12/25/24, 3:55 PM Part 1: Introduction to DOM Manipulation

Part 1: Introduction to DOM Manipulation

What is the DOM?

The Document Object Model (DOM) is a programming interface for web documents. It represents the structure of a document
as a tree of objects, allowing developers to manipulate its content, structure, and styles dynamically using JavaScript.

The DOM provides methods to:

Access elements and their attributes.

Modify content and styles.
Add, remove, or rearrange elements.
Respond to user interactions and events.

Understanding the DOM Tree

Every HTML document is represented as a tree structure in the DOM. The nodes in this tree can be of several types, such as:

Element Nodes: Represent HTML elements (e.g., <div> , <p> ).

Text Nodes: Contain text within an element.
Attribute Nodes: Represent attributes of HTML elements (e.g., id , class ).

Here's a simple visual representation of a DOM tree:

HTML
|-- HEAD
| |-- TITLE
|-- BODY
|-- H1
|-- P
|-- DIV

Accessing the DOM

JavaScript provides several methods to access elements in the DOM. Below are the most commonly used methods:

1. getElementById()

This method selects an element based on its id attribute. It's one of the fastest ways to access a single element.

Example

// HTML
<div id="myDiv">Hello, World!</div>

// JavaScript
const element = document.getElementById("myDiv");
console.log(element.textContent); // Outputs: Hello, World!

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2. getElementsByClassName()

This method selects all elements with a specified class name and returns a live HTMLCollection.

Example

// HTML
<div class="example">First</div>
<div class="example">Second</div>

// JavaScript
const elements = document.getElementsByClassName("example");
console.log(elements[0].textContent); // Outputs: First

3. querySelector() and querySelectorAll()

These methods use CSS selectors to find elements. querySelector() selects the first matching element, while
querySelectorAll() selects all matching elements and returns a static NodeList.

Example

// HTML
<div class="example">First</div>
<div class="example">Second</div>

// JavaScript
const firstElement = document.querySelector(".example");
console.log(firstElement.textContent); // Outputs: First

const allElements = document.querySelectorAll(".example");

console.log(allElements.length); // Outputs: 2

4. getElementsByTagName()

This method selects all elements with a specific tag name, such as <div> , <p> , etc., and returns a live HTMLCollection.

Example

// HTML
<p>Paragraph 1</p>
<p>Paragraph 2</p>

// JavaScript
const paragraphs = document.getElementsByTagName("p");
console.log(paragraphs.length); // Outputs: 2

Summary

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In this part, we introduced the DOM and covered the basic methods to access elements within it. Mastering these foundational
concepts is essential for working effectively with the DOM. In the next section, we will dive deeper into modifying and
manipulating elements dynamically.

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12/25/24, 3:56 PM Part 2: Accessing and Manipulating DOM Elements

Part 2: Accessing and Manipulating DOM

Elements

Introduction
In this part, we will explore how to access and manipulate elements in the DOM using JavaScript. Understanding these
techniques is crucial for creating dynamic, interactive web pages. We will cover methods like getElementById ,
querySelector , and querySelectorAll , along with how to modify element properties and content.

Accessing DOM Elements

To manipulate elements, you first need to access them. JavaScript provides various methods to select elements from the
DOM:

1. getElementById

The getElementById method is used to select an element by its id attribute.

Example: Using getElementById

// HTML
<div id="example-div">Hello, World!</div>

// JavaScript
const element = document.getElementById("example-div");
console.log(element.textContent); // Outputs: Hello, World!

2. getElementsByClassName

The getElementsByClassName method selects elements based on their class name. It returns a live HTMLCollection of
matching elements.

Example: Using getElementsByClassName

// HTML
<div class="example">Item 1</div>
<div class="example">Item 2</div>

// JavaScript
const elements = document.getElementsByClassName("example");
console.log(elements.length); // Outputs: 2

3. querySelector

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The querySelector method returns the first element that matches a specified CSS selector.

Example: Using querySelector

// HTML
<div class="example">Hello!</div>

// JavaScript
const element = document.querySelector(".example");
console.log(element.textContent); // Outputs: Hello!

4. querySelectorAll

The querySelectorAll method returns a static NodeList of all elements that match the specified CSS selector.

