COMPUTER SCIENCE (For Class + XT) inter u4tiNs feo unsa tira Roos Emre HET feat wet 3 wd feadt wet act 31 SEN oF Ney) Sey Punjab School Education Board Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar ness, Sioa, eS© Punjab Government Revised Edition 2023-24 .... 30,000 Copies Allrights, including those of translation, reproduction and annotation etc., are reserved by the Punjab Government.FOREWORD ‘The Punjab Curriculum Framework (PCF 2013) which is based on National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 recommends that the child's knowledge must be connected to their life outside the school. It indicates a departure from the legacy of bookish learning and ensures that learning is shifted from rote methods to activity based learning and also provides an opportunity for the holistic developmentofthe students. Over the years, Computer Science as a discipline has evolved and emerged as a driving force for socio-economic activities, Computer technologies are widely used in diverse areas of modern life such as education, business, health, transportand all other sectors also, With the advent of computer and communication technologies, there has been a paradigm shift in teaching at the schoo! level. The role and relevance of this, discipline is in focus because the expectations from the school pass-outs have grown to meet the challenges of the contemporary world. Today, we are living in an interconnected world where computer-based applications influence the way we leam, communicate, commute or even socialise in day to day life, Keeping in view these requirements, Punjab School Education Board has introduced Computer Science as a compulsory subject from class 6th to 12th as per guidelines of Punjab Government. Every effort has been made to include each requisite information according 10 level of class 12th in this book. I hope it will be useful for students and teachers, This book focuses on the fundamental concepts and problem-solving skills while opening a window to the emerging and advanced areas of computer science. The newly developed syllabus has dealt with the dual challenge of reducing curricular load as wellasintroducing this everevolving discipline. Punjab School Education Boord welcomes and look forward to feedback and suggestions for the improvement ofits subsequent editions. Chairman Punjab School Education Board Sorta faut, wtuaraat aS ule forest ferrariieee cumeruces Writers: 1, Mr, Sachin Dhiman, Govt. Senior Secondary School, Ghumandgarh, Shri Fatehgarh Sahib Mrs. Bindu, Govt. Model Senior Secondary School, Phase 3 B-1,$.A.S.Nagar Mrs, Meenu Malhotra, Govt, High Smart School, Grangan, S.A.S. Nagar Mr. Vipan Paul Gur, Govt.Model Senior Secondary School, Cemetery Road, Ludhiana Mr. Kuldeep Singh, Govt. High School, Makrod Sahib, Sangrur Mr. Kuliwinder Singh, Govt. High School, Punnawal, Sangrur Mr. Avtar Singh, Govt. Senior Secondary School, Ghunas, Barnala Mr, Maninder Singh, Govt. Senior Secondary Smart School (Boys), Amloh, Shri Fatehgath Sahib Vetter: 1, Mr. Vikas Kansal, Shaheed Udham Singh Govt. Sen, Sec. School (Girls), Sunam Udham Singh Wala, Sangrar Mr. Gagandeep Singh, Govt Model Senior Secondary School, Phase 3 B-1, S.A.S.Nagar Mr, Inder Singh, Govt, Senior Secondary Smart School, Nandpur-Kalour, Shri Fatehgarh Sahib Co-ordinater 1. Mr. Manvinder Singh, Subject Expert (Computer), Punjab School Education Board, $.A.S. Nagar Cover Title : 1. Mr. ManjitSingh Dhillon, Artist, Punjab Schoo! Education Beard, 8.A.S. NagarOffice Automation and Typing 4.4 Word Processor 1.2. Document Writng and Editing in MS Word 13 Working with Fonts 14 Proofing 15. FindandReplace 18 PageSetup 1.7 Page Borders 18 PrintPreview & Print 1.9 MSExce!-Spread sheet Software 1.40. Formula Bar 1.11 Working with Formulas 1.12 Working with Functions 1.43 Border and Shading 1.14 Custom Filter 1.45 Custom Sort 1.46 Freeze Panes 4.47 Page Setupand Printing Options 1.18 FileConversion 1.19 Typing Technique 1.20. Font Conversion Toot Control Statements in ¢ 24 Introduction 22 Control Statements anc thairtypes 23 Branching Control Statements 24 Looping Control Statements 25 Jumping Control Statements Computer Network 3.1. _Introductionto Network 3.2 Need of Networking 33 TheOSiLayers 3.4 Notwork Devices‘Communication Media ‘Communication Modes Network Sharing Protocol Network ComponentAddresses Current Trendsin Information Technology 4.4. Introductionto information Technology 42 _ Definition ofinformation Technology 43 Applications of information Technology 44 Current Trendsin information Technology Artificial Intelligence and Expert System 5.1 Introductiontol 5.2 WhatisArtifcial Inteligence? 