Advanced Python

Chapter 02: Functional Programming in Python

• Introduction to functional programming

• Lambda functions

• Map, filter, and reduce functions

• Generators and iterators (Yields and Next function)

• Decorators
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Introduction to functional programming

Python supports multiple programming paradigms:

• Imperative programming

• Functional programming

• Object-oriented programming (OOP)

• Procedural programming
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● Functional programming is a programming paradigm that focuses on the use of

functions to solve programming problems.
● Pure functions: In functional programming, pure functions are functions that
have no side effects and always return the same output given the same input.
Pure functions are easier to reason about, test, and parallelize.
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Pure functions:

Example 01:

def square(x):

return x ** 2

sequare(3)
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Pure functions:

Example 02:

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(5, 3) # Returns 8

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Example 03:

def multiply(a, b):

return a * b

result = multiply(4, 7) # Returns 28

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Example 04:

def concatenate_strings(s1, s2):

return s1 + s2

result = concatenate_strings("Hello, ", "world!") # Returns "Hello, world!"

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● Higher-order functions: Python supports higher-order functions, which are

functions that take other functions as arguments or return functions as values.
● Higher-order functions can be used to create more flexible and reusable code.
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Higher-order functions

def apply_operation(func, x, y):

return func(x, y)

def add(x, y):

return x + y

def multiply(x, y):

return x * y

result = apply_operation(add, 2, 3) # result is 5

result = apply_operation(multiply, 2, 3) # result is 6

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Lambda functions

● A lambda function, also known as an anonymous function, is a small, single-expression

function that doesn't have a name. Lambda functions can be defined inline within
expressions or passed as arguments to other functions.
● A lambda function can take any number of arguments, but can only have one expression.

Syntax:

lambda arguments: any expression

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Example 01:

square = lambda x: x ** 2

result = square(5) # result is 25

Example 02:

add = lambda x, y: x + y

result = add(2, 3)

print(result) # prints 5
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Example 03:

multiply = lambda x, y, z: x * y * z

result = multiply(2, 3, 4)

print(result) # prints 24
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Example 04: Example 05:

Max = lambda a, b : a if(a > b) else b str1 = 'welcome'

print(Max(1, 2)) upper = lambda string: string.upper()

print(upper(str1))
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Example 06:

def myfunc(n):

return lambda a : a * n

mydoubler = myfunc(2)

mytripler = myfunc(3)

print(mydoubler(13))

print(mytripler(13))
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Example 07: (with list comprehension)

l= [lambda arg=x: arg * 10 for x in range(1, 5)]

for item in l:

print(item()) # [10,20,30,40]

Note: A Python list comprehension consists of brackets containing the expression, which is executed
for each element along with the for loop to iterate over each element in the Python list.
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Example 08:

List = [[2,3,4],[1, 4, 16, 64],[3, 6, 9, 12]]

sortList = lambda x: (sorted(i) for i in x)

secondLargest = lambda x, f : [y[len(y)-2] for y in f(x)]

res = secondLargest(List, sortList)

print(res) #output: [3, 16, 9]

● It uses lambda functions to sort each sublist and find the second-largest element in
each sublist. The result is a list of second-largest elements, which is then printed.
The output displays the second-largest element from each sublist in the original list.
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True or False:
1. Lambda functions can have multiple expressions.
2. Lambda functions have only one argument.
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Map:

● In Python, map() is a built-in function that applies a given function to each

element of an iterable and returns a new iterable with the transformed values.
The map() function is useful for performing operations on all elements of a list,
tuple, or other iterable without having to write a loop.
● function returns a map object(which is an iterator) of the results after applying
the given function to each item of a given iterable (list, tuple etc.)
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Syntax:

map(function, iterable)

Where function is the function to apply to each element of the iterable, and
iterable is the object that you want to apply the function to.
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Example 01:

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

squared_list = list(map(lambda x: x ** 2, my_list))

print(squared_list) # prints [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

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Example 2: Converting strings in a list to uppercase using map()

my_list = [‘mango', 'banana', 'cherry‘, ’kiwi’, ‘grape’]

uppercase_list = list(map(lambda x: x.upper(), my_list))

print(uppercase_list) # prints ['MANGO', 'BANANA', 'CHERRY‘, ’KIWI’,

‘GRAPE’]
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Example 3: Finding the length of each string in a list using map()

my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry‘, ‘kiwi’, ‘grape’]

length_list = list(map(lambda x: len(x), my_list))

print(length_list) # prints [5, 6, 6, 4, 5]

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Example 4: Using map() with multiple iterables

my_list1 = [1, 2, 3]

my_list2 = [10, 20, 30]

product_list = list(map(lambda x, y: x * y, my_list1, my_list2))

print(product_list) # prints [10, 40, 90]

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Example 5: Using map() with Strings

# List of strings

l = ['sat', 'bat', 'cat', 'mat']

# map() can listify the list of strings individually

test = list(map(list, l))

print(test)

#[['s', 'a', 't'], ['b', 'a', 't'], ['c', 'a', 't'], ['m', 'a', 't']]
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Filter:

● In Python, filter() is a built-in function that applies a given function to each element of
an iterable and returns a new iterable with only the elements that satisfy the condition.
Returns: an iterator that is already filtered.

Syntax:

filter(function, iterable)

Where function is the function to apply to each element of the iterable, and iterable is the object
that you want to apply the function to.
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Example 1: Filtering out even numbers from a list using filter()

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

even_list = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, my_list))

print(even_list) # prints [2, 4]

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Example 2: Filtering out strings that contain a specific substring using filter()

my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

filtered_list = list(filter(lambda x: 'a' in x, my_list))

print(filtered_list) # prints ['apple', 'banana']

Example 3: Filtering out non negative numbers from a list using filter()

my_list = [-2, 0, 3, -5, 6]

positive_list = list(filter(lambda x: x >= 0, my_list))

print(positive_list) # prints [0, 3, 6]

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Example 4: Filtering out not empty strings from a list using filter()

my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry‘, ‘kiwi’, ‘grape’]

nonempty_list = list(filter(lambda x: x != '', my_list))

print(nonempty_list) # prints ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry‘, ‘kiwi’, ‘grape’]

Example 5: Using filter() with multiple conditions

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

filtered_list = list(filter(lambda x: x > 2 and x < 5, my_list))

print(filtered_list) # prints [3, 4]

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Example 6: filter out numbers that are multiple of 3

def is_multiple_of_3(num):

return num % 3 == 0

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

result = list(filter(lambda x: is_multiple_of_3(x), numbers))

print(result)

#[3, 6, 9]
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Reduce function

● In Python, reduce() is a built-in function that applies a given function to the elements of
an iterable and returns a single value. The reduce() function is useful for performing
operations that combine multiple elements of a list, tuple, or other iterable.

Syntax:

reduce(function, iterable[, initializer])

Where function is the function to apply to each element of the iterable, and iterable is the object that you want to
apply the function to. The initializer parameter is optional and is used to specify an initial value for the
reduction.
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Example 1: Finding the sum of a list using Working

reduce() Iteration 1: x = 1 (first element), y = 2, result = 3
from functools import reduce
Iteration 2: x = 3 (previous result), y = 3, result = 6
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Iteration 3: x = 6 (previous result), y = 4, result = 10
sum = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y,
Iteration 4: x = 10 (previous result), y = 5, result = 15
my_list)

print(sum) # prints 15
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Example 2: Finding the product of a list using reduce()

from functools import reduce

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

product = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, my_list)

print(product) # prints 120

Example 3: Finding the maximum element of a list using reduce()

from functools import reduce

my_list = [1, 5, 3, 4, 2]

maximum = reduce(lambda x, y: x if x > y else y, my_list)

print(maximum) # prints 5
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Example 4: Combining strings in a list using reduce()

from functools import reduce

my_list = [‘mango', 'banana', 'cherry']
combined_string = reduce(lambda x, y: x + ', ' + y, my_list)
print(combined_string) # prints ‘mango, banana, cherry'
Example 5: Using reduce() with an initial value

from functools import reduce

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
sum = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, my_list, 10)
print(sum) # prints 25
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Generator

● A generator function is a special type of function that returns an iterator, which can be
iterated over using the yield keyword.
● A generator function in Python is defined like a normal function, but whenever it needs
to generate a value, it does so with the yield keyword rather than return. If the body of
a def contains yield, the function automatically becomes a Python generator function.
● Each time the yield statement is encountered, the function's state is saved, and the
yielded value is returned.
● It can have one or more yield.
● It return a generator object
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Generator

● The next() function is used to retrieve the next value from the iterator.
● Python Generator functions return a generator object that is iterable, i.e., can be
used as an Iterator. Generator objects are used either by calling the next method of
the generator object or using the generator object in a “for in” loop.
● Standard Functions: Compute a value and return it once. They use the return
statement.
● Generators: Use the yield statement to return values one at a time, allowing iteration
over a sequence of values without storing the entire sequence in memory.
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Example 00: # Using the generator

def test (x, y, z): gen = test(5,6,7)
yield x print(next(gen)) #
yield y Output: 5

yield z print(next(gen)) #
Output: 6
print(next(gen)) #
Output: 7
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Example 01: # Using the generator

def number_generator(n): gen = number_generator(5)
for i in range(n): print(next(gen)) # Output: 0
yield i print(next(gen)) # Output: 1
print(next(gen)) # Output: 2
print(next(gen)) # Output: 3
print(next(gen)) # Output: 4
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Example 03: # Using the generator

def square_generator(n): gen = square_generator(5)

for i in range(n): print(next(gen)) # Output: 0

yield i ** 2 print(next(gen)) # Output: 1

print(next(gen)) # Output: 4
print(next(gen)) # Output: 9
print(next(gen)) # Output: 16
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Example 04: # Using the generator

def even_numbers(n): gen = even_numbers(10)

for i in range(n): print(next(gen)) # Output: 0
if i % 2 == 0: print(next(gen)) # Output: 2
yield i print(next(gen)) # Output: 4
print(next(gen)) # Output: 6
print(next(gen)) # Output: 8
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Decorators

● In Python, a decorator is a function that takes another function as input and

extends the behavior of the latter function (function that is passed as an
argument to the decorator) without modifying its source code.
● A decorator allows you to modify or add functionality to a function dynamically
at runtime.
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Example 00:

def decorator(func): def greet():

def wrapper(): print("Hello, world!")
print("Before function execution")
result = decorator(greet)
func()
# result() # Equivalent to calling wrapper()
print("After function execution")
result()
return wrapper
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Example 01:

def decorator(func): @decorator

def wrapper(): def greet():
print("Before function execution") print("Hello, world!")
func() greet()
print("After function execution")

return wrapper
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Example 02: Decorator that converts the result to uppercase

def uppercase_decorator(func): @uppercase_decorator

def wrapper(): def greet():

result = func() return "Hello, world!"

return result.upper() # result = uppercase_decorator(greet)

return wrapper # print(result())

print(greet()) # Output: "HELLO, WORLD!"