Example: Using querySelectorAll

// HTML
<div class="example">Item 1</div>
<div class="example">Item 2</div>

// JavaScript
const elements = document.querySelectorAll(".example");
elements.forEach(el => console.log(el.textContent));

Manipulating DOM Elements

1. Changing Content

Use the textContent or innerHTML properties to change an element's content.

Example: Changing Content

// HTML
<div id="example-div">Original Text</div>

// JavaScript
const element = document.getElementById("example-div");
element.textContent = "Updated Text"; // Updates the content

2. Changing Attributes

Use the setAttribute and getAttribute methods to modify or retrieve element attributes.

Example: Changing Attributes

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// HTML
<img id="example-img" src="image1.jpg" alt="Image">

// JavaScript
const img = document.getElementById("example-img");
img.setAttribute("src", "image2.jpg"); // Changes the image source

3. Adding and Removing Classes

Use the classList property to add, remove, or toggle classes on an element.

Example: Adding and Removing Classes

// HTML
<div id="example-div" class="highlighted">Content</div>

// JavaScript
const element = document.getElementById("example-div");
element.classList.remove("highlighted");
element.classList.add("new-class");

Summary
In this part, we discussed methods to access DOM elements and manipulate their properties, attributes, and classes. These
foundational skills are essential for working with the DOM and building dynamic web applications. In the next section, we will
delve deeper into event handling and how to respond to user interactions.

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12/25/24, 3:57 PM Part 3: Accessing and Manipulating DOM Elements

Part 3: Intermediate DOM Manipulation

Creating and Appending New Elements

Dynamically adding new elements to the DOM is a key feature of JavaScript that allows developers to create highly interactive
web applications.

Using document.createElement()

The document.createElement() method is used to create new HTML elements. Once created, these elements can be added
to the DOM using methods like appendChild() or append() .

Example: Adding a New Paragraph

// JavaScript
const newParagraph = document.createElement("p");
newParagraph.textContent = "This is a dynamically added paragraph.";
document.body.appendChild(newParagraph);

In this example, a new <p> element is created and appended to the document body.

Using innerHTML for Inserting Elements

Another way to insert elements is by using the innerHTML property. However, this method replaces the existing content of
an element and can potentially expose your application to security risks if not handled carefully.

Example: Inserting HTML with innerHTML

// JavaScript
document.getElementById("container").innerHTML = "

New Content
This is dynamically added.

";

This approach is useful for adding multiple elements at once but should be used sparingly to maintain security and
performance.

Modifying Attributes
JavaScript allows you to dynamically set, update, and remove attributes of HTML elements.

Using setAttribute()
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The setAttribute() method is used to add or update an attribute on an element.

Example: Adding an Attribute

// JavaScript
const link = document.querySelector("a");
link.setAttribute("target", "_blank");

In this example, the target attribute is added to a link, causing it to open in a new tab.

Using removeAttribute()

The removeAttribute() method removes an existing attribute from an element.

Example: Removing an Attribute

// JavaScript
const img = document.querySelector("img");
img.removeAttribute("alt");

This example removes the alt attribute from an <img> element.

Directly Accessing Properties

Attributes like id , className , and src can also be accessed and modified directly as properties.

Example: Modifying the id Property

// JavaScript
const header = document.querySelector("h1");
header.id = "main-header";

This approach is often more concise and easier to read than using setAttribute() .

Cloning DOM Elements

Cloning elements allows you to create copies of existing DOM nodes, either with or without their child elements.

Using cloneNode()

The cloneNode() method creates a duplicate of a specified DOM node.

Example: Cloning an Element

// JavaScript
const originalElement = document.querySelector("div");

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const clonedElement = originalElement.cloneNode(true); // Includes child nodes

document.body.appendChild(clonedElement);

The true parameter includes the child nodes of the element being cloned. Set it to false to clone only the element itself.

Replacing Elements
Replacing one element with another is a common operation when updating the DOM dynamically.

Using replaceChild()

The replaceChild() method replaces a child node of a parent element with a new node.

Example: Replacing an Element

// JavaScript
const newHeading = document.createElement("h2");
newHeading.textContent = "New Heading";
const oldHeading = document.querySelector("h1");
oldHeading.parentNode.replaceChild(newHeading, oldHeading);

In this example, an <h1> element is replaced with a new <h2> element.

Summary
In this section, we explored intermediate DOM manipulation techniques such as creating and appending new elements,
modifying attributes, cloning elements, and replacing elements. These techniques form the foundation for more advanced
interactions and dynamic updates in web applications.

