N.

C.

Q
 INDEX
Pg No
ContentE
5.No
-3
1 Central Nervous System
6
Human brain & nkrodutkion
-

3
fvntion Coubronn, -8
Cabeo contexk
Gerebral e a t wes - o

frontal lobe 11- 13

5
Parietal Jobe 4-16
6
Dempoul lobe 19

8. Ocopit ial lobe 20-21

 Lentral Nervous ystem
System (NS) is the
The Cantra nervo
c d .Ihe peruphora
brain & the spinal
nonvous System (PN)
Consists e nnveS

spinnl c e d .Yast
Outside the brajn Somatic noAVoWS
PNS Stha
the the aXong
5ystem, whichh Conbists e
the
the Sense
nnoSSag D
o
Omm
the CNs
Convey'ng
CNG prom
to the to he
the
ugan mubles, Tha oXons
the
the om CU
On extension
cd bo Pat
spl a l
,
bodue in the
in the cNs Pac
each Call S

the PNs
bfoun is the cantral gmat
The
Ow body as
-lon processng 9an
command & Cont rol system'. E
0D te aueOnES
ControlsS
the voluntoy
ethe body , untionin9 .
bolonc thomohagulation
ugons,
vital ay
involuntay thm
&thirse,
Urtadian (24 h) y
nung booy ovckutie Severol
hyma behavIOuh
endo u n a lanols VISIa
is apo site proossing vi'sion
9E
memey. ntelig en
ce
heaun9,Spee h, enotten 4 tha
emotionb Enoughts.
The hu man bían S well proteck ed
broun
the skull, the
bCoveredskuull. Jnsiole
by Oanal meninge conltaug
s

outen yer called olwra

an
matte9, O euy thin mmadle laye calles
OadhnD id an innenlayen ( wwdh is
Cont a t withte bfoun tissue)
In
be
alled pia maten. ho brou Can

divided inko thee py pants

Foebran
1, Micl bran
, Hindbroin

ronebrain : The feebtaun tondts cerebrum,

thalmmus hypot halmus, orwbrum re1m
ms

the human behIwt

the majo pat
duwdes the Cerebron)
brain .A deap Jt a
into tuwo halves, whuch
ongitudunally Cerobra homsp
tenneol as yE ught
oy
t e . T h e Layen
cated haousphee Is
oabral
CORNS the into
whih wn
ceebral
15
tex Crebra o
Caled Ctex
The
pro Pumenk ol ds mot ten
lu
to ay the
the rey
aerrRd noson
greyish P p e a n a n e . The
to ts
bodi e
concentrated hwre vi9|
coll
nebra tex Contans
t e o l o u .The
 ala larnge
aneav, Bendey
mo to ae hotho Ctearly sensu
tha
regiond wnction
Anotho uesu

mot in blaum is
S
theoe
Pant e ok
the
t h e boLe
base
ies
ypothalamu,
csabral|
Called povnts
The innw o 9 s o c a t d

9 foup c
O t h a t a m u s .

Avagadala , h p p o a
tamnp
pww
hamsp h w Aragaala
he structwe callead
Called
Btvvtun strutwe

doa m
a
Complex
s y s t e

etd.
the i mle Lob
brain
broin is located ocat ed
mie
Brain:- The
thalaus/hypothala mMD
MC
i, bekween the the hund brain
POns
Caebral
ef a
aqnu
ue du
ed ut
t
the rebrain Caneoral
called tha braun h e de%sal
doisal
Canal u
ud brain.The
A the
t he
d
m
m awanu
n y
through ban
tonsits
ondiots
passes mud bYaun
all ed Copoa quadrigeina
the
porkion
hovnd suwellings
pons,
ComprSe p o ,
brain conpriseo
hind
BrunThe Consts
nadulUa . P Pono n ConDsts
Hind mduulla .
Cerbelum & t h a t i n t e 4 c o nnect dulferent
"has u y
erocks orebellum
broun d e r bo pfouwolg
/bre the bo prouiole
uder
N
Segiond Suryau h aw
nnOOnns
s.

