Quiz 2

-It is a solution that heads a solution and for which there are possible solutions.

Research Problem - It is a discrepancy between what is and who ought to be.

It is a specific gap in existing knowledge that you aim to address in your research. You may
choose to look for practical problems aimed at contributing to change, or our theoretical
problem aimed expanding knowledge. Some research will do both of these things but usually
the research problem focuses on one or the other. The type of research problem you choose
depends on your broad topic of interest and the type of research you think will fit best.

A Research problem is a statement about an area of Concern a condition to be improved, a

difficulty to be eliminated or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature in theory or
in practice that’s points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation

Purpose Research problem

It is to introduce the reader to the Importance of topics being studied. Reader is Oriented to the
significance of the study and the research questions follow.

It Places the problem into a Particular context that defines the Parameters of What to be
investigated.

It provides the framework for reporting the results and Indicates What Probably necessary to
conduct the study and explain how findings will present this Information

Example

Research design

It is a strategy for answering your research question Using Empirical data.

A Well planned research design helps ensure that Your Method's match your research
Objectives and that You use the rights kind of all analysis for your data. It is the overall strategy
and analytical approach that you have chosen in order to integrate, incoherent and Logical way,
the different Components of the study, thus ensuring that the research problem will be
thoroughly Investigated
Research design is the Overall strategy that a research chooses to integrate different
component of the study in a coherent and logical way, ensuring they effectively address the
research fundamentally influences choice of research design.

Examples: Comparing school dropout bullying levels and possible bullying events

1) Exploratory Research problem

The nature of the problem aims to explore an area where little is known. It uses qualitative
methods like Interviews, Focus groups and open ended surveys. Also flexible designs which are
less structured and more adaptable to new findings

Examples investigating a new social trend.

2) Descriptive Research problems

These Research Problem seek to describe the characteristics or functions of something and it
uses Observational studies and Surveys as quantitative Methods. Structured designs use
predefined questions and standardized procedures Describing demographic characteristics of a
particular group

3) Explanatory Research Casual

Its aim is to explain the relationships between Variables. use of hypothesis testing to control
and experiment groups to test hypothesis and quantitative Methods like experiments,
longitudinal Studios and Cross Sections and quash-experiment

Examples are testing to new drugs on disease Outcome like cases of covid

Data collection methods. Problems

Diffrout collecting research meforcets data sequire ciprent Methods for problems and

9) Quantitative Theise Research - Explore under Ramblas -onderstand Subjective

Methods allow researcles to measure vanable Precisely and analyse relationships.

quantitatively for problems requining Urronical data and statistical analy 218, Motnacks
Like Surveys, experimads, and Systernatić obzorations Common ar Measure diffrent types of
vanalbos idesenbe frequnids larareyes auf

il qualebative Research - understand subjative, expenonas beliefs iconapta

It pronde detailed insights into subjective experience and Cultural coulaxts and for exploring
meanings, expenanes and social processes, motuals such 42. euthnography and content
Analyzia are Intreneens considerat

2) Nature of research problem

(1)Descrptive Research It include

Cross-sectional studies which Capture data at a Single point in time) or longitudinal studias
(which track Changes over temo Used to describe Charadenstice of a phenomenon, e
Prevelane) dismibution or patterns and Researches use Obzoriatal designs

Exploratory Research There inothad allow develop researches grus theon's about andalying
Machanurns, to explore new ideas, generate hypothesis, qualitative method's Like Internaws. I
focus groups avid case Studies are oflen employed

11) Explanatory or Causal Research Research Arms etablizn quant pawal designs are Yanables
Cause ent effed relabonatups, experimental or necessat He Infos Manipulating to observe their
effets and contullingto potoubal confounding factors.

3) Analytical rechniques

Choice of research design determine the appropnate analytical techniques

Quantitative designs- often use statistical methods like factor Analy 20 to test hypothesis and
examine kelatreniatheps between Variables

Qualitative design Or uses techniques like thematic analyion grounded theory to derive
meaning and patterns From narrative Juta

4) Sample size and selection

Size and characteristics of the Sample depend on the research proldem and generalizabilety of
finding Large representative (Samples are research Uved in guanatative ensure statistical power
and generalizability Qualitative Research Pffen invowies Smaller, Purposively selected sample
for gain in-depth Understanding

5) Temporal demousion

Some research problems Involvee studying processes or changes over time hongitudial designs
are Suitable for tracking developments and understanding Causal relationships Over extended
periods. Cross-sectional disigns pinde a Snapshot of a population at a speure point In time

6) Ethical consideration

Research design Must address ethical confederations relatat Particapaul welfare, confidentiality
and intermod Consent Jome research problems may Innove Senzitue bopies or Vulnerable
populatas tequring special ethical

Protocols

Condation

Re The types of the chose Research problem directly influencing. f research methods used,
techniques for addraving Speutic darign by dictating and The Proadurer appropriate exearch
questions wrrect research darign is selected to ensure rehabulty of chudy findings Validul and

Introduction

Hypothesis is a testable statement that predicts a relationship between two or more variables
and is often based on existing theories. Its purpose is to provide a direction for the research by
proposing potential outcome that can be tested empirically. Hypothesis is testable specific and
involves variables that can be measured.