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12/25/24, 3:57 PM Part 4: Accessing and Manipulating DOM Elements

Part 4: Event Handling and Listeners

Introduction
Event handling is one of the most critical aspects of DOM manipulation. By listening to user interactions, such as clicks,
keypresses, or mouse movements, you can create interactive and dynamic web applications. In this part, we will dive deep into
how to handle events in JavaScript.

Understanding Events
Events are actions or occurrences that happen in the browser, such as when a user clicks a button, hovers over an element, or
types into a text box. JavaScript provides the ability to listen for these events and respond accordingly.

Adding Event Listeners

To listen for an event, you can use the addEventListener method. This method allows you to attach an event handler to an
element for a specific event.

Example: Adding an Event Listener

// JavaScript
const button = document.querySelector("button");
button.addEventListener("click", function() {
alert("Button clicked!");
});

In this example, we select a button element and attach a click event listener to it. When the button is clicked, the alert
message is displayed.

Removing Event Listeners

If you no longer want an event listener to be active, you can remove it using the removeEventListener method. To do this,
the event handler must be a named function.

Example: Removing an Event Listener

// JavaScript
function handleClick() {
alert("Button clicked!");
}

const button = document.querySelector("button");

button.addEventListener("click", handleClick);

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// Later in the code

button.removeEventListener("click", handleClick);

In this example, the handleClick function is added as an event listener to a button element. The same function is then
removed using removeEventListener .

Event Object
When an event occurs, an event object is automatically passed to the event handler. This object contains information about the
event, such as the target element, event type, and more.

Example: Using the Event Object

// JavaScript
const button = document.querySelector("button");
button.addEventListener("click", function(event) {
console.log("Event type:", event.type);
console.log("Target element:", event.target);
});

Here, the event object provides details about the click event, such as its type and the target element.

Event Delegation
Event delegation is a technique where you use a single event listener on a parent element to handle events for its child
elements. This is especially useful when dealing with dynamically added elements.

Example: Event Delegation

// HTML

Item 1

Item 2

Item 3

// JavaScript
const list = document.getElementById("list");
list.addEventListener("click", function(event) {
if (event.target.tagName === "LI") {
alert(`You clicked on ${event.target.textContent}`);
}
});

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In this example, a single click event listener is added to the ul element. The event handler checks if the target element is
an li and responds accordingly.

Stopping Event Propagation

Events bubble up the DOM tree by default, meaning they are triggered on the target element and then on its parent elements.
You can stop this behavior using event.stopPropagation() .

Example: Stopping Event Propagation

// HTML

Click Me

// JavaScript
const parent = document.getElementById("parent");
const child = document.getElementById("child");

parent.addEventListener("click", function() {
alert("Parent clicked!");
});

child.addEventListener("click", function(event) {
alert("Button clicked!");
event.stopPropagation();
});

In this example, clicking the button triggers the child event handler but stops the parent event handler from being
executed due to stopPropagation .

Preventing Default Actions

Some events have default actions, such as submitting a form or navigating to a link. You can prevent these actions using
event.preventDefault() .

Example: Preventing Default Actions

// HTML
Go to Example

// JavaScript
const link = document.getElementById("link");
link.addEventListener("click", function(event) {
event.preventDefault();
alert("Link click prevented!");
});

In this example, clicking the link does not navigate to the URL because the default action is prevented using
preventDefault .

Summary

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In this part, we explored event handling in JavaScript, including adding and removing event listeners, using the event object,
and implementing techniques like event delegation. We also learned how to stop event propagation and prevent default
actions. These skills form the foundation for building interactive and responsive web applications.

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 Part 5: Traversing and Modifying the DOM

Introduction
Traversing the DOM involves navigating through parent, child, and sibling elements within a document. This section explores how to
navigate and manipulate elements dynamically, allowing for more precise and targeted DOM interactions.

Navigating the DOM

Parent Nodes

You can navigate to an element's parent using the parentNode or parentElement properties.

Example: Accessing a Parent Node

// HTML
<div id="parent">
<p id="child">Hello, World!</p>
</div>

// JavaScript
const child = document.getElementById("child");
const parent = child.parentNode;
console.log(parent.id); // Outputs: "parent"

Child Nodes

To access an element's children, use the childNodes or children properties. The children property is preferred as it only includes
element nodes (ignoring text and comment nodes).