Con voluked aay

Connatbed
Connatteod
oCe
aodi tional p
otha
medulla
The pinaX
alced.
Ehe
to
3
 HUMAN BRAIN
Cepup
7 loll o5 um

(Oahellu lhalams

>erebral
Hemusphtr

Pabiuula
fenmat io
Hy potholamup
Pons
Madsulla tntouy

Spinal
Cornd
 INTRODUCTION 10
HUMAN BRAIN
cend conaeitute
The brain & bhe spinal
ecQe
Cenkral nnwous system.They
the body
Inemation hom al pats bhe booly
ike
abionb uke
E tegrate t.. me voluntory

ae based on
chaur, whih
moun9 brain to send
hat to e u
doi r s
next
communucobon
mebsage t musdes. The
6ystem,,
6ystemn &
between the ControL neuou aalibabed
otho pasks shBe body is
Eh
nervous sys tem onsstin
the peupheral
by om
Couanal non eS
nonv
ans rom
braan & spinal
Csc.
tha Spinal
has thaee S y h oj
The brain
the ooron,
namely
therabron,

o Rgions ,
prts the hnd braun
pasE
the o n s w h h po»t
bhunkunvg
nuol brain tunksng
ou
m aunn
1th e
&e bam
The
The haz
b r u n .9E
VOu
v OuS
a u ouD

the Im
I mp
pu sse
ul esd
om
omn
Senbey the
i ecee
ecepto-. Sepeaate aas
. noou ng S
heoi ng l l
One
speiabsed fe
braun
boun separate aoa3
So on. Thene
Sight &
whoe ths Senoy
ts
Sens9
a s o o i atien
inenqation is intepreted by PPuting
utti

5
 wth nfsnmation om otho
I toqetha wih "insmation
mation
as uwell a the braun.
braun.
receptos s tomad in the
aeody m ade
made
Eha deusion
d eusion 1s
a this, a

bosed on respord bhe InSmat

ho to
motr aRSb
about
on to he
on Is passed mouement UolUntany
Control the u sclo.
muselas.
wich
1 example,
o w
laj
lej
Musdes ,
anee
istinct
Sensationd
Houoeen, W t a n exanpe
om seeing h e a u n g
, her
Gimpl e
the
how do Sbetuoeen a
Such a moun
ations
PtuAex anotho bet o
musclo

Char, there haue

n o t haue
whih
whhh we
w e d not
do
OUen
mouements
tunking COtrol.
the nvoluntary ateion
a tons

hrid -broain &

Mony
Ontrolled
bby
the hud
brain

oatios
Involdntory
AII these
hundl
braun . Sai yaton&
induudng C o n r Prezs
blood uw,
tralled by odulla

vomittng
e bfain
und in aa Stravaht
Hitivstiog ka walkbq pot
due to a

pessibe
hindbrain alleol Orabelum
COLabellum.

etc a e
i na
the preusion
volontay
PreDponsible preus 4
15 tha Postwe

muntalng
action
bolance etho body
Thwee maj qonn make up the broun stenm
medulla ellongata .
Brai
mid byoun, pon betuween the
the onno ctions
Stem
run the sp inal uol

CEREBAUM the
orain.t is
The aoge»t diision o
into to hasphor8s, ea ch wwch
diuidad
dnided into o w Jobes
obes
1 9e bran dauelops
A e we Saw, tho
tha nlwal
end 9
te ues tral oze the
Dmpohs9nts
two my
bula. JEs th dien Cephalon
telencophalon

TELENC EPHALoN:
inludlso mest bhe
bhe
Tha telan caphalon hamusphozo
hamuspheres that
etricol
abr al
rabr
bo o symm cabrunm. Th Coeoal
maRe2
bre Corebral
Oo Coue-0d by
hem Sp henns
conkain tha miie Systemn
C k ex
The afte tuwo seks
basal 9angdla.
ae prmauly tn th
o stYy C t u r A
cha braun - bhes e
SurcorEical e g tons
oitkin it, beneath Ehe
located dop
Lere bral c9tex
CEREBRAL CORTEX:
bhe Cehabt a coatex
As we Gawpreuously,
lke
CoraoraL he mus phves
S Uvo vnos the t
thha
humand
the bouR a brea in

on vol uted
CoAe b r a tex is greatt y

cons isting s o l
conuolutionb,
thene
CsmalU qroon), 1sues (
lon9 e graOves)
ce nk sulcu
o
betwean adjo
9 y C bulg e>
enlage the Swa
issme), oreatly
wth o Smooh
Osua o cetex, ompahed two
S2e n at,
broun e the Same

