PHYSICS (861)

CLASS XII

There willbe twopapers in the subjeçt: Paper II: Practical - 3 hours 15 marks
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours 70 marks
Project Work 10 marks

Practical File 5 marks

PAPER - THEORY: 70 Marks

S. NO. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Electrostatics (4) 14 Marks

2. Current Electricity(?)
3 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism(3) 16 Marks

4 Electromagnetic Induction and Altermating Currents2,

2 Marks
5 Electromagnetic Waves
18 Marks
6. Optics
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
7
(3) 7 Marks

Atoms and Nuclei 6 Marks

7 Marks
9 Electronic Devices (3)
TOTAL 31 70 Marks

(SC Revised Syllabus 2025)

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PAPERI-THEORY- 70 Marks field Ëexperiences
Note: (i) Unless otherwise specified, only S. 1. Units force F = qË. Intensity due to

are to be used while teaching and learning, as well as continuous distribution of charge i.e.
for answering questions. linear, surface and volume.
(ii) All physical quantities to be defined as and when (c) Electric lines of force: A convenient way
they are introduced along with their units and
to visualize the electric field; properties
dimensions. of lines of force; examplesof the lines of
(iii) Numerical problems are included from all topics force due to (i) an isolated point charge
exCept where they are specifically excluded or where (tve and - ve); (ii) dipole, (ii) two
onlv qualitative treatment is required. similar charges at a smalldistance:(iv)
uniform field between two oppositely
1. lectrostatics charged parallel plates.
(i) Electric Charges and Fields (d) Electric dipole and dipole moment;
Electric charges; conservation and derivation of the E at a point, () on the
quantisation of charge, Coulomb's law; axis (end on position) (2) on the
superposition principle and continuous perpendicular bisector (equatorial i.e.
charge distribution. broad side on position) of a dipole, also
Electric field: electric field due to a point for r>> 21 (short dipole); dipole in a
uniform electric field; net force zero,
charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, an electric dipole:
torque
electric field due to a dipole, torque on a 7=pxE and its derivation.
dipole in uniform electric field.
Electric flux, Gauss's theoremn in (e) Gauss' theorem: the flux of a vector
Electrostatics and its applications to find field; Q=VA for velocity vector
field due to infinitely long straight wire,
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and A is area vector. Similarly, for electric
uniformly charged thin spherical shell. field E, electric flux ¢e = EA for E A
(a) Coulomb's law, S.I. unit of
charge; permittivity of free space and o =E-A for uniform E. For non
medium.
and of dielectric
Frictional electricity, electric charges uniform field ¢e - Jdó =/ E.dá. Special
and cases for = 0, 90 and 180. Gauss'
(two types); repulsion statement:
attraction; simple atomic structure theorem,
and ions; conductors ord, =E dA= where ¢[ is for
electrons
and insulators; quantization and a closed surface; q is the net charge
conservation of electric charge;
enclosed,. e, is the permittivity of free
Coulomb's law in vector form; (position
coordinates , rn not necessary). space. Essential properties ofa Gaussian
surface.
Comparison with Newton's law of
gravitation; Supeposition principle Applications: Obtain expressionfor E
due to 1. an infinite line of charge, 2. a
(F, =Fz+Fn+Fut). uniformly charged infinite plane thin
intensity; sheet, 3. athin hollow spherical shell
(b) Concept of electric field and its
examples of different fields; (inside, on the surface and outside).
gravitational, electric and magnetic; Graphical variation of E vs r for a thin
Electric field due to a point charge spherical shell.
E= Flgo (qo is a testcharge): E for a
group
of charges (superposition
principle); a point charge q in an electric