53° TypesofAl 5.4 Importance of Al 55 Applications ofl 5.8 Purpose or Goal ofA 57 ProsandConsofArtifcial Intelligence 5.8 ExpertSystems 59 Robotics Digitization 6.1 Introductionto Digitization 62 E-Commerce 6.3 DigitalorOnline Payment 64 E-Leaming 65 National Academic Depository (NAD} 68 _ DigitalLooker E-Governance (Part-2) TA Introduction 7.2 Conceptof E-Governance 7.3 Working System of E-GovernanceLevels ofE-Govemance Benefits & Drawbacks of £-Governance What is Smart Govemance? ‘Sama SewelSewa Kendra/Sani Kendra ‘Awareness of Aachar Information System Imago Editing and File Conversion Tools 105-125 8.41 Introduction 8.2 Popularimage Editing Tools/Sottware 83 Working with image Editor: GIMP 84 Working with Image Layers 85 ImageEciting Tools 85 Masking 87 ImageFils Conversions Audio and Video Editing 9.1 Introduction 8.2 Audio Converter 93. FreeAudio Converter-Fre:ac 9.4 Video Editing 9.5 Working with Video Editors 9.6 Free Video CutterJoiner “Appendix Lab Activity for Typing Practice inEnglish Lab Activity for Typing Practice inPunjabi (Using Anmol Lipi Font) ‘Appendix =i | Lab Activity for Typing Practice in Punjabi (Using Raavi Unicode Font) ‘Commonly Used Shortcut Keys (MSWord) ‘Commonly Used Shertout Keys (MS Excol) ‘Commonly used Full Forms(viii)gr OFFICE AUTOMATION GEG & TYPING OBJECTIVES OF THIS CHAPTER 11 Word Processor 12 Document Writing and Editing in MS Word 13. Working with Fonts 14 Proofing 15 Find and Replace 1.6 Page Setup 1.7 Page Borders 18 Print Preview & Print 19 MS Excel - Spread sheet Software 110 Formula Bar 1.11 Working with Formulas 1.12 Working with Functions 1.13 Border and Shading 1.14 Custom Filter 1.15 Custom Sort 1.16 Freeze Panes 1.17 Page Setup and Printing Options 118 File Conversion 1.19 Typing Technique 1.20 Font Conversion Tools INTRODUCTION Office automation refers to the integration of office functions usually related to managing information. Raw data storage, electronic data transfer and the management of electronic business information comprise the basic activities of an office automation system, It involves using computers and software to digitize, store, process and communicate most routine tasks and processes in a standard office. Most common and user friendly software and tools in offices are word processors and electronic spread sheets, =e1,1 WORD PROCESSOR A word processor is a software that allows users to create, edit and print documents. It enables us to write text, store it electronically, display it on a screen, modify it by entering, commands and characters from the keyboard and print it. 1.1.1 MS Word Tn previous classes, we have already studied about various features of MS Word such as creating, editing and formatting a document, inserting tables, pictures, used the feature of mail ‘merge, spell- check and thesaunis etc. and also learnt to create a resume document, Microsoft ‘Word can be used for the following purposes: + To create business documents having various graphics including pictures, charts, and diagrams, + To store and reuse readymade content and formatted elements such as cover pages and sidebars. + To create letterheads for personal and business purpose. + To design different documents such as resumes or invitation cards ete. Microsoft Word allows us to create professional-quality documents, reports, letters and resumes. Unlike a plain text editor, Microsoft Word has features including spell check, grarmar check, text and font formatting, HTML support, image support, advanced page Iayout and many more settings. 1.2 DOCUMENT WRITING AND EDITING IN MS WORD Editing a word file is one of the most basic MS office word operations. Editing a word file means making changes in the contents of in the existing document. Everyone needs to edit a ord document at some point or other to incorporate the changes which may arise from time to Editing a Word Document covers these basic concepts: + Adding new text : To add text in a document, place the cursor at the required portion and start typing. + Deleting a part of the text : Select the text that you want to delete and just press the Del/Backspace key from the keyboard. + Copy-Paste a toxt : Select the text that you want to copy and then use Copy (Ctrl+C) and Paste (Ctrl+V) commands. + Moving tent : Select