Data

Data is a raw and unorganized fact that required to be processed to

make it meaningful.

For example − Employee name, Product name, Name of the student, Marks
of the student, Mobile number, Image etc.

Information

Information is the data that has been converted into more useful or
intelligent form.

For example: Report card sheet.

A database is an organized collection of related

information.
Database Management System (DBMS) create, and
maintain a database and provides controlled access to the
data.

Database management system, as the name suggests, is a

management system that is used to manage the entire flow of
data, i.e, the insertion of data or the retrieval of data,
RDBMS on the other hand is a type of DBMS, as the name
suggests it deals with relations as well as various key
constraints. So here we have tables which are called schema
and we have rows which are called tuples. It also aids in the
reduction of data redundancy and the preservation of
database integrity.
Relational Database Management System is
an advanced version of a DBMS.

DBMS RDBMS

DBMS stores data as file. RDBMS stores data in tabular form.

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 DBMS RDBMS

Data is stored in the form of tables which are

No relationship between data.
related to each other.

It deals with small quantity of

It deals with large amount of data.
data.

Data redundancy is common Keys and indexes do not allow Data

in this model. redundancy.

Security is less More security measures provided.

It supports single user. It supports multiple users.

Difference between DBMS and RDBMS

The main differences are: RDBMS stores data in the form of tables,
whereas DBMS stores data in the form of files. Single users are
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 supported by DBMS, whereas multiple users are supported by
RDBMS. Client-server architecture is not supported by DBMS,
although it is supported by RDBMS.

SQL COMMANDS

Data Definition Language (DDL)

o DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table,
altering a table, etc.
o All the command of DDL are auto-committed that means it permanently save all
the changes in the database.

Here are some commands that come under DDL:

o CREATE
o ALTER
o DROP
o TRUNCATE

a. CREATE It is used to create a new table in the database.

1. Syntax: REATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME DATATYPES[,....]);

Example:
1. CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(Name VARCHAR2(20), Email VARCHAR2(100), DOB DATE);

b. DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in the table.

Syntax
1. DROP TABLE table_name;
Example
1. DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;

c. ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change could be either to modify the
characteristics of an existing attribute or probably to add a new attribute.
Syntax:
To add a new column in the table
1. ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;
To modify existing column in the table:
1. ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY(column_definitions....);

EXAMPLE

1. ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS ADD(ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20));

2. ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS MODIFY (NAME VARCHAR2(20));

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 d. TRUNCATE: It is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the space containing the table.
Syntax:

1. TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Example:

1. TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;

2. Data Manipulation Language

o DML commands are used to modify the database. It is responsible for all form of
changes in the database.
o The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can't permanently
save all the changes in the database. They can be rollback.

Here are some commands that come under DML:

o INSERT
o UPDATE
o DELETE
a. INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert data into the row of
a table.
Syntax:
1. INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME Values( (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);
For example:
b. UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a column in the
table.
Syntax:
1. UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN = valueN] [WHERE C
ONDITION]
For example:
1. UPDATE students SET User_Name = 'Sonoo' WHERE Student_Id = '3'
c. DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a table.
Syntax:
1. DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];
For example:
1. DELETE FROM javatpoint
2. WHERE Author="Sonoo";

DELETE FROM javatpoint

WHERE Author="Sonoo";

3. Data Control Language

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DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority from any database user.
Here are some commands that come under DCL:

Learn more
o Grant
o Revoke

a. Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.

Example

GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE TO SOME_USER, ANOTHER_USER;

b. Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.

Example

REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE FROM USER1, USER2;

4. Transaction Control Language

TCL commands can only use with DML commands like INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE only.
These operations are automatically committed in the database that's why they cannot be used wh
creating tables or dropping them.
Here are some commands that come under TCL:

o COMMIT
o ROLLBACK
o SAVEPOINT

a. Commit: Commit command is used to save all the transactions to the database.

Syntax:
COMMIT;

Example:

DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE AGE = 25;
COMMIT;

b. Rollback: Rollback command is used to undo transactions that have not already been saved to t
database.
Syntax:

ROLLBACK;

Example:

DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

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WHERE AGE = 25;
ROLLBACK;

c. SAVEPOINT: It is used to roll the transaction back to a certain point without rolling back the entir
e transaction.
Syntax:

SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;

5. Data Query Language

DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.

It uses only one command:

o SELECT

a. SELECT: This is the same as the projection operation of relational algebra. It is used to select t
attribute based on the condition described by WHERE clause.
Syntax:

SELECT expressions
FROM TABLES
WHERE conditions;

For example:

SELECT emp_name FROM employee WHERE age > 20;