2
(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025)
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 (i) Electrostatic Potential, Potential nergy and capacitance for capacitors in series and
Capacitance parallel combinations. Expression for
Electric potential, potential difference, 1
energy stored (U -Cy
electric potential due to a point charge, a 2
dipole and system of charges; cquipotential
surfaces, electrical potential energy of a -)and energy density.
2C L>onyeplain
system of two point charges and of clectric
dipole in an clectrostatic field. (c) Dielectric constant K = C'/C: this is also
Conductors and insulators, free charges and called relative permittivity K = E, = e/E
bound charges inside conductor. elementary ideas of polarization of matter
Dielectrics and electric polarisation, in a uniform electric field qualitative
capacitors and capacitance, combination discussion; induced surface charges
of capacitors in series and in paralle. weaken the original field; results in
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, reduction in E and hence, in pd, (V); for
energy stored in a capacitor (No derivation, charge remaining the same Q= CV = C'
formulae only). V= K. Cr; y = VK; and E' = i if
K
(a) Concept of potential, potential difference the Capacitor is kept connected with the
and potential energy. Equipotential source of emf, Vis kept constant V= 0/C=
surface and its properties. Obtain an QUC' Q'-CV K.
expression for electric potential at a CV= K, Oincreases; For a parallel plate
point due to a point charge; graphical capacitor with a dielectric in between,
variation of E and V vs r, Vp=W/go C' = KC = K.E . Ald = ¬, .Eo .Ald.
hence Va -V = WBAw qo (taking qo from B
to A) =(g/4nE)(ra - 'Ira); derive this Then C' for capacitor
equation; also Va = g/4rEO .1/ra ; for
q>0, V4>0 and for g<0, V, <0. For a ()
collection of charges V= algebraic sum partially filled dielectric, capacitance,
of the potentials due to each charge; C'=EoA/(d-t + tle).
potential due to a dipole on its axial line
and equatorial line; also at any point for 2/ Current Electricity
r>>2l (short dipole). Potential energy of Mechanism of flow of current in conductors.
a point charge (q) in an electric fieldE, Mobility, drift velocity and its relation with
placed at apoint P where potential is , electric current; Ohm's law and its proof,
is given by U =gV and AU =g (Va-Va). resistance and resistivity and their relation to
The electrostatic potential energy f a drift velocity of electrons; V-I characteristics
(linear and non-linear), electrical energy and
system of two charges = work done
W-Wi2 in assembling the system; Ui2 power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.
Temperature dependence of resistance and
or U2 = (1/4nEo ) qiq/r12 For a system
of 3 charges Ui23 = Up t U3 t U:3 resistivity.
Internal resistance of cell, potential
For a difference and emf of acell, combination of
i2 cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhof's laws
dipole in a uniformn electric field, derive and simple applications, Wheatstone bridge,
an expression of the electric potential metre bridge. Potentiometer - principle and its
energy UE = -p.E, special cases for applications to measure potential difference, to
internal
-0. 90 and 180". compare emf of two cells; to measure
resistance of a cell.
(b) Capacitance of a conductor C = Q/V:
obtain the capucitance of a parallel-plate
capacitor (C = Ald) and equivalent
3
i (SC Revised Syllabus 2025)
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 and the +ve
terminal is at a lower level
electron theory of conduction; from -ve
(a) Free terminal at a higher level, so going
acceleration of free electrons, relaxation to tvethrough the cel, we are going up
and
time t ; electric current I =Q; concept of AV=+e and going from tve to
-ve terminal
drift velocity and electron mobility. Ohm's down, so 4V=
through the cell, we are going Wheatstone
law. current density J =WA; experimental circuits.
verification, graphs and slope, ohmic -E Application to simple
bridge; rightin the beginning take I=0 as we
and non-ohmnic conductors; obtain the derivation of
consider a balanced bridge,
relation =VenA. Derive G = ne' tm and R/R (Kirchhoff's law not
m/ne ; effect of temperature on R/R: =

