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The Laws of Arithmetic: Getting Started

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33 views6 pages

The Laws of Arithmetic: Getting Started

Uploaded by

Talgat C
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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16 The laws of

arithmetic
Getting started
1 Mandisa calculates 7 × 5 × 8 × 2 mentally.
She says, ‘I can find the answer by multiplying 56 by 10.’
Explain how she knows this.
2 Copy and complete this calculation.
7 × 24

7× = 140 + 7× =

3 Calculate.
a 14 + 12 ÷ 4 b 17 – 6 × 2 c 8 × 9 – 22
4 Eva writes 6 + 9 × 5 = 75
Is she correct? Explain your answer.
5 Copy the calculation and write in the missing numbers.
a 3× + 9 = 30 b 6×8– = 30

222
16.1 The laws of arithmetic

Which is correct?
Can you remember the rules (3 + 7) × 4 = 40 3 + 7 × 4 = 40
for calculations with different
operations?
In Stage 5, you learned how the four operations, addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division follow
a particular order.
In this unit, you will learn how brackets can be used to change
the order of operations.

16.1 The laws of arithmetic


We are going to …
• use the laws of arithmetic to simplify calculations
• understand the order of operations and use brackets to change
the order of operations.

A rule tells you what you can and can’t do.


associative rule brackets
In mathematics, you must follow the rule
commutative rule distributive rule
to do multiplication and division before
addition and subtraction. order of operations

223
16 The laws of arithmetic

Arun and Marcus are calculating using the numbers 5, 6 and 7.

I want to multiply
6 and 7 and add my
result to 5.

Arun writes 5 + 6 × 7 = 47

I want to add 5 and 6


and then multiply by 7.

How can Marcus write his calculation?


In this section, you will learn how to help Marcus write his calculation.

Worked example 1

Why do these calculations give different answers?


A 3×4+6 B 3 × (4 + 6)

In calculation A we do the multiplication The order of operations is:


first: Brackets
3 × 4 + 6 = 12 + 6 Multiplication and division
= 18 Addition and subtraction
In calculation B we do the operation in The numbers and operations are
brackets first: the same, but the brackets identify the
3 × (4 + 6) = 3 × 10 operation that is done first.

= 30
Answer: The calculations give different answers because the brackets
in B change the order in which operations are done.

224
16.1 The laws of arithmetic

Exercise 16.1
1 Each learner is thinking of a number.
Draw a diagram and write a calculation to show how to work out their numbers.
a Tariq is thinking of a number. He adds 7 to his number,
then divides by 10. His answer is 1.
What number is Tariq thinking of?
b Sonja is thinking of a number. She adds 5 to her number,
then divides by 2. Her answer is 6.
What number is Sonja thinking of?
c Pierre is thinking of a number. He multiplies his number by 3,
then subtracts 2. His answer is 4.
What number is Pierre thinking of?
d Lan is thinking of a number. She divides her number by 3,
then adds 11. Her answer is 14.
What number is Lan thinking of?
2 Calculate.
a (5 + 2) × 3 b (3 × 6) + 4 c 3 × (8 – 5)
d (8 – 6) × 4 e (3 + 7) ÷ 10 f (12 + 6) ÷ 3
One of the calculations gives the same answer even if the brackets
are removed. Which calculation is it?
Check your answers with your partner.
3 Are the following statements true or false? If a statement is false,
write it out correctly.
a 6 + 3 × 4 = 18 b (6 + 3) × 4 = 36 c (6 + 3) × 4 = 18
4 Put brackets in these calculations to make them correct.
a 6 + 2 × 5 = 40 b 3 + 4 × 2 + 4 = 42
c 3 × 4 + 2 = 18 d 4 + 3 + 2 × 2 = 18

225
16 The laws of arithmetic

5 Use these numbers together with brackets and operation signs


to make the target number.
Example: 3, 4, 6 Target 42 Answer (3 + 4) × 6
a 2, 5, 5 Target 35
b 5, 7, 10 Target 20
c 2, 5, 14 Target 18
6 42 × 24 is equivalent to 42 × 2 × 12
Find three more ways to multiply 42 × 24.
Write your answers in the form 42 × ×
Choose one way to do the calculation.
7 Use the distributive rule to calculate the following showing all the
stages of your working.
a 5 × (70 + 1) b 6 × (60 – 3)
c 7 × (90 + 2) d 8 × (40 – 3)
8 Use the distributive rule to work out these calculations.
Show all your working.
a 3 × 67 b 8 × 93
c 7 × 48 d 9 × 79
9 Are the following statements true or false?
Explain your decisions to your partner.
a 8+5–7=8+7–5
b 2 × (3 + 4) = 2 × 3 + 4
c 10 × 5 ÷ 2 = 10 × (5 ÷ 2)

Look back at your work. Did you use the worked example to
help you? If you did, how did you use it?
Did you find it helpful to discuss your answers with your partner?
Did you make any improvements to your work after doing this?

226
16.1 The laws of arithmetic

Think like a mathematician

You have these cards:


1 2 3 4 + – × ÷ ( )

Use as many of the cards as you like to Tip


try to make the numbers from 11 to 20.
You are not allowed to make An example using all
2-digit numbers, for example 12 + 3 four numbers is:
is not allowed. (4 + 2) × (3 – 1) = 16
How many numbers can you make
using all four number cards in the calculation?

Look what I can do!

I can use the laws of arithmetic to simplify calculations.


I understand the order of operations and use brackets to change
the order of operations.

Check your progress


1 Write the missing number.
10 × 10 = ÷ (10 + 10)
2 Calculate.
a 3×4+6 b 7 + 11 – 6 c 14 ÷ 7 + 13
d (2 + 3) – (4 – 1) e (14 – 6) × (3 + 1) f 27 ÷ 9 × 4
3 Write the correct sign <, > or = to make each statement correct.
a 3 × (4 + 5) 3×4+5 b (8 + 6) ÷ 2 8+6÷2
4 Use these numbers together with brackets and operation signs to
make the target number.
a 2, 3 and 4 Target 6 b 3, 4 and 7 Target 40
c 4, 12 and 15 Target 12 d 3, 5 and 18 Target 3
5 Put brackets in the calculation to make the answer 50.
4 + 5 + 1 × 5

227

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