the text that you want to move and then use Cut (Cul+X) and Paste (CuLV) commands to move the text.Formatting text : Formatting refers to changing the font style, size(Ctrl+[ and Ctrl+), color, bold (Ctrl+B), italic (Cu), underline (Ctri+U) and other related parameters. ‘We can also use Format Painter option available at Home tab to apply existing formats to other text, To clear the existing formats on the text, we can also use the Clear Format (Ctri+Space) option available at the Home tab ribbon. Alignment : Alignment determines the appearance and orientation of the edges of the text of paragraph. There are four types of paragraph alignment you can set within Word: Left (Ctrl+L), Center (CB), Right (Cirl+R) and Justify (Ctrl+D). Line Spacing : I is the space between each line in a paragraph, Word allow you to customize the line spacing to be single spaced (Ctrl+1), double spaced (Cirl+2), one and half line spaced (Ctrl+5) or any other amount you want. Bullets and Numbering : These options are used to make bulleted (Ctrl+Shift+L) and numbered lists in the documents. 1.3 WORKING WITH FONTS A font is a graphical representation of text that may include different typeface, point, size or color. We can change the font of text in a document using different ways: 1.3.1 Change the Font Click the Font drop down Menu in Font Group of Home tab and Select the desired Font. (Headings) |= ody) Tig. 14 1.3.2 Change the Default Font Settings Go to Home, and then select the Font Dialog Box Launcher or use keyboard shortcut key Ctrl+Shift+F or Ctrl+D to open the Font dialog box: ‘We can set the font, font style (normal, bold, italic ete.) and font size using this dialog box as shown in the figure 1.2. Font Color : We can change the color of the font as per our requirement, ‘To change the color of text: + Select the text whose color you want to change and open the Font dialog box (Ctl +0). + Click the downward-pointing arrow of the Font Color option on the Formatting toolbar. A color palette appears,+ Click the color you want to apply. + Word changes the color of your text. Font yx “Ta ody ne TP cr doce ees wh Bk [eaeai| Fee BS Fig. 12 ‘Underline Style : MSWord contain multiple types of Underline's styles. For changing it, Click on the drop down option of underline style and select one. Underline Color : Click Underline Color to change its color, you can pick one from a color palette, Effects : There are other options as well, like strikethrough, Double strikethrough, superscript, subscript, shadow, outline, small caps, All caps and hidden. Thus, this was all about basic editing in a word file. After changing settings as per our requirement, we can also set them as default setting of the document, To do this, click on | setAspeéaut | button, Select one of the following: = This document only. + All documents based on the Normal template. Now Click OK button, 1.4 PROOFING Word can also proofread our document to highlight other possible problems, such as misplaced commas or correctly Paetott | Wore | SD spelled words that may be used incorrectly, To make word proofread our document, follow these steps: Proofing leon Fig, 13 ener etClick the Proofing icon at the bottom of the ertor and displays a pop-up menu offering opti choose one of the following: 1.4.1 Auto Correct To reach the Auto Correct options, click on File, then Options, When the "Word Options" Dialog box pops up, choose Proofing in the sidebar. You can now click the " Auto Correct Options" button, We will now see a list af words ‘that will be identified and replaced with a different term, Add entry to an Auto Correct list: 1. Go to the AutoCorrect tab. 2. In the Replace box, type a word or phrase that you often misspell 3. With in the box, type the correct spelling of the word. A, Select Add. 1.4.2 Spelling & Grammar document window. Word highlights o possible jons similar to the options displayed and then ‘MS Word provides the feature to check the spelling & grammatical errors, It shows red wavy underline for spelling errors and the green wavy underline for grammatical errors. The latest wavy underline introduced in Word is blue, . which shows formatting inconsistencies. ‘To start a check of the spelling and grammar in our file just press F7 (Spelling & Grammar checker) or follow these steps: 1. Click the Review tab on the ribbon. 