e cotex
Eird Swyaa
the rescen
5 holdon th grooues, thus
carea
convoluions tripley t e
- ( those
tex. Thetotal Swhae
the C2a bal
o approrinately 360cmE the
ahia S
3mm. The
ticknos is approx inmately
C0tex CondistsMoGEty glia
9a
COoral
dandbutes á inkorconmod-
booios
tne ceu
Jecause coll
a xons e newhons
Cha Cera bral
boou predom nate, g dng
qrauu sh tan appeana, it
Cetex a
to o gaw mafter Benooh
the corRbral Catex wn mlions
aireS axon tho Cwnnect tha nwonb

the CAreal Cetex with thoe

 Locot ed elsewhone in the braun. he2
Concentrotion e uyein 9'
Jange opag,ue
wte
tw tissue a n w h t e mat
te.
hene th
t h tenm
appeoa na

THE CEREBRAL_ CORTEX

LOBES OF
the a9ions o Lt h vouuous
Diswsng e hRe
Ca bral cOrtex S eas corkex
hame e them. a c t orabral o b e s , nan
oi
di i d e d into 4anlas,
ww
he
he skull that
tha bona

them
I, frontal lobe
2 Paietal lobe
, empoal lobpe

Occipitou lobe
CEREGRAL FEATURES
elevatod winding
udyes 'winding oond
The
,yi -

broun. . y i ae Ungue Structwres

the evolutiOnauy
hhave
n impta nt
thak th Suyae aa
in eo>e

Anti on, they p to an

lpresue aOo0

tha broun
Centimak er0s Sqund.

,
 S Swhondaol by
3ulci -
lach 9yus
.
Sul a
dudes ontal Aobe &
solus
Cantval
pauetal Jele
li widing lange
foous

3
Fisswl- Veep 9

an importont
SulCub em to epaote
Thave 9y
and mak tho Cankers. Those|
bran nto unkionnl
oa
an s Swya@
ehe

ooutiue abil ty
dida tha two
tuwo
-

this
P L o n git
uddinal
hem isp ho@s
Cenebr a l dudos CenLbYUm
SS w
we
Ths SS
.1fanVeADe
cere b e l v m

Diude tempoal o n wnfal

Sy lUia n
parieta pbe
 RONTAL LOBE

PeeCortex
mote -
Mote 44
C t ex

reponl
Avea
Bbncas
AY 2a
 whuch ontain the
Te ontal Jobe, Lorbex & the pre po ntall
moto
primavuy the
Cere
c e r e bral sulus
sulaws
exte-do om the
Ctex, the braun.
braun.Tha
Thna
anterin
Limit e lo be
to pntal
potion
tha
Suluus,
PSte
to the Cont o l
Just anteri@r

is
pecauged /*
precentral 9yrus, ad
Eha Suh
he ne
nove
ml nts
Ehe
Control er bime.
ak a

mong One
ing Pasponible o
bepeata
ha hoy, nsetly
dilerent parts albo
but a ls a
loppooite) siole
Con tralateral
the
wth slig ht Conkrol

ipill outeAal ( Sama) sida

antevet Pention tha
The nme
Lo be 1 tha preontal arkex.
hontal
qeneral, t lorn e Spec e
yn the Wg he the
CO2 broae Cte x, de vet ed 6o the
it 15
pen 2n tage
sntex.Jn
example
example
iEt mb
i ms
prelontal the Cetex
Portio
Loe th
9 Peal apes

hu m a n

othr Spea
an
 mo tet cso uati on ctex (albo known
The Locateal
premot Crtex) 15
o t primau mbtor
nos tral to the
t dre ctly ntrol S
C t ex ; thus
pYinmay o t o Cntex
h enaviow. - t h a
5 tho key bo ard o. the plano, th@n
aDsoation Cker S
Ehe
ret th
te piano p l y e r .The
to the moto
pontal
L ontal Jobe sos tol
oDsouotion C t er, 15 knou n as th

