Understanding Data and Ways

to Systematically Collect Data

MODULE 4
Research Design
• Refers to the overall plan and
scheme for conducting the study. It
is defined as the logical and
coherent overall strategy that the
researcher uses to integrate all the
components of the research study
(Barrot, 2017, p 102).
Research Design
• Present the research method and design used in
the study, you may start by giving a brief
justification on the appropriateness of the
method and design.
• Present the goal of the study and cite the
relevance of this to the method and design of
the study.
• You may also briefly discuss the instrument and
respondents of the study.
Quantitative Research Designs
•descriptive,
•correlational,
•ex post facto,
•quasi-experimental, and
•experimental
Descriptive Research
• It is a design that is exploratory in nature.
• Purpose: to answer questions such as who,
what, where, when, and how much.
• best used when the main objective of the
study is just to observe and report a certain
phenomenon as it is happening.
Correlational Research
• Used to determine if variable increases or decreases as
another variable increases or decreases.
• It seeks to establish an association between variables.
• It does not seek cause and effect relationship like
descriptive research; it measures variables as it occurs.
• It has two major purposes: (a) to clarify the
relationship between variables and (b) predict the
magnitude of the association.
Ex Post Facto
• Used if the objective of the study is to
measure a cause from a pre-existing effects
• the researcher has no control over the
variables in the research study. Thus, one
cannot conclude that the changes measured
happen during the actual conduct of the
study.
Intervention or treatment
• pertains to controlling or manipulating the
independent variable in an experiment.
• It is assumed that the changes in dependent
variables were caused by the independent
variable.
• The treatment group refers to the group
subjected to treatment or intervention.
• The group not subject to treatment or
intervention is called the control group.
Quasi-Experimental
• aims to measure the causal relationship between
variables. The effect measured is considered to have
occurred during the conduct of the current study.
• The partiality of quasi-experimental design comes
from assigning subjects, participants, or respondents
into their groups.
• The groups are known to be already established
before the study, such as age educational
background and nationality.
Experimental Research
• .This research design is based on the scientific
method called experiment with a procedure of
gathering data under a controlled or
manipulated environment.
• It is also known as true experimental design since
it applies treatment and manipulation more
extensively compared to quasi-experimental
design.
Sampling Procedure
and the Sample
CHAPTER 4 LESSON 2
POPULATION
• Refers to the entire group that you will be using
to draw conclusions for your study.
• Is a well-defined set of elements or cases
whether individuals, animals, objects, or, events
that conform to specific criteria and to which one
intends to generalize the results of the research
(McMillan, 1998; Wood & Haber, 1998).
• Sample – Subset or a specific group of a
larger population to which the researcher
tends to generalize the results of his/her
study.
Sampling Method
• pertains to the systematic process of
selecting the group to be analyzed in the
research study
• technique used to select individual
members of a subset or specific group
• Choosing a sampling method will be
based on:
Appropriateness
Availability
 Lottery Technique
Simple Random
Sampling Use of Table of Random
Numbers
Systematic random
Sampling
Probability
Proportionate Stratified
Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Sampling Disproportionate Stratified
Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Types of Multi-Stage Sampling
Sampling
Convenience
Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Quota Sampling
Non-Probability
Sampling Dimension Sampling
Voluntary Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Networking
Participants of the Study
• Aftereverything has been identified, all you
need to do is present and discuss:
a. brief background of the respondents
b. The total number of respondents
c. How was the sample chosen
d. The reason why you chose the respondents
Research Instrument,
Validity and Reliability
CHAPTER 4 LESSON 3
Characteristics of a Good
Research Instrument
• Concise (concise in length)
• Sequential (simplest to the most
complex)
• Validand reliable (pass the tests of
validity and reliability)
• Easily tabulated
Ways in Developing Research
Instrument
1. adopting an instrument
2. modifying an existing
instrument
3. researcher made his own
instrument
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
➢Write
the introductory statement
➢CONSTRUCTION
➢Discuss the content of the instrument, how the it
was created and organized
➢VALIDATION
➢Narrate the process how you validated your
instrument, what type of validation you used,
who are your validators and how many
validated your instrument.
➢ADMINISTRATION
➢Present an overview of how you distributed the
instrument, what type of instrument was
distributed and who were the recipients.
Validity of Instrument
➢measures what it supposed to measure.
• Face Validity (appearance)
• Content Validity (meets the objectives of the
study)
• Construct Validity (specific measure relates to
other measures)
• Concurrent Validity (parallel to the other
tests)
• Predictive Validity (similar to those similar
tests that will be employed in the future)
Reliability of Instrument
➢consistency of the measures or results
of the instrument..
• Test-retest Reliability (same test to the
same group of respondents twice)
• Equivalent Forms Reliability
(administering two identical tests except for
wordings to the same group of respondents)
• Internal Consistency Reliability (split-
half coefficient, Cronbach’s alpha, and
Kuder-Richardson formula)
 Collection Interviews Questionnaires Observations Records
S
T Branch of Presentation Textual Tabular Graphical
A knowledge
T Analysis
I Univariate Bivariate Multivariate
S
Interpretation Narrow Broad
T
I
Numerical
C
Data Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
S