2. Click Spelling or Spelling & Grammar. (a) If document contains finds spelling mistakes, a dialog box appears with the first misspelled word found by the spelling checker. (b) After you decide how to resolve a ignoring it, adding it to the program's dictionary, or the misspel Fring Goma ac 7X ta Selling Grammer MsWord omdesthe =) [ain] featere'acheckthespeting of he ped et ea andanderles the wath ei ifthe e Apelingany word srg. | ipeeneres sree oo — ona soo reer eee E Boat rne changing it), the program moves to the aext misspelled word. Fig. 151.5 FIND AND REPLACE Find and Replace feature in Ms- Word helps us to find words or formats in a document and allow us to replace all instances of a word or format, This is particularly handy in long |= : = documents. We can use the following steps for fe this purpose: * nee 1. Click on Replace option in the Editing Group of Home tab or press Cirl4H. 2. Enter the word or phrase you want to locate in the Find box. 3. Enter your new text in the Replace box. 4, Click Find Next until we come to the word we want to update and then click Replace. To update all instances at once, click Replace AN. 1.6 PAGE SETUP [i, Page Setup allows us to change the structure and layout of pages in a document. The "Page Setup" group on the "Page Layout" tab contains buttons that allows us to make changes in the page setup of document. We can also open the "Page Setup" dialog box by clicking on the dialog box launcher (present in the lower right comer) of the "Page Setup” group of "Page Layout" tab. This dialog box consists of three tabs: Margins, Paper and Layout. 1.6.1 Margins A margin is the spsce between the text and the edge of our document. By default, a new document's margins are set to Normal, which means it has a one-inch space between the text and each edge, Depending on our requirements, Word allows us to change our document's margin size. Steps to change page margins: 1. Click on the Margins tab in the Page Setup Dialog box. 2. Set the Top, Bottom, Left and Right margins as per our requirement. 3. Click OK. 1.6.2 Orientation Page Orientation refers to the direction in which a document is displayed,Steps to Change Page Orientation: 1. Click on the Margins tab in the Page Setup Dialog box. 2. Set the page orientation - Portrait or Landscape as per requirement 3. Click OK. 1.6.3 Paper Size ‘We can set the paper size of our document using this option. Paper size can be of Letter Size, Ad Size, and Legal Size etc. The default paper size in Microsoft Word is 8.5 x II inches -the standard size (called Letter size) “To change the page size: 1. Click on the Paper tab in the Page Setup Dialog box. 2. Select the Paper size, For example: A4, from the drop down menu, Click OK. 1.7 PAGE BORDERS “MS- Word allows us to put a page border around the text in our document, We can also add aborder to either all the pages in our document or certain pages in our document.To add a page border, put the cursor at the beginning of our document or at the beginning of an existing section in our document. Then, click the "Design" tab. + Inthe Page Background group, click the Page Borders option, + Inthe Borders and Shading dialog bos, click the Page Border tab. + Select the page border Setting as per requirement. + — Select the Style of border we want on the page, which can be solid, dotted, or dashed. + Select the Color and Width of the border. If we want to select art work to use as the border, click the down arow for the Art drop-down menu, + By default, the borders are applied tothe whole document, which means every page has the same border. By clicking the down arrow on Apply togives us the option to select the first page only, selected page, all pages except the first page, and other options, + After setting the page border options, click on the OK button, 1.8 PRINT PREVIEW & PRINT Print preview is a feature that displays on the screen what a hard copy would look like when printed, Steps to preview our document are: 1. Click on the File tab. 2. When we click the Print (Ctrl+P) option, it will automatically show the preview of our document. was ca a ae ‘Ghat Gaper cot og ax ao 5 aimee aon a ef ome wo we tetrad joe appa. au BOI i [2] enone © wa Fig. 1.10 3. Now select printing options such as number of copies, page range, collate etc. 4. Now, click on the Print button to get the hardcopy of our document. 