Examples: If you eat more vegetables you will lose weight independent variable- eating More
vegetables

Dependent variable- While losing weight

Water flow down

Scientific way in which you assume an answer research question.

Research question

It is Open-ended queries that guides the investigation and Identified what the research aims
Understand describe and explore. Its purpose is to provide a broad direction of study by
helping to focus on a particular aspect of topic without predicting an outcomes. It uses open
ended questions. Aimed at gaining a deeper Understanding.

It helps to define a scope of the study and guide the research process by focusing on the main
issue that needs to be explored. -set Boundaries for the arra to be explored cand the Quiwer
that your research need to answer

Hypothesis statements

It is aseptic testable prediction about relationship between two Or More variables

It is stated as that can be tested through empirical Research

Proposes a tentative explanation IN a phenomenon. Predicts the Outcome study

Testable and Can be empirical. Examined to determine its Validity

Its Prediction Suggests an expected Outcome or relationship

Can be proven False through evidence.

Examples: Higher levels of Caffeine Consumption leads to decreased Sleep duration

- Specific inquiries that researcher Seek answers within a Study. They Investigate and guide
directions of study.

Research question

It is an Interrogative Statement that focuses research and guides the investigation

-Its structure poses a question that the research intends to answer through investigation and
analyses.

It aims to explore and understand a phenomenon often leading the formulation of hypothesis

-it seeks to understand a Phenomenon rather than predict an outcome

They are often open ended. it does not assume a specific answer but guides the director of
Inquiry (its characteristics are open-ended)

Broad to explore atopic broadly or narrow to focus on specific aspect

Example what is to Impact of social media on adolescent Self esteem

Examples

Research questions

What factors contribute to employee Job

Satisfaction

Hypothesis: Increased autonomy at work Leads to higher job satisfaction among employees.

Conclusion

Comparison

Focus on exploring and understanding of a topic and hypothesis focus on making specific
prediction about relationships between variables.

RQ are often framed as inquiries, hypothesis are structured as statements that purpose an
expected outcome.

BOM are crucial guiding to researcher.

Introduction

Cross sectional deign

It is a type of Observation study design study or investigation that describes date gathered from
a given population at a designated point in time

Its Studies area is of descriptive research that provides information from groups. It cannot be
used to define Cause and affect relationships between variables.

This design Measure the prevalence of an outcome of in a defined Population. It provides a

snapshot Of the Characteristics of the population at a point of time. It can be used to asses
prevalence of outcome and exposures, determine relationships among variables and generate
hypothesis about factors to be exposed in causal Connections between factors exposed in
experimental designs,

It can be Used to measure provenances of health Outcome and describe the characteristics of
population Describe Variables, word measure in it.
https://www.simply psychology.org

https://sribbr.com/longitudinal

Cross sectional studies are unique because researchers are able to look at numerous
Characteristics at once

It could be used to investigate whether exposure to certain factor such as overeating, might
Correlate to Particular Outcomes such as Observing while the study cannot prove. That
overeating can draw attention to Might be worth investigating

It can be categorical based on the nature of data collection and type of data being Sought

Longitudinal VS Cross-sectional design

The opposite of longitudinal study is cross section Study Longitudinal Study repeatedly Observe
the same Participant Over a period of time, cross sectional studies examine deferent Samples or
( cross-section") of the Population at one Point in time. They can be used to Provide a Snapshot
of a group or society at specific moment. Both studies can be prone useful to research to
discover a Studios Con Cross Sectional studies are to carry out, they can Correlations that can
be Longitudinal study.

Example -you want to study the relationship between smoking and stomach cancer. You first
conduct a cross sectional study to see if there is lack between smoking and stomach cancer and
you discover to design a longitudinal study to further examine this relationship in men without
the cross-sectional study first, you would not have Known focus on men in particular.

Cross sectional research

- It involves observing a group of subject at a single point in time. It provides a snapshot of a

population at a particular Moment

Time dimension – cross- sectional researcher examines a population at a single point in time
while longitudinal research examine changes over time.

A researcher might survey a group of people of different ages about their soul media. The data
collected gives insights into social media using across different age groups at that specific time
Advantage

Quick and cost effective

Can Identify association between Variables

No need for long term follow-up

Disadvantages

Cannot establish Cause relationships and effect of relationships

- Does not account for changes overtime.

Longitudinal Research

I involve Observing the same subjects repeatedly over a Period of time. The approach of tracks
Changes and development in to subject.

Example- A researcher Might follow a group of children from Kindergarten through high school,
regularly assessing their Blading skills. This allows the researcher to observe how reading skill
develop and what factors Might influence that development Over time.

Advantages

Can Identity Patterns and Changes overtime

•Help establish Cause-and-effects relationships.

•Provide a deeper understanding of development and long term effects

Disadvantages

Time-consuming and often more expensive

Participants drops out over time

More complex data Management and analysis

characteristics of longitudinal design.

1. Data is collected at multiple point in time

2 Can identify Changes and trends over time.

3 More time Consuming and offer more expensive than cross sectional.

4 Better suited for study developmental trends and Long term effects

Conclusion

i. Cross sectional studies capture a single shape shot While longitudinal & design track
changes overtime
ii. cross sectional are used to understand current status and relationships at one point
on time and Longitudinal found on changes and development
iii. Data collection in research in cross-sectional research collet data one whereas
longitudinal Research collect data separately from same subject

18

It is More specific to research problem and provide a usual relationships between variables,
often used to Illustrate how Researcher is being operationalizing to concepts being studied. Can
be More practical and applied development from existing literature.
Both are often used interchangeably to mean the same thing. They are both used to
understand a research problem and guide the development, collection and analysis of research.

Theoretical frame work and Connectional frame work

Theoretical Framework.

Theoretical framework provides a broader Prospective on to relationship between variables

relationships how certain aims to explain why and certain phenomena occur. H is based on
existing writing and original research theories and Models and guides the development of
hypothesis and research questions and general.

A-theoretical framework provides the theoretical underpinning of Your work based on Current
Original research

It is a single formal theory. When a study is designed around a theoretical Framework, the
theory is primary Means in which the research problem is understood and Investigated. It tend
to be used in this quantitative studies, you will also see this Approach in qualitative research.

Conceptual Framework

Allows to develop your finding by Mapping out variables by Mapping out the variables you may
utilize your study and how they interact.

It tells you What Concept means and how to Measure it include one or more formal theories’
(in part or while concept and empirical Findings From the literature. It is Used to show
relationship among these Ideas and how they relate to the research study

They are Commonly Seen in qualitative research in the social and behavioral science, for
example, because often one theory cannot fully address to phenomena being studied.

Conduction

Both are used to guide in research, but they severe different purposes and provide different
levels of special
Theatrical frame work are built on established theories and conceptual around specific
concepts and variables theoretical frame work provide bond perspective based on general
tonnes and conceptual offer more detailed View of specific research problem and help define
Specific relationships and interaction among variables in study.

Introduction

Research- It is a systematic investigation and Studying a topic or issue to increase

understanding, develop new insight and establish facts, Experimentation, rating explorations,
experiments, Inquiries and analysis, It involves gathering analyzing and interpreting data
answer specific questions or test research is to discover new information confirming existing
Knowledge and develop now.

It Plays crucial role in development by contributing to economic growth innovation,

competitiveness and improvement of living standards.

Also play crucial role in social development as it provides insight into the needs and concerns of
society, informing policy makers about the best ways to address social issues.

1. Tool For building Knowledge and facilitating learning.

2. promote confidence in reading, writing, analyzing and sharing valuable information
3. It is a means to find, gauge and Seize opportunities
4. Promote Innovation and share scientific findings with public
5. Improve quality of life sharing Standard

Health Advancements and wellbeing

Research in Medicine and Healthcare leads to the development of new treatment, vaccines and
Medical technologies. Development Of Vaccines Such as Polio and covid 19, have significance
Improved public health outcome worldwide reducing metabolic rate and enables economic
activities to resume zatele. It also contribute to improvement in health care outcomes and
public health policies which are essential for overall Societal well-being and productivity.

Technological Innovation
This has driven advancement in telecommunication, Computing and renewed elorg. The
development of Mobile phone technology has facilitated access to information, financial
Services and Markets in remote in remote areas empowering economic development. It can
lead to improvement in productive efficiency and across various sector of economic
development.

Environmental sustainability

That Research has contributed to development of clean Technologies and sustainable practices.
Innovations like renewable energy and Waste management solutions protect environment and
create economic opportunities and industries. This should be achieved without compromising
future generation ability to meet there own needs

Agricultural Innovation

This has Led to the develop mat of high yield crop. Varieties, efficient Irrigation techniques, and
sustainable Farming practices. The Innovation increases Crop productive, ensure food security
and boosts income for farmers, thus reducing Poverty and Improving economic stability in rural
areas.

Education and Human Capital Development.

It improves teaching Method's Curriculum development and educational policies. Effective

education systems lend to skilled workforce Capable of Innovation and adaptation to
technological Changes thus fostering economic growth and Competitiveness.

Formulation and Development policy

Research provides evidence-based in signs that information Policy making. like studies on
income inequalities health care access and infrastructure need guide governed and
Organization in formulating policies that promote equitable economic development and social
well-being The includes polices related to education, Heath care infrastructure and economic
development.

Caution

Research for development by generating Knowledge, fostering i innovation and guiding policy
decision. Its impact is felt cross various factors leading to improved living standards, enhancing
productivity and sustainable development globally and provide knowledge and evidence
needed to make Unformal decision, allocate sustainable resources effectively and create
sustainable Socio-economic development pathways. It build results Inclusive and prosperous
society

poverty Alienation

It can Identity strategies to reduce poverty and Inequality by understanding the causes and
consequences of socio-economic disparities and proposing effective intenoution.