form
necessary). Metre bridge is a modified
resistivity and resistance of conductors and use to measure
semiconductors and graphs. Resistance R= of Wheatstone bridge, its lip and
unknown resistance. Here R
VI; resistivity p, given by R = plA; Ry=l2p; R/Ry=l/l. Principle of
conductivity and conductance; Ohm's law as in potential 4V a Al,
Potentiometer: fall
j=o. the fall
auxiliary emf e; is balanced against
= V =Kli;
(b) Electrical energy consumed in time in potential VË across length l. e, voltmeter.
1 is E-Pt= VIt; using Ohm 's law llz; potentiometer as a
E/&, =
Potential gradient and sensitivity of
( = Rt. Potential difference
V= P/:P= VI; Electric power consumed
potentiometer. Use of potentiometer: to
compare emfs of two- cells, to
determine
internal resistance of a cell.
P =VI = /R =I R: commercial units;
electricity consumption and billing. Magnetism
3. Magnetic Effects of Current and
emf (such
(c) The source of energy of a seat ofmechanical, i Moving charges and magnetism
as a cell) may be electrical, field, Oersted's
thermal or radiant energy. The emf of a Concept of magnetic Savart law and its
experiment. Biot
source is defined as the work done per unit law and its
application. Ampere's Circuital
charge to force them to go to the higher point long straight wire,
of potential (from -ve terminal to tve applications to infinitely
straight solenoids (only qualitative
terminal inside the cell) so, e = dW ldq; but treatment). Force on a moving charge in
dg = ldt; dW = adg = ldt. Equating total
work done to the work done across the uniform magnetic and electric fields. Force
on a current-carrying conductor in a
uniform
external resistor R plus the work done across
Irdt: magnetic field, force between two parallel
the internal resistance r: aldt=PR dt+ current-carrying conductors-definition of
E=l(R t r); Fa(R +r); also IR +Ir =s
aS ampere, torque experienced by a current loop
or V=& Ir where lr is called the back emf
terminal pd. in uniform magnetic field; moving coi!
it acts against the emf[; Vis the galvanometer - its sensitivity. Conversion of
Derivation of formulae for combination for galvanometer into an ammeter and
identical cells in series, parallel and mixed voltmeter.
grouping. Parallel combination of two cells
of unequal emf. Series combination of n cells (iYMagnetism and Matter
expla ciheT
of unequalemf A current loop as a magnetic dipole, its
(d) Staiement and explanation of Kirchhof'smes
first isa
magnetic dipole moment, magnetic dipole
moment of a revolving electron, magnetic
laws with simple examples. The
conservation law_for charge and the 2nd is field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar
law of conservation of energy. Note change magnet) on the axíal line and equatorial line
when (Qualitative only) torque on a magnetic
in potential across aresistor AV=IR<0
we go 'down'with the current (compare with dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic
flow of water down a river), and AV=IR>0 if field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid.
we go up against the current across the Diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and
resistor. When we go through a cell, the -ve

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 4

 ferromagnetic substances, with examples. (d) Magnetic field represented by the symbol
Electromagnets and factors affecting their Bis now defined by the equation
strengths, permanent magnets. F=qo (Gx B); B is not to be defined in
(a) Only historical introduction through terms of force acting on a unit pole, etc.;
Oersted 's experiment. [Ampere 's
note the distinction of B from E is that
swimming rule notincluded]. Biot-Savart B forms closed loops as there are no
law and its vector form; application;
derive the expression for B ) at the magnetic monopoles, whereas E lines
centre of a circular loop carrying start from tve charge and end on -ve
current; ii at any point on its axis. charge. Magnetic field lines due to a
Current carrying loop as a magnetic magnetic dipole (bar magnet). Magnetic
dipole. Ampere's Circuital law: field in end-on and broadside-on
statement and brief explanation. Apply it positions (No derivations). Magnetic flux
to obtain B near along wire carrying ó =B.A= BA or B uniform and
y edevaten
current and for a solenoid. Only formula
-fe infnh
B| A; i.e. area held perpendicular to
of B due to afinitely long conductor, A), B=dA is the flux
For ¢= BA(B
(b) Force on a moving charged particle density [SI unit of flux is weber (Wb)):
magnetic field Fa =g(kxB); special but note that this is not correct as a
cases, modify this equation substituting defining equation as B is vector and
dll dt for v and Ifor gldt to yield F = and oA are scalars, unitof B is tesla (T)
Jdl x B for the force acting ona current equal to 10* gauss. For non-uniform B
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field, #= ió=fB.dÃ.
field. Derive the expression for force (e) Properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic
between two long and parallel wires and ferromagnetic substances; their
carrying current, hence, define ampere susceptibility and relative permeability.
(the base SI unit of current) and hence,
coulomb; from ) = It. Lorentz force. is better to explain the main
give distinction, the cause of magnetization
(c) Derive the expression for torque on a (M) is due to magnetic dipole moment
current carrying loop placed in a (m) of atoms, ions or molecules being 0
uniform B, using F= ||xB and t= for dia, >0 but very small for para and
> 0 and large for ferromagnetic
rx F; T= NIAB sin for Nturns T t y r e smaterials; few examples; placed in

feld
= mx B, where the dipole moment m= external B, very small (nduced)
NIA, unit: A.m. A current carying magnetization in a direction opposite to
my
directions of B in dia, small magnetization parallel to
loop is a magnetic dipole;
hand
current and Band m using right B for para, and large magnetization
rule only: no other rule necessary. parallel to for ferromagnetic
Mention orbital magnetic moment of an materials; this leads to lines of B
atom.
electron in Bohr model of H becoming less dense, more dense and
Concept of radial magnetic field. Moving
coil galvanometer; construction, much more dense in dia, para and ferro,
respectively; hence, aweak repulsion for
principle, working, theory = ko, dia, weak attraction for para and strong
Shunt.
current and voltage sensitivity. attraction for ferro magnetic material.
Conversion of galvanometer into
Also, a small bar suspended in the
ammeter and voltmeter of given range. horizontal plane becomes perpendicular
to B
to the B field for dia and parallel