1.9 MS EXCEL-SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE & Microsofi Excel is a powerful electronic spreadsheet program used to create results, doing mathematical calculations and representing data in pictorial view with the help of charts. We can use it 0 automate accounting work, organize data, and perform a wide variety of tasks. Excel is designed to perform calculations, analyse information, and visualize data in a spreadsheet. Also, this application includes database and charting features. BB ori St1.10 FORMULA BAR Formula Bar is one of the most important components in MS Excel. The Formula Bar is ‘the area at the top of the Excel window, just below the ribbon area or the Formatting toolbar, The Formula Bar has two parts: Name Box at the left and right side are the contents of the currently selected cell as shown below Formula in Cell |) Home | inset Fagetayout Formuns Data Revew“iew _nowerO wot cauei Wag = a cony~ Gromarine BL ET Ee dy cupboard a B -Fiwapre SS EK Brera Name Box | | 3 Fig. 1.1 ‘The formula bar gets actiyated as soon as you type an equal sign in any cell or click anywhere within the bar. The formula bar displays formulas located in cells rather than the formula resulls. The formula bar can also be used to edit formulas or other data located in the active cell by clicking on the data in the formula bar with the cursor. It can also be used to modify the ranges for individual data series that are selected in an Excel chart, 1.11 WORKING WITH FORMULAS Microxofi Excel is an electronic spread sheet that automates the calculations involved in School result, Grading & Students Fee ete, Formula alwaye starts with = sign, Excel can perform the mathematical calculations for you. You will lear how to create formulas and functions to perform calculations in a spread sheet. Example formulas are: = Di5+D18+D21, =B4-B12, =Al0/B15, = (B16+C16)*1.07 When creating formulas, we may choose to either type the cell address or use the mouse to select the cell address. 1.11.1 Mathematical Operators for Formulas ‘We can create any type of mathematical calculation on our own using the following mathematical operators:= equals - used to begin a calculation + addition - subtraction, + ‘multiplication / division a exponentiation ¢ ‘open parenthesis - used to begin a grouping ) close parenthesis - used to close a grouping 1.11.2 Basic steps for creating a formula Click in the empty cell which will contain the formula, 1 2. ‘Type an equal sign 3. ‘Type the cell address or click the cell that contains the first number. 4, Type the math operator (+ - /* 4) 5. Type the cell address or click the cell that contains the second number. 6. Continue in this manner until the formula is complete. 7. Use parenthesis for clarification, 8. Press the [gl] Enter key. 1.11.3 Manual Formula ‘The given Figure shows the use of formula with cell references and mathematical operations. 1.12 WORKING WITH FUNCTIONS ‘A Function provides an automated method for creating formulas. A function is a predefined formula that performs calculations using specific values in a particular order. Excel includes many common funetions that can be used to quickly find the sum, average, count, maximum value, and minimum value for a range of cells, 1.12.1 Steps for using a function 1. Select an empty cell. 2. ‘Type an equal sign = and then type a function, For example, =SUM for getting the total 3. Type an opening parenthesis ie. ( (ig sygessermeryAnd Fig. 113, 4, Select the range of cells, and then type a closing parenthesis ie. ) 5. Press Enter to get the result, 1.12.2 AutoSum 5 Addition is the most common math operation performed in Excel. The Home ribbon includes an AutoSum button for adding. ‘This button provides a shortcut way for typing SUM function in the current cell. 1.12.3 Commonly Used Functions Now, let’s discuss some commonly used functions: 1.2.3.1 SUM : The Excel SUM function retums the sum of values supplied. The SUM funetion adds values. You can add individual values, cell references or ranges or a mix of all three, Syntax: \UM (number, [number2], [mumber3],...) Arguments: number - The first value to sum number? - [optional] The second value to sam. number - [optional] ‘The third value to sum For example: emline E (ii 2 56 =SUM(A1:C1) It will add the values in cells Al to C1 (AL:Cl) and show 93 1,123.2 COUNT : The COUNT function counts the number of cells that contain numbers, Ttalso counts numbers within the list of arguments, Use the COUNT function to get the number of entries in a number field that is in a range or array of numbers. =COUNT (valuel, [valwe2], ..)Arguments: valuel - An item, cell reference, or range valued - [optional] An