components of Hadoop:
1. HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System): A distributed file system that stores data
across multiple machines.
2. MapReduce: A programming model for processing and generating large datasets that
can be executed in parallel across a distributed cluster of processors.
3. YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator): Manages resources in the cluster and
schedules applications.
Hadoop Ecosystem
The Hadoop ecosystem consists of various tools and frameworks that enhance the Hadoop
framework. Some key components include:
 Apache Hive: A data warehouse infrastructure that provides data summarization and
ad hoc querying.
 Apache HBase: A distributed, scalable, big data store modeled after Google's
Bigtable.
 Apache Pig: A high-level platform for creating MapReduce programs used with
Hadoop.
 Apache Sqoop: A tool designed for efficiently transferring bulk data between Apache
Hadoop and structured datastores such as relational databases.
 Apache Flume: A distributed, reliable, and available service for efficiently collecting,
aggregating, and moving large amounts of log data.
 Apache Oozie: A workflow scheduler system to manage Hadoop jobs.
Moving Data In and Out of Hadoop
Transferring data in and out of the Hadoop ecosystem is crucial for effective data processing
and analysis. Some tools and methods include:
 Apache Sqoop: Used for importing data from relational databases into Hadoop and
exporting data from Hadoop to relational databases.
 Apache Flume: Collects, aggregates, and moves large amounts of log data from
various sources into Hadoop.
 HDFS Command Line Interface (CLI): Allows users to interact with HDFS by
using commands to upload, download, and manage files within the Hadoop
environment.
 WebHDFS REST API: Provides a RESTful API for accessing HDFS over HTTP.
Understanding Inputs and Outputs of MapReduce
MapReduce is a programming model used for processing large data sets with a parallel,
distributed algorithm on a cluster. The process involves two main functions:
1. Map Function: Processes input data and generates key-value pairs.
o Input: Data in the form of splits from HDFS.
o Output: Intermediate key-value pairs.
2. Reduce Function: Processes the key-value pairs generated by the map function to
produce the final output.
o Input: Intermediate key-value pairs from the map function.
o Output: Aggregated or summarized results written back to HDFS.
Inputs and Outputs:
 InputFormat: Defines how input data is split and read. Common formats include
TextInputFormat, KeyValueInputFormat, and SequenceFileInputFormat.
 OutputFormat: Defines how the output data is written. Common formats include
TextOutputFormat, KeyValueOutputFormat, and SequenceFileOutputFormat.
Data Serialization
Data serialization is the process of converting data objects into a byte stream for storage,
transfer, and distribution. In Hadoop, serialization is important for ensuring efficient data
exchange between nodes in a distributed system.
 Writable Interface: In Hadoop, all data types that are to be used as keys or values in
MapReduce must implement the Writable interface. Writable objects are used for data
serialization in Hadoop.
  Avro: A serialization framework that provides rich data structures and a compact,
fast, binary data format. Avro is used for serializing data for Hadoop applications.
 Protocol Buffers: A method developed by Google for serializing structured data. It is
used to serialize data into a compact binary format.
 Thrift: An interface definition language and binary communication protocol used for
defining and creating services for numerous languages.
Understanding Hadoop and its ecosystem, along with the mechanisms for moving data and
the basics of data serialization, is crucial for effectively leveraging Big Data technologies.
UNIT - IV Hadoop Architecture: Hadoop: RDBMS Vs Hadoop, Hadoop Overview, Hadoop
distributors, HDFS, HDFS Daemons, Anatomy of File Write and Read., Name Node,
Secondary Name Node, and Data Node, HDFS Architecture, Hadoop Configuration, Map
Reduce Framework, Role of HBase in Big Data processing, HIVE, PIG.
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Hadoop Architecture
RDBMS vs. Hadoop
 RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)
o Schema: Structured schema, data is stored in tables with predefined columns
and types.
o Data Size: Handles gigabytes to terabytes of data.
o ACID Properties: Ensures Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability
for transactions.
o Scaling: Vertical scaling (adding more power to existing machines).
o Query Language: SQL (Structured Query Language).
 Hadoop
o Schema: Schema-on-read, can handle unstructured, semi-structured, and
structured data.
o Data Size: Handles petabytes to exabytes of data.
o ACID Properties: Does not inherently ensure ACID properties.
o Scaling: Horizontal scaling (adding more machines to the cluster).
o Query Language: Various tools such as Hive (SQL-like), Pig (data flow
language).
Hadoop Overview
Hadoop is an open-source framework for processing and storing large datasets in a
distributed computing environment. Its core components are HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File
System) and the MapReduce programming model.
Hadoop Distributors
Several companies provide distributions of Hadoop with additional tools and support:
 Cloudera
 Hortonworks (now part of Cloudera)
 MapR (acquired by HPE)
 Amazon EMR (Elastic MapReduce)
 Microsoft Azure HDInsight
HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System)
HDFS is designed to store large files across multiple machines in a distributed manner. It
provides high throughput access to application data and is suitable for applications with large
datasets.
HDFS Daemons
  NameNode: Manages the metadata and directory structure of the HDFS file system. It
keeps track of the file system tree and the metadata for all the files and directories.
 Secondary NameNode: Periodically merges the NameNode’s namespace image with
the edit log to prevent the edit log from becoming too large. It is not a backup of the
NameNode.
 DataNode: Stores the actual data blocks of the files. It performs read and write
operations as requested by clients.
Anatomy of File Write and Read
 File Write:
1. The client requests the NameNode to create a new file.
2. The NameNode checks for file permissions and space.
3. Data is split into blocks, and the client writes the blocks to DataNodes.
4. DataNodes report back to the NameNode.
 File Read:
1. The client requests the NameNode for file location.
2. The NameNode returns the DataNode locations.
3. The client reads the data blocks directly from the DataNodes.
HDFS Architecture
HDFS follows a master-slave architecture:
 NameNode (Master): Manages the file system metadata and namespace.
 DataNodes (Slaves): Store and retrieve blocks of data as instructed by the
NameNode.
Hadoop Configuration
Hadoop configuration involves setting various parameters to control the behavior of HDFS
and MapReduce. Configuration files include:
 core-site.xml: Core Hadoop settings such as I/O settings.
 hdfs-site.xml: HDFS-specific settings such as replication factor.
 mapred-site.xml: MapReduce-specific settings.
MapReduce Framework
MapReduce is a programming model for processing large datasets with a distributed
algorithm on a cluster. It consists of two main phases:
 Map Phase: Processes input data and produces key-value pairs.
 Reduce Phase: Aggregates and processes key-value pairs to produce the final result.
Role of HBase in Big Data Processing
HBase is a NoSQL database that runs on top of HDFS. It is designed for real-time read/write
access to large datasets. HBase provides:
 Random, real-time read/write access to Big Data.
 Storage for sparse data (data sets with many empty fields).
HIVE
Hive is a data warehousing solution built on top of Hadoop. It provides:
 SQL-like interface: HiveQL for querying and managing large datasets.
 Schema-on-read: Reads schema from data at runtime.
PIG
Pig is a high-level platform for creating MapReduce programs used with Hadoop. It consists
of:
 Pig Latin: A high-level scripting language.
 Pig Runtime: Converts Pig Latin scripts into MapReduce jobs.
These components and tools within the Hadoop ecosystem facilitate the storage, processing,
and analysis of Big Data, making it a powerful framework for handling large-scale data
applications.
UNIT - V Data Analytics with R Machine Learning: Introduction, Supervised Learning,
Unsupervised Learning, Collaborative Filtering, Social Media Analytics, Mobile Analytics,
Big Data Analytics with BigR.
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Data Analytics with R and Machine Learning
Introduction to Data Analytics with R
R is a powerful programming language and environment specifically designed for statistical
computing and graphics. It is widely used for data analysis, statistical modeling, and machine
learning.
Machine Learning Overview
Machine Learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that involves the
development of algorithms that allow computers to learn from and make predictions or
decisions based on data.
Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is a type of machine learning where the model is trained on labeled data.
The algorithm learns the mapping from input to output using training data that includes both
input variables (features) and the corresponding output (labels).
Common supervised learning algorithms include:
1. Linear Regression: Used for predicting a continuous target variable based on one or
more input features.
2. Logistic Regression: Used for binary classification problems.
3. Decision Trees: A tree-like model used for classification and regression tasks.
4. Random Forest: An ensemble method that uses multiple decision trees to improve
prediction accuracy.
5. Support Vector Machines (SVM): Used for classification tasks by finding the
optimal hyperplane that separates different classes.
6. Neural Networks: Complex models inspired by the human brain, used for various
predictive tasks.
Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning involves training a model on data without labeled responses. The goal
is to discover hidden patterns or structures in the data.
Common unsupervised learning algorithms include:
1. K-Means Clustering: Partitions data into K distinct clusters based on feature
similarity.
2. Hierarchical Clustering: Builds a tree of clusters by recursively splitting or merging
them.
3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA): Reduces the dimensionality of the data while
retaining most of the variance.
4. Association Rule Learning: Discovers interesting relationships or associations
between variables in large datasets (e.g., market basket analysis).
Collaborative Filtering
Collaborative filtering is a technique used in recommendation systems. It makes predictions
about user preferences based on past behavior or similar users' behavior. There are two main
types:
 1. User-Based Collaborative Filtering: Recommends items by finding similar users
based on their ratings or interactions.
2. Item-Based Collaborative Filtering: Recommends items by finding similar items
based on user ratings or interactions.
Social Media Analytics
Social Media Analytics involves analyzing data from social media platforms to gain insights
into user behavior, trends, and opinions. Key aspects include:
1. Sentiment Analysis: Determines the sentiment (positive, negative, neutral) expressed
in social media posts.
2. Trend Analysis: Identifies trending topics, hashtags, and content on social media
platforms.
3. Network Analysis: Analyzes the connections and interactions between users to
understand social structures and influence.
4. Engagement Metrics: Measures likes, shares, comments, and other forms of
engagement to assess the impact of social media content.
Mobile Analytics
Mobile Analytics involves collecting and analyzing data from mobile applications to
understand user behavior and improve user experience. Key metrics include:
1. User Acquisition: Tracks how users find and install the app.
2. User Retention: Measures how many users continue to use the app over time.
3. In-App Behavior: Analyzes how users interact with the app, including screen flow,
session length, and feature usage.
4. Conversion Rates: Tracks how many users complete desired actions, such as making
a purchase or signing up.
Big Data Analytics with BigR
BigR is a tool that integrates the R language with big data platforms like Hadoop and Spark,
enabling the analysis of large datasets using familiar R syntax and functions.
 BigR for Hadoop: Allows R users to run R scripts and functions on Hadoop clusters,
leveraging the distributed computing power of Hadoop.
 BigR for Spark: Provides R interfaces for Spark, enabling data scientists to perform
large-scale data analysis and machine learning using Spark's in-memory processing
capabilities.
Applications
1. Data Wrangling: Cleaning and transforming large datasets for analysis.
2. Statistical Modeling: Applying statistical methods to big data for inference and
prediction.
3. Machine Learning: Training and deploying machine learning models on large
datasets.
4. Visualization: Creating visual representations of big data to communicate insights
effectively.
These components of data analytics with R and machine learning are crucial for leveraging
large datasets to gain insights, make predictions, and drive decision-making in various
domains.