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025)

 for para and ferro. Defining equation H Mutual induction and mutual inductance
= (B/uo)-M: the
magnetic properties, (M),flux linked ¢ = MI: induced emf
susceptibility Xm = (M/H) < 0for dia (as
M is opposite H) and >0 for para, both dd,-dl, Definition of M as
very small, but very large for ferro: dt dt
hence relative permeability -(l+ Xm) M= Or M= SI unit
<Ifor dia, > 1for para and >>l(very dli
large) for ferro; further, Xm xl/T (Curie 's dt
law) for para, independent of henry. Expression for coefficient of
temperature (T) for dia and depends on mutual inductance of two coaxial
T in a complicated manner for ferro; on solenoids.
heating ferro becomes para at Curie M-NN,4 =H,n, N,A
temperature. Electromagnet: its Induced
definition, properties and factors
affecting the strength of electromagnet; emf opposes changes, back emf is set up,
selection of magnetic material for eddy currents.
temporary and permanent magnets and Transformer (ideal coupling): principle,
core of the transformer on the basis of working and uses; step up and step
retentivity and coercive force (B-H loop down; efficiency and applications
and its significance, retentivity and including transmission of power, energy
coercive force (Qualitative only)). losses and their minimisation.

4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating (c) Sinusoidal variation ofV and I with time,
Currents for the output from an ac

(i) Electromagnetic Induction generator; time period, frequency and

phase changes;(obtain mean values of
Faraday's laws, induced emf and current; Current and voliage, obtain relation
Lenz's Law, eddy currents. Self-induction between RMS value of Vand I with peak
and mutual induction. Transformer. values in sinusoidal cases only. Jsim
(ü) Alternating Current (d) (Variation of voltage and current in q.c.
circuits consisting of onlyaresistor, only
Peak value, mean value and RMS value of
alternating current/voltage; their relation in an inductor and onlya capacitor (phasor
representation), phase lag and phase
sinusoidal case; reactance and impedance;
lead. May apply Kirchhoff's law and
LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), obtain simple differential equation (SHM
LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC
type), V= Vo sin ot, solution I = lb sin
circuits, wattless current. AC generator. ot, losin (ot t u2) and lo sin ( - n2)
(a) Electromagnetic induction, Magnetic for pure R. C and L circuits respectively.
flux, change in flux, rate of change of Draw phase (or phasor) diagrams
flux and induced emf; Faraday 's laws. showing voltage and current and phase
dnian Lenz's law, conservation of energy; lag or lead, also showing resistance R,
motional emf E Bly, and power P= inductive reactance X; (X=L) and
(Bly)/R; eddy currents (qualitatie): capacitive reactance Xc. (X¢ = l/oC).
steps (b) Self-Induction, coefficient of self Graph of XL and Xc vsf.
(e) The LCR series circuit: Use phasor
C c h e c
o l e
n

inductance, = LI and L=
diagram method to obtain expression for
e h a
k i )

henry = volt. Second/ampere, expression Iand V, the pd across R, L and C; and

for coefficient of self-inductance of a the net phase lag/lead; use the results of
solenoid,=HiNA 4(e), V lags I by n2 in a capacitor, V
leads Iby 2in an inductor, Vand Iare