item, cell reference, or range For example: (aca 8 c iB 1/23 55 =cOUNT(ALci) Tt will count the numbers in the range A1:C1 and show 3 1.12.3.3 MAX : The Excel MAX function returns the largest numeric value in a range of values. The MAX function ignores empty cells, the logical values TRUE and FALSE, and text values. ‘Syntax: MAX (number, [number2], ...) Arguments number - Number, reference to numerie value, or range that contains numeric values number? - [optional] Number, reference to numeric value, or range that contains numeric yalues For example: i] A B [ce D E 1/2 2 56 =MAX(A1:C1) It will display the largest number in the range A1:CI, Le, 56 1.12.34 MIN : The Excel MIN function retums the smallest numeric value in a range of values. The MIN funetion ignores empty cells, the logical values TRUE and FALSE, and text values. Syntax: =MIN (number, [number2], ..) Arguments: number! - Number, reference to numeric value, or range that contains numeric values number? - [optional] Number, reference te numeric value, or range that contains numeric values For example: GR ee 12 23 56 IN(A1:C1) It will display the smallest number in the range A1:CI, ie. 121.12.3.5 AVERAGE : The Excel AVERAGE fanction returns the average of values provided, AVERAGE can handle up to 255 individval arguments, which can include numbers, cell references, range, strays and constants. ‘Syntax: =AVERAGE (number!, [number2}, ..) Arguments: numberl - A number or cell reference that refers to numerie values number2 - [optional] A number or cell reference that refers to numeric values For example: a rs D E 1/12 2 56 =AVERAGE(AI:C1) Ii will display the average value of the numbers in the range AL:C1, Le. 31 1.12.3.6 NOW : The Excel NOW function retums the current date and time, updated continuously when a worksheet is changed or opened. The NOW function takes no arguments. You can format the yalue returned by NOW as a date or as a date with time by applying a number format. ‘Syntay/Example: a B 1 =Now)) It will display the current date and time. 1.12.3.7 TODAY : The Excel TODAY function returns the current date, updated continuously when a worksheet is changed or opened. The TODAY function takes no arguments. ‘You can format the value retumed by TODAY using any standard date format, If you need ‘current date and time, use the NOW function Syntax/Example: A 8 1 =TODAY() It will display the current date only. 1.12.38 CONCATENATE : The CONCATENATE function in Excel is designed to join different pieces of text together or combine values from several cells into one cell. Syntax: CONCATENATE( text! , [text2],...) Arguments: text - The first text value to join together text2 - The second text value to j togetherFor Example: [wane c D 1 [Hello Students _=CONCATENATE(A1,"",B1) ‘It will display the text Hello Students after combining text of cells Al and BL 1.12.3.9 UPPER : The Excel UPPER function returns a upper-case version of a given text siring, Numbers and punctuation are not affected. Syntax: =UPPER (text) Argument: text - The text that to convert to upper case. For Example: Ala _1 |Hello Itwill display the text HELLO in capital letters, ‘1.12.3.10 PROPER : The Excel PROPER function capitalizes the first letter of each word in the given text/string. Numbers and punctuation are not affected. Syntax: =PROPER (text) Argument: text - The text that should be converted to proper case. For Example: A 8 “1 HELLO STUDENTS =PROPER(AL) It will display the (ext Hello Students in which first letter of each word is written in capital letter, Relational Operators for Conditional/Logical Functions ‘When we are constructing a test condition for couditional functions like IF, SUMIF, COUNTIF ete. we can use any one of the following relational operators in excel equal to greater than ‘gieater than or equal to Tess than ‘ess than or equal (0 not equal to (ori St Oar yly1.12.3.L1 IF ; We use an IF statement to ask Excel to test a condition and to return one value if the condition is true, and another value if condition is false. For example: =IF(A1>=33,"Pass","Fail”). This function will show Pass if the value of cell A1 is greater than or equals to 33 otherwise it will show Fail. More than one condition can be tested by nesting IF functions, The IF function can be combined with logical functions like AND and OR. Syntax: (criteria, value_if_true, [value_if_false}) Arguments: criteria - A value or logical expression that can be evaluated as TRUE or FALSE. value_if_true-The value to return when criteria evaluates to TRUE false - optional] The value to return when criteria evaluates to FALSE. 1.12.3.12 SUMIF : SUMIF is the function used to sum the values according to a single criterion. Using this function, we can find the sum of numbers that meet certain criteria within a range. This function comes under Math & Trigonometry functions. Syntax: SUMIF range, criteria, [sum_range]) Arguments range - the range of cells to be evaluated by our criteria, required, criteria - the condition that must be met, required. sum_range-[optional] the ceils to sum if the condition is met 1.12.3.13 COUNTIF : COUNTIF is another powerful and useful condition function that can be used in excel. This function is used to count cells that meet certain criteria COUNTIF can be used to count cells with dates, numbers, and text that meet specific criteria, Syntax: =COUNTIF (range, criteria) Arguments: range - The range of cells to count. criteria - ‘The criteria that controls which cells should be counted. Following Example shows the usage of conditional functions TR, SUMIF and COUNTIF: 7 lee 1 eal Fest Sei | Teol| met 2 [Srcane 3) [Ee esa 7 | 4 fas 3 =r, = [E> Pea) 353 fa id [uMrcao45=2%[Fleb=6,ea}) 3s fa 3 sues, >=2%) [2-6 al) 5-5 fal ca M6605 5=3 [| eD=6, ea) so | 1s fs 7 “5 hoofs suds coun 25 as) oofPased udets 2 3S osffaed sens scour," 5 footaiedsudets 3 Fig. 1.141.18 BORDER AND SHADING fae Border and Shading is used to differentiate various | » ; y- ‘areas of the spreadsheet. Borders can be applied to one | i cell or a range of cells or entire spreadsheet. Use the £© & a eS t Borders button, on the Home ribbon to apply border | —° |= aan i styles. Also, the Fill Colour button will add or remove | EB) ware srcer i colout/shading for a cell or range. i ae | 1.14 CUSTOM FILTER i leo | If our worksheet contains a fot of content, it can be | = soll difficult to find information quickly. Filters can be used Fig. 1.15 to narrow down the data in our worksheet, allowing us to view only the information we need. 1, Select the Data tab, then click the Filter command. A drop-down arrow will appear in the header cell for each column. 2. Click the drop-down arrow for the column we ‘want to filter, for example: Subject. 3. The Filter menu will appear, 4. Click on the custom filter. Option in the sub menu of Text. Filter or Number filter option. 5. ‘The Custom AutoFilter dialog box will appear. 6. Select Filter Criteria and type its value (e.g. Math). 7. The data will be filtered by the selected text filter as shown in the following figure. Sort & iter Fig, 1.16 sunt lioiey shown ioe Isucveeh Bay lobe Custom Filter in Exco! Fig. 1.17 1,15 CUSTOM SORT Sorting refers to the operation of arranging sets of data in some specific order, Sorting of data can be in ascending or descending order. It may be applied on alphabetic and numeric values, Following steps can he used! to sort data in Excel: 1. Select the data we want to be sorted. 2. Click the Data tab and then the Sort button. 3. Inthe Sort box click Custom List under Order.A 8 c D E (1 ShalNlame! _[fathervame _[mothername jos | 1.2 _320/AA01 GIL [RAJ KUMAR GILL KASHISH GILL 4 Dec-06| 3 47a] AKASH LOGINDER YADAV prem snesia devi | esan-o6 | 4 Tefaanceat RAKESH KUMAR BABITA RANI T0103 | 3 103]AARMAN RAJ KUMAR SEEMA 28-Apr-08} 6 (séa)aagri HEERALAL sanewa dev 23-0rt-0o 7 [aaifaaan aur laa 25ep-03 | 9 823] AARTI KUMARI |ARUN KUMAR TANTI |PRATIMA DEVE 4Sep-04] 9 “az2jaasHise RAM KUMAR. ARCHANA DEVI sian] | 10 “ara]Aaswa BABLU KUMAR saNGIra DEVI 16-Mar-07] 1 oafAASTHA [GAGAN RENU 10-Feb-1] 12 _sza|aasTHa SANTOSH TIWARI Nes.av TIWARI 202 13 “10s[aasTHa SON NARESH KUMARSONI JPOosA SON 20-Nev-10 Fig. 1.18 4, In the List entries box, enter how you want the data to be sorted, For example, we've sorted Name (Column B) and then by Father name (Column C) in A-Z sort order, 5. Once completed entering the data into List entries then click Ok. Set ? % Gfaaaia || asec ow || Scere |=] ens] ty ane rarnene Fig. 1.19 1.16 FREEZE PANES Whenever we ase working with a lot of data in Excel, it can be difficult to compare information in our workbook. Fortunately, Excel includes several tools that make il easier to view content from different parts of our workbook at the same time, such as the ability to freeze panes. ‘To keep an area of a worksheet visible while we scroll to another area of the worksheet, go to the View tab, where we can Freeze Panes to lock specific rows and columