5 Unit in AI
5 Unit in AI
1. Morphological Analysis
• Purpose: To break down words into their smallest meaningful units, known as
morphemes (e.g., "comes" breaks down into "come" + "s").
• Process: Words are analyzed to identify their root forms and affixes. This step
also involves distinguishing tokens, like punctuation, which are not part of any
words.
2. Syntactic Analysis
• Purpose: To arrange words into a grammatical structure that makes sense
according to the rules of the language.
• Process: This involves parsing sentences to identify grammatical structures,
determining the role of each word (such as subject, verb, object), and how
these words interrelate to form coherent sentences.
3. Semantic Analysis
• Purpose: To understand the meanings of individual words and how these
meanings combine in sentences to produce overall sentence meanings.
• Process: Semantic analysis takes the structures formed during syntactic analysis
and assigns meanings to them, ensuring the entire sentence makes sense
semantically.
4. Pragmatic Analysis
• Purpose: To interpret sentences based on their usage in specific contexts,
considering how meaning changes with different situations.
• Process: It goes beyond the literal meaning of sentences to consider factors like
the speaker’s intent, the listener's perception, and the context in which the
conversation occurs. This helps in determining what is meant from what is
simply said.
5. Discourse Integration
• Purpose: To consider the influence of preceding sentences on the interpretation
of the current sentence, and how the current sentence can affect subsequent
sentences.
• Process: This step looks at the text as a whole, rather than in isolated
sentences, ensuring that the interpretation of one sentence is consistent with
and influenced by others around it.
AI significantly enhances NLP by allowing machines to understand and interact with
human language in a natural and intuitive way. This involves several key capabilities and
approaches:
• Speech Recognition: AI enables machines to process spoken words, turning speech
into text, which is crucial for applications like voice-activated assistants.
• Natural Communication: AI programs communicate with humans using natural
language, making interactions with machines more user-friendly and accessible.
• Understanding Language: AI must understand the structure of language, including
vocabulary, syntax (arrangement of words), and semantics (meaning), to effectively
process human language.
Approaches to NLU (Natural Language Understanding)
• Keyword and Pattern Matching: Simple methods for identifying essential words
or patterns to interpret language.
• Syntactic and Semantic Analysis: More complex analyses that consider both
the structure and meaning of language to generate responses.
• Real-World Situation Matching: AI compares inputs to known real-world
scenarios to enhance understanding and response accuracy.
Machine Translation (MT)
• Refers to the automated process of translating text from one language (source
language) to another (target language) using computer algorithms.
• Definition: Machine translation automates the translation of text from one
language to another, converting sequences of symbols (words, phrases) from
the source language to equivalent sequences in the target language.
• Purpose: The primary goal is to enable communication across language barriers
without human translators, enhancing accessibility and efficiency in global
interactions.
Types of Machine Translation Systems
• Bilingual MT System:
• These systems focus on translating between two specific
languages. They are typically unidirectional, meaning they
translate from one language to another but not vice versa.
• Multilingual MT System:
• Capable of translating between multiple language pairs. These
systems can be either unidirectional or bidirectional, facilitating
translations across several languages.
Major Approaches to Machine Translation
• Direct MT Approach:
• Description: Direct translation from the source to the target language
without intermediate steps.
• Example: Translating "Buenos días" (Spanish) directly to "Good morning"
(English) without analyzing or restructuring the sentence's grammatical
components.
• Interlingua Approach:
• Description: Translation involves converting the source language into an
artificial intermediate language (Interlingua) and then into the target
language.
• Example: For translating "Bonjour" (French) to "Guten Morgen" (German),
the system first translates French into an Interlingua representation like
"Greeting(morning)" and then from Interlingua to the German equivalent.
• Transfer Approach:
• Description: Involves three steps: analysis of the source text, conversion to a
target-language representation, and generation of the target text.
• Example: To translate "Estoy cansado" (Spanish, meaning "I am tired") to
English, the approach would first analyze and understand the structure
("[subject] [verb] [adjective]"), map it to an equivalent English structure
("[subject] [verb] [adjective]"), and generate the target text ("I am tired").
• Empirical (Statistical or Neural) MT Approach:
• Description: Uses statistical models or neural networks trained on large
datasets of bilingual texts to predict translations.
• Example: Google Translate uses neural machine translation (NMT). When
translating "Je t'aime" from French to English, it analyzes vast amounts of
French-English text data to learn that the most probable translation of "Je
t'aime" is "I love you" based on statistical likelihood and context learned
from data.
Overview of Speech Recognition
• Speech recognition technology allows computers to recognize spoken language
and convert it into a digital format that machines can process. This capability can
transform spoken commands or dictations into text or other forms of actionable
data, depending on the application.
Commonly Used Algorithms for Speech Recognition:
• Hidden Markov Models (HMM):
• HMMs are statistical models that assume the probability of each state depends
only on the previous state. In speech recognition, they are used to model
sequences of speech units (like phonemes or words) and predict the most likely
sequence from the audio input.
• Neural Networks:
• Deep learning approaches use neural networks to model complex patterns in data.
These networks consist of layers of interconnected nodes that mimic the human
brain's structure and function. They process training data, learn to recognize
speech patterns, and improve accuracy over time through methods like gradient
descent.
Applications of Speech Recognition
• Automotive: Integration in vehicles for hands-free navigation, controlling media
playback, and other voice-activated features enhance driver safety.
• Technology: Virtual assistants (like Siri, Google Assistant, Alexa, Cortana) embedded in
smartphones and smart speakers help with tasks such as setting reminders, playing
music, and controlling smart home devices through voice commands.
• Healthcare: Doctors and nurses use speech-to-text applications for efficient
documentation of patient care, improving accuracy and saving time.
• Sales and Customer Service: Call centers use speech recognition to transcribe and
analyze calls, helping identify trends and common issues. Cognitive bots engage in
voice-based customer interactions, improving response times and service quality.
• Security: Voice authentication systems provide an additional layer of security, using
unique vocal characteristics to verify a user's identity.
Techniques for Speech Recognition
• Speech Analysis: This involves analyzing the physical and behavioral
characteristics of speech, such as pitch and tone, which can help differentiate
speakers and understand spoken commands.
• Feature Extraction: Key to improving performance, this technique involves
condensing speech into a set of meaningful data points that represent the
essential characteristics of the speech signal without the redundancy.
• Modeling: Techniques like speaker recognition and identification are used to
create models that can recognize and differentiate between different speakers
based on their unique vocal features.
Robots, robotics, and how they intersect with artificial intelligence (AI)
• What are Robots?
• Definition: Robots are artificial agents designed to perform tasks in the real
world. They can manipulate objects through actions like picking, moving,
modifying, or even destroying them to achieve specific goals, often in
repetitive roles to free up human labor.
• What is Robotics?
• Field Description: Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch that combines
electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and computer science to
design, construct, and operate robots. It involves developing systems that
can perform complex actions autonomously or semi-autonomously.
Differences Between AI Programs and Robot Systems