6
(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025)
 in phase in a resistor, I is the same in all
three; hence draw phase Concept of displacement current, qualitative
combine VL and Vc (in oppositediagram,
phase;
descriptions only of electromagnetic spectrum;
Common features of all regions of
phasors add like vectors) to
electromagnetic spectrum including transverse
give V=VR+V+Vc(phasor addition) and nature (E and B perpendicular to c): special
the max. values are
related by features of the common classification (gamma
V=VRm t(VLm-Vcm) when VL>Ve
rays, X rays, UV rays, visible light, IR,
Substituting pd-current microwaves, radio and TV waves) in their
resistance reactance, We get production (source), detection and other
Z'tan-R+(XL-XJ'
= (VL m
and
properties; uses; approximate range of or for
-Vom)/VRm = (Xi-X)/R at least proper order of increasing for 2.
giving I =Im sin (wt-) where I m=VZ
etc. Special cases for RL and RC circuits.
[May use Kircho's law and obtain the 6. Optics
differential equation] Graph of Zvs fand (i) Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Ivs f Ray Optics: Reflection of light by
() Power P associated with LCR circuit = spherical mirrors, mirror formula,
2Volo cos -Vmslrms cOS¢ = Im R; refraction of light at plane surfaces, total
power absorbed and power dissipated; internal reflection and its applications,
electrical resonance; bandwidth of optical fibres, refraction at spherical
signals and factor (no derivation); den surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens
Oscillations in an LC circuit ( maker's formula, magnification, power of
a lens, combination of thin lenses in
1/NLC ). Average power consumed contact, combination of a lens and a miror,
averaged over a full cycle P= refraction and dispersion of light through a
(1/2) Vlo cos. Power factor prism.
cos¢ = R/Z. Special case for pre R, L Optical instruments: Microscopes and
and C; choke coil (analytical only), XL astronomical telescopes (reflecting and
controls current but cos = 0, hence CartesiA
refracting) and their magnifying powers.
P=0, wattless current; LC circuit; at Coodi (a) Reflection of light by spherical mirrors.
resonance with X=X,Z=Zmin R,power
delivered to circuit by the source is Mirror formula: its derivation: R=2f for
maximum, resonant frequency spherical mirrors. Magnification nedoi vt
1 b) Refraction of light at a plane interface,
Snell's law; total internal reflection and yec
27VLC criticalangle; total reflecting prisms and
(g) Simple a.c. generators: Principle, optical fibers. Total reflecting prisms:
description, theory, working and use. application to triangular prisms with
Variation in current and voltage with angle of the prism 30°, 45, 60 and 90
time for a.c. and d.c. Basic differences respectively; ray diagrams for Refraction
between a.c. and d.c. through a combination of
media, n, X,n, x n, =1, real depth
5. Electromagnetic Waves and apparent depth. Simple applications.
Basic idea of displacement current. (c) Refraction through a prism, minimum
Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their deviation and derivation of
transverse nature (qualitative ideas only). relation between n, A and min. Include
Complete electromagnetic spectrum starting from explanation of i-8 graph, i, = i; =i(say)
radio waves to gamma rays: elementary facts of for m; from symmetry r1 = rz; refracted
electromagnetic waves and their uses. ray inside the prism is parallel to the
Dioplacemet coameut Conlelha base of the equilateral prism. Thinprism.
7
qrah betwehagyle of
(SC Revised Syllabus 2025)

. mde d
Wavee} Peyulor pn'ss
sin Si
 second

Dispersion; Angular dispersion; diffraction due to a single slit, width of

dispersive power, rainbow - ray diagram central maximum.

(no derivation). Simple eplanation. on (a) Huygen's principle: wavefronts - different

(d) Refraction at a single spherical surface e types/shapes of wavefronts; proof of laws
detailed discussion of one case only of reflection and refraction using
Conve towards rarer medium, for Huygen 's theory. [Refraction through a
prism and lens on the basis of Huygen 's
spherical surface and real image. Derive
the relation between n, n, u, v and R. theory not required].
Refraction through thin lenses: tderive (b) Interference of light, interference of
Step),
-lens maker's formula and lens formula; monochromatic light by double slit.
derivation of combined focal length of Phase of wave motion; superposition of
wo thin lenses in contact. Combination identical waves at a point, path
itn
of lenses and mirrors (silvering of lens difference and phase difference; coherent
excluded) and magnification for lens, and incoherent sources,; interference:
derivation for biconvex lens only; exrtend constructive and destructive, conditions
the results to biconcave lens, plano for sustained interference of light waves
convex lens and lens immersed in a [mathematical deduction of interference
humncad
liquid; power of a lens P=lf with SI from the equations of two progressive
unit dioptre. For lenses in contact 1/F waves with a phase-difference is not
1f+1f; and P=P+P2. Lens formula, required) Young's double slit
formation of image with combination of experiment: set up, diagram, geometrical
mim thin lenses and mirrors. deduction of path difference Ar = dsin .
|Any onesign convention may be used in between waves from the two slits; using
solving numericals]. Ar=nl for bright fringe and Ar= (n+%)2
(e) Ray diagram and derivation of for dark fringe and sin = tan =y, D
magnifying power of a simple as y and are small, obtain y,=(D/d)ni
microscope with image at D (east and fringe width B=(D/d)2. Graph of
distance of distinct vision) and infinity: distribution of intensity with angular
Ray diagram and derivation of distance.
magnifying power of a compound (c) Single slit Fraunhofer difraction
microscope with image at D. Only) (elementary explanation, qualitative
expression for magnifying power ofl treatment only). Diffraction at a single
compound microscope for final image at) slit: experimental setup, diagram.
infinityDerivat et ne
diffraction pattern, obtain expression for
(Ray diagrams of refracting telescope position of minina, a sinb,= nà, where n
with image at infinity as well as at D; = 1,2,3... and conditionsfor secondary
simple explanation; derivation of maxima, asino, -(n+%).; distribution
magnifying power; Ray diagram of of intensity with angular distance:
Yeflecting telescope with image at angular width of central bright fringe J
dis
infinity. Advantages, disadvantages and
uses. Resolving power of compound 7. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
microscope, )ony in sim det Wave particle duality: photoelectric effect,
Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's
(i) Wave Optics photoelectric equation - particle nature of light.
Wave front and Huygen's principle.Proof Matter waves wave nature of particles,
of laws of reflection and refraction using de-Broglie relation; conclusion from Davisson
2 Huygen's principle. Interference, Young's Germer experiment (Qualitative only).
ppils double slit experiment and expression for quantization of
fringe width(ß), coherent sources and (a) Photo electric effec,
anays sustained interference of light, Fraunhofer radiation; Einstein's equation

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 8

 Emax = hv - Wo: threshold frequency; work energy. potential energy, radius of orbit and
function; experimental facts of Hertz and total energy of electron. Energ level
Lenard and their conclusions; Einstein used diagram, calculation of AE. frequency and
Planck 's ideas and extended it to apply for wavelength of different lines of emission
radiation (light); photoelectric effect can be spectra; agreement with experimentally
explained only assuming quantum (particle) observed values. [Use nm and not A for unit
nature of radiation. Determination of of2).
Planck 's constant (from the graph of
stopping potential V, versus frequency f of (ii) Nuclei
the incident light). Momentum of photoni h Composition and size of nucleus. Mass
p-Elc-hvc=h/2. energy relation, mass defect; binding
(b) De Broglie hypothesis,(phenomenon of energy per nucleon and its variation with
mass number: Nuclear reactions, nuclear
electron diffraction (gualitative only). Wave fission and nuclear fusion.
nature of radiation is exhibited in
interference, diffraction and polarisation; (a) Atomic masses and nuclear density:
particle nature is exhibited in photoelectric Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones
effect. Dual nature of matter: particle definitions with examples of each.
nature Common in that it possesses Unified atomic nass unit, symbol u,
momentum p and kinetic energy KE. The Tu=I/12 of the mass of "C atom
wave nature of matter was proposed by 1.66x10 kg). Composition of nucleus;
Louis de Broglie, =hp= h/mv. Davisson mass defect and binding energy. BE=
and Germer experiment; qualitative (Am) c. Graph of BE/mucleon versus
the experiment and mass number A, special features - less
description of
BE/nucleon for light as well as heavy
conclusion.
elements. Middle order more stable /see
8. Atomns and Nuclei
fission and fusion) Einstein 's equation
(i) Atoms E=mc'. Calculations related to this
Alpha-particle scattering experiment;
equation; mass defect/binding energy,
mutual annihilation and pair production
Rutherford's atomic model; Bohr's atomic
as examples.
model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.
Rutherford's nuclear model of atom
(b) Nuclear Energy
(mathemnatical theory of scattering ercluded), Theoretical (qualitative) prediction of
based on Geiger - Marsden experiment on exothermic (with release of energy)
a-scattering; nuclear radius r in terms of nuclear reaction, in fusing together two
closest approach of a particle to the nucleus, light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus
obtained by equating AK=½ m' of the a and in spliting heayy nucleus to form
particle to the change in electrostatic middle order (lower mass number)
Dnuclei, is evident from the shape of BE
potential energy AU of the System per nucleon versus mass number graph.
2ex Ze ro~l0m = 1 fermi; atomic
Also calculate the disintegration energy
4nE 2for a heavy nucleus (4=240) with
structure; only general gualitative ideas, BÈ/A ~ 7.6 MeV per nucleon split into
including atomic number Z, Neutron number sh.h two equal halves with A=120 each and
N and mass number A. Abrief account of elemt BE/A ~ 8.5 MeVnucleon; Q~ 200MeV.
historical background leading to Bohr's
Nuclear fission: Any one equation of
theory of hydrogen spectrum,; formulae for mont fission reaction. Chain reaction
wavelength in Lyman, Balmer, Paschen,
controlled and uncontrolled: nuclear
Brackett and Pfund series. Rydberg constant. [ers