Example: Accessing Child Nodes

// HTML
<ul>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
</ul>

// JavaScript
const list = document.querySelector("ul");
const items = list.children;
console.log(items.length); // Outputs: 2

Sibling Nodes

Siblings are elements that share the same parent. You can access them using the nextSibling , previousSibling ,
nextElementSibling , and previousElementSibling properties.
 Example: Navigating Siblings

// HTML
<div>First</div>
<div>Second</div>

// JavaScript
const first = document.querySelector("div");
const second = first.nextElementSibling;
console.log(second.textContent); // Outputs: "Second"

Modifying the DOM

Adding Elements

To add elements, use document.createElement() along with appendChild() , append() , or insertBefore() .

Example: Adding Elements

// JavaScript
const newItem = document.createElement("li");
newItem.textContent = "New Item";
const list = document.querySelector("ul");
list.appendChild(newItem);

Removing Elements

Use the removeChild() or remove() methods to delete elements.

Example: Removing Elements

// JavaScript
const list = document.querySelector("ul");
const item = list.firstElementChild;
list.removeChild(item);

Replacing Elements

Replace an existing element using the replaceChild() method.

Example: Replacing Elements

// JavaScript
const list = document.querySelector("ul");
const oldItem = list.firstElementChild;
const newItem = document.createElement("li");
 newItem.textContent = "Replaced Item";
list.replaceChild(newItem, oldItem);

Cloning Elements
The cloneNode() method allows you to copy an element. Use the argument true to clone the element along with its children.

Example: Cloning Elements

// JavaScript
const original = document.querySelector("div");
const clone = original.cloneNode(true);
document.body.appendChild(clone);

Working with Text Content

Getting and Setting Text Content

Use the textContent property to get or set the textual content of an element.

Example: Modifying Text Content

// JavaScript
const heading = document.querySelector("h1");
console.log(heading.textContent); // Outputs the text inside the

heading.textContent = "Updated Heading";

Using innerHTML

The innerHTML property allows you to get or set the HTML content of an element, including tags.

Example: Modifying innerHTML

// JavaScript
const container = document.querySelector("div");
container.innerHTML = "<p>New paragraph added!</p>";

Summary
In this section, we explored how to traverse the DOM using parent, child, and sibling relationships, as well as methods to dynamically
modify the DOM by adding, removing, replacing, and cloning elements. Additionally, we covered how to manipulate text content with
textContent and innerHTML . Mastering these techniques is essential for creating interactive and dynamic web applications.
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Part 6: DOM Events - Advanced Techniques

Introduction
Events are one of the most powerful aspects of DOM manipulation, enabling developers to make web pages interactive and
dynamic. In this section, we delve into advanced event-handling techniques, including delegation, event propagation, and
custom events, to provide you with a deeper understanding of how events work in JavaScript.

Event Propagation
Event propagation determines how events flow through the DOM tree. There are three phases of event propagation:

1. Capturing Phase: The event travels from the root element to the target element.
2. Target Phase: The event reaches the target element.
3. Bubbling Phase: The event travels back up from the target element to the root element.

By default, most events use the bubbling phase, but you can specify the capturing phase when adding event listeners.

Example: Event Propagation

// HTML

Click me!

// JavaScript
const outer = document.querySelector(".outer");
const inner = document.querySelector(".inner");

outer.addEventListener("click", () => alert("Outer div clicked!"), true); // Capturing phase

inner.addEventListener("click", () => alert("Inner div clicked!")); // Bubbling phase

In this example, the outer div uses the capturing phase, while the inner div uses the bubbling phase. Clicking on the inner
div will trigger both listeners.

Event Delegation
Event delegation is a technique where a single event listener is added to a parent element to handle events on its child
elements. This is particularly useful for dynamically created elements.

Example: Event Delegation

// HTML

Item 1

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Item 2

Item 3

// JavaScript
const list = document.getElementById("list");
list.addEventListener("click", (event) => {
if (event.target.tagName === "LI") {
alert(`You clicked on ${event.target.textContent}`);
}
});

In this example, clicking on any <li> element triggers the event listener on the parent <ul> , and we use event.target to
identify which <li> was clicked.

Custom Events
JavaScript allows you to create and dispatch custom events using the CustomEvent constructor. Custom events are useful for
creating reusable and modular components.

Example: Creating and Dispatching a Custom Event

// JavaScript
const customEvent = new CustomEvent("myCustomEvent", {
detail: { message: "Hello, World!" },
});

const target = document.querySelector("#target");

target.addEventListener("myCustomEvent", (event) => {
console.log(event.detail.message);
});

target.dispatchEvent(customEvent);

In this example, we create a custom event called myCustomEvent with additional data in the detail property. The event
listener on the target element logs the custom message to the console.

Preventing Default Behavior

Some events have default behaviors, such as clicking a link navigating to a new page or submitting a form reloading the page.
You can prevent these behaviors using the event.preventDefault() method.

Example: Preventing Default Behavior

// HTML
Click me

// JavaScript
const link = document.getElementById("link");
link.addEventListener("click", (event) => {

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event.preventDefault();
alert("Default navigation prevented!");
});

In this example, clicking on the link does not navigate to the URL because the default behavior is prevented.

Stop Propagation
If you want to stop an event from propagating to parent elements, use the event.stopPropagation() method.

Example: Stopping Propagation

// HTML

Click me!

// JavaScript
const outer = document.querySelector(".outer");
const inner = document.querySelector(".inner");

outer.addEventListener("click", () => alert("Outer div clicked!"));

inner.addEventListener("click", (event) => {
event.stopPropagation();
alert("Inner div clicked!");
});

In this example, clicking the inner div triggers only its event listener because the propagation to the outer div is stopped.

Summary
In this section, we explored advanced event-handling techniques, including event propagation, delegation, custom events, and
preventing or stopping default behaviors. These techniques provide greater flexibility and control over how events are
handled in your web applications.

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Part 6: Managing Attributes, Data, and Events in

the DOM

Working with Attributes

Attributes are used to define properties for HTML elements. Using JavaScript, you can get, set, and remove attributes
dynamically. The getAttribute() , setAttribute() , and removeAttribute() methods are commonly used for these
tasks.

Getting Attributes

Example: Retrieving an Attribute

// JavaScript
const link = document.querySelector("a");
const href = link.getAttribute("href");
console.log(href); // Outputs the href attribute value

Setting Attributes

Example: Setting an Attribute

// JavaScript
const link = document.querySelector("a");
link.setAttribute("href", "https://example.com");
link.setAttribute("target", "_blank");

Removing Attributes

Example: Removing an Attribute

// JavaScript
const link = document.querySelector("a");
link.removeAttribute("target");

Using Data Attributes

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Data attributes allow you to store extra information on standard, semantic HTML elements. These attributes start with
data- , followed by a custom name. The dataset property makes it easy to interact with these attributes in JavaScript.

Example: Using Data Attributes

// HTML
Click Me

// JavaScript
const button = document.querySelector("button");
const userId = button.dataset.userId;
console.log(userId); // Outputs: 123

button.dataset.role = "admin";
console.log(button.dataset.role); // Outputs: admin

Event Delegation
Event delegation is a technique for improving performance by adding event listeners to parent elements instead of individual
child elements. This is especially useful when dealing with dynamically generated elements.

Example: Event Delegation

// HTML

Item 1

Item 2

Item 3

// JavaScript
const list = document.getElementById("list");
list.addEventListener("click", function(event) {
if (event.target.tagName === "LI") {
console.log("You clicked: " + event.target.textContent);
}
});

Custom Events
Custom events allow you to define and dispatch your own events, providing more flexibility for communication within your
application. The CustomEvent constructor is used to create a custom event.

Example: Creating and Dispatching a Custom Event

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// JavaScript
const myEvent = new CustomEvent("myCustomEvent", {
detail: { message: "Hello, world!" }
});

document.addEventListener("myCustomEvent", function(event) {
console.log(event.detail.message); // Outputs: Hello, world!
});

document.dispatchEvent(myEvent);

Event Propagation
Event propagation describes the order in which event handlers are executed in the DOM tree. It consists of three phases:

Capture phase: The event moves down from the document root to the target element.
Target phase: The event reaches the target element.
Bubbling phase: The event moves back up to the document root.

Controlling Propagation

You can control propagation using the stopPropagation() and stopImmediatePropagation() methods.

Example: Stopping Event Propagation

// HTML

Click Me

// JavaScript
const outerDiv = document.getElementById("outer");
const innerButton = document.getElementById("inner");

outerDiv.addEventListener("click", () => console.log("Outer DIV clicked"));

innerButton.addEventListener("click", (event) => {
console.log("Button clicked");
event.stopPropagation();
});

Summary
In this section, we covered how to manage attributes, data attributes, and events in the DOM. You learned to dynamically get,
set, and remove attributes, use the dataset property, handle events efficiently with delegation, and create custom events
for specific use cases. Understanding these techniques enables you to create responsive and interactive web applications.

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Part 8: Advanced DOM Manipulation Techniques

Modifying the DOM Structure

Beyond basic element creation and updates, you can manipulate the DOM structure dynamically by cloning nodes, replacing
nodes, or deeply interacting with nested elements.

Cloning Elements

The cloneNode() method allows you to duplicate an existing DOM element. This is useful when you need to create multiple
elements with the same structure and optionally the same content.

Example: Cloning an Element

// JavaScript
const originalElement = document.querySelector(".item");
const clone = originalElement.cloneNode(true); // true for deep clone
originalElement.parentElement.appendChild(clone);

In this example, cloneNode(true) creates a deep clone of the .item element, including all child elements.

Replacing Nodes

The replaceChild() method is used to replace one child node with another.

Example: Replacing a Node

// JavaScript
const parent = document.querySelector(".container");
const newElement = document.createElement("div");
newElement.textContent = "I am a replacement.";
const oldElement = document.querySelector(".to-be-replaced");
parent.replaceChild(newElement, oldElement);

Here, the .to-be-replaced element is replaced with a newly created div element.

Working with Complex Structures

Understanding Document Fragments

A DocumentFragment is a lightweight container that allows you to create and manipulate multiple nodes off-screen before
inserting them into the DOM. This is particularly useful for improving performance when adding many elements.

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Example: Using DocumentFragment

// JavaScript
const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
const newDiv = document.createElement("div");
newDiv.textContent = `Div ${i + 1}`;
fragment.appendChild(newDiv);
}
document.body.appendChild(fragment);

This method minimizes reflows and repaints by appending multiple elements to the DOM at once.

Data Attributes
Custom data attributes ( data-* ) allow you to store additional data on HTML elements. They can be accessed and
manipulated using JavaScript.

Example: Using Data Attributes

// HTML
Click Me

// JavaScript
const button = document.getElementById("userButton");
const userId = button.dataset.userId;
console.log(`User ID: ${userId}`);

Here, the dataset property provides access to the data-user-id attribute as a JavaScript property.

Advanced Event Handling

Event Delegation

Event delegation leverages the concept of event bubbling, allowing you to attach a single event listener to a parent element
to handle events for its child elements.

Example: Event Delegation

// JavaScript
const parentElement = document.querySelector(".parent");
parentElement.addEventListener("click", (event) => {
if (event.target.matches(".child")) {
console.log("Child clicked:", event.target.textContent);
}
});

This approach is efficient and reduces the number of event listeners in your application.

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Custom Events

Custom events allow you to define and dispatch your own events. These are useful for building complex, component-based
systems.

Example: Creating a Custom Event

// JavaScript
const event = new CustomEvent("myEvent", {
detail: { message: "Hello, World!" }
});
const targetElement = document.querySelector("#target");
targetElement.addEventListener("myEvent", (e) => {
console.log(e.detail.message);
});
targetElement.dispatchEvent(event);

Here, a custom event named myEvent is created and dispatched with additional data.

Preventing Default Behavior

The preventDefault() method stops the default action associated with an event, such as following a link or submitting a
form.

Example: Preventing Default Behavior

// JavaScript
const link = document.querySelector("a");
link.addEventListener("click", (event) => {
event.preventDefault();
console.log("Default behavior prevented.");
});

This example demonstrates how to prevent a link from navigating to its href when clicked.

Stopping Event Propagation

The stopPropagation() method prevents an event from bubbling up or capturing down the DOM tree.

Example: Stopping Event Propagation

// JavaScript
const outerDiv = document.querySelector(".outer");
const innerDiv = document.querySelector(".inner");
outerDiv.addEventListener("click", () => {
console.log("Outer div clicked");
});
innerDiv.addEventListener("click", (event) => {
event.stopPropagation();
console.log("Inner div clicked");
});

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In this example, clicking the inner div logs a message but stops the event from propagating to the outer div .

Summary
In this section, we explored advanced DOM manipulation techniques, including cloning and replacing nodes, using document
fragments, leveraging data attributes, and handling events at an advanced level. These techniques are essential for building
dynamic and efficient web applications.

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