preponkal Cotex. Thus on

oss Involued with

tha brain i
& mo
the pntvol o u e monU
n Uol uedl in mulating
sttat eie

13
PARIETAL LoBE

bupeue parnta

A Y
7peumeu

nucials unau)
feri@'1povuot

matose nbey

Ctex
 le Jatween tha
paebal lobe
The
The central Soluus,
Ocupital pbe the
the oaepet qrooues
One
wheh th Cokex. Th2
S yae
the bo the Centraal
OLa Je evo
Pote
9yUs, o
the poSt entrol
Sulun Cort ex, IS t h
S Oma to s e n o y
prima)
bensations
boget bou h
musde - strech
IHAmoti On om
" S R p t o s , baun
tO nt
e ep we
oly local
oonetine
S wgsens thoy
tus proce3s
oluwuing
anlabheia. 9.
t i u a t e the post Cank ralL
99vUs, people epot "ingnp Senbotos
bide thethe boly
on
th ppoite
Inluudes
central 9yuS
The pet
Cols Ponallel to the
band
Sulus.5epeate
aeas
olong
along
Centval Simul taneuus i m
band hece ue
each
om oukeunk pants t h e
-tion

body
 alout tovh u body locato
mation
iportant not only t S Own
nterprti ng
sahe bu aso 9
aunditoruy in makion.
Monst all
P lobe
The had
aout eye,
n mation
it on 6éo
& passes
body peiti ons
nk.
was that o n t r ol mDveme
b ain
lSentiol net only

poti a i mat ion b u albo

humeA a l motion, That ouerlaps
when onsioler all
male S enbe2 you
in whu dh numleS
the u ays
to Spa e -Jpom intialy
oUwt wit dun

o alu
to 9eomekvy 4
ti9e e s,
9raphs
ki n d e
 TEMPORAL LOBE

-
Y
Wezn, ihas
im Syskem
Auditey
Leute idle
Supeue kemagoral
enpeal
tempera
9yu 9yr
rywvo tempcol
9y
 lobe is the Loteral porkion
The temphal 2U the temples .
eath heusphese,
rtical baagt
1 the primasuy
e tenpe
. h e h u m a n tenpe
noamotio.
audi tey c a e , Ehe lot
al obe -

in net
esent i al
lobe -

is
temponal
spohern languog a
undatanding also contribukes Eto

bempal lobe U i S IOn, In

omplex Ouspects
tne o
mo me n l
eme n
ue
peception o
-

dudi mg A
tuma in

SRogution, us e
se
obe a y giQ
bempa l
VISUa2

t
elaboate aud tey
bo
O
hallvunations, whOrens
eolinoluy evokez
Ocpital lobe
the
ns, Sudh a
a s Loshe
oshes
bensoki
onlysInple,
o
on ghe. Jn Jact,
when psyhiatric
oraun3
brain
nation,
epsst hallwu
Dakie nts act t y in
oletects etensiue
So n

Aove.
tempol
 templ, loha
pla a
Paat in
w tl o
2 t l O n a a l

Yot iUotionl ehaviow

obo
1ol
danmoug e a n looa
a
se behaviow knbwn a
ibe -bvy Syhobbmo .ve viouly1
wild
ug9vesiue onhoy s fo
.. dusplouy noinmal La anxieti
nt e
te eal Aohe damage. They
olmsot anytin9 tky nd
ther movth attenp t fo
1 n t o

SnaRe ghteol nathes

PITAL LoBE

Lateral genicwate
body
-seuondoY
VEUO Lor tex
A
VCnt yad ShYa
prinary VISUa
Cor t c
 locat ed a t the
Aobe,
occip tal C t ex
Cot ex is the
tha
p t e r i s n enol visuol In@nnuatlon.
main t wg at f OCupital
pole the
ThD peteun
the primpy
UISual

S Kwwn ay
b ecause
Striate t ex ,

Cnt ex
e n Gos
ppeoen
its tripeol a pot o
-Sedion Destrution
.
cstal
e
striate Stex Co
the theelated park tha
lndhebs
extenei ue dmge
visval eld. Foa ex,
Seriot e cemtex ug ht he mispho
UIS Ual
blindness i the t t
A t
lindes
t i c a l blindass
eld. penson
eye, nAmal pupl
ha noim a
nts but
Same e e mDUe me
epoxe y
UIS UOL mat9
no pat enn, peepti on
becona
eye damage
eople ho Gulfeo
an intact
have
blnd, but they I SU
Visu ao
l
y previou
cotex
oLupitienl
Cpienu, they an
still mag ine
can still ha ve
Visval Sene
yisuol eonns