Bohr's model of H atom, postulates (2=); . reactor and nuclear bomb. Main parts of
a nuclear reactor including their
expressions for orbital velocity, kinetic functions - fuel elements, moderalor,
en t ntlev tusm
(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 9
 control rods, coolant, casing; criticality; intrinsic and extrinsic, doping, p-type, n
utilization of energy output all type; donor and acceptor impurities.
qualitative only. Fusion, simple example (b) Junction diode and its symbol;
of 4 'H’He and its nuclear
reaction depletion region and potential barrier;:
equation; requires very high temperature forward and reverse
10° degrees: difficult to achieve: biasing.
hydrogen bomb; thermomuclear energy characteristics and numericals; half wave
production in the sun and stars. Details and afull wave rectifier. Simple circuit
of chain reaction not required]. diagrams and graphs, function of each
component in the electric circuits, qualitative
9. Electronic Devices
only. [Bridge rectifier of 4 diodes not
(i) Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, included]; elementary ideas on solar cell,
Devices and Simple Circuits. Energy bands in photodiode and light emitting diode (LED) as
conductors, semiconductors and insulators semi conducting diodes. Importance of
LED's as they save energy without causing
(qualitative ideas only). Intrinsic and
extrinsic semiconductors. P and n type, p-n atmospheric pollution and global warming.
junction. (Zener diode, V- characteristics, circuit
(ii) Semiconductor diode: LV characteristics in diagram and working of Zener diode as a
forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; voltage regulator.)
PAPERII
Special types of junction diodes: LED,
y y t e

photodiode and solar cell and Zener diode PRACTICAL WORK- 15 Marks
s h u e t e

and its characteristics, Zener diode as a

The experiments for laboratory work and practical
voltage regular. examinations are mostly from two groups:
(a) Energy bands in solids; energy band (1) experiments based on ray optics and
diagrams for distinction between conductors, (ii) experiments based on current electricity.
nizne
insulators and semi-conductors intrinsic The main skill required in group (i) is to remove
and extrinsic: electrons and holes in parallax between a needle and the real image of
semiconductors. another needle.
Elementary ideas about electrical conduction In group (i1), understanding circuit diagram and
in metals crystal structure not included]. making connections strictly following the given
Energy levels (as for hydrogen atom), ls, 2s, diagram is very important. Polarity of cells and
2p, 3s, etc. of an isolated atom such as that of meters, their range, zero error, least count, etc. should
be taken care of.
copper; these split, eventually forming
'bands'of energy levels, as we consider solid A graph is a convenient and effective way of
copper made up of a large number of representing results of measurement. It is an
isolated atoms, brought together to form a important part of the experiment.
lattice; definition of energy bands - groups of There will be one graph in the Practical question
closely spaced energy levels separated by paper.
band gaps called forbidden bands. An Candidates are advised to read the question paper
idealized representation of the energy bands carefully and do the work according to the
for aconductor, insulator and instructions given in the question paper. Generally
fow
diode
semiconductor; characteristics, differences; they are not expected to write the procedure of the
e xcluded
distinction between conductors, insulators experiment, formulae, precautions, or draw the
and semiconductors on the basis of energy figures, circuit diagrams, etc.
bands, with examples; qualitative discussion Observations should be recorded in a tabular form.
only; energy gaps (eV) in typical substances
(carbon, Ge, Si); some electrical properties Record of observations
of semiconductors. Majority and minority All observations recorded should be consistent
charge carriers electrons and holes; with the least count of the instrument used (e.g.

10
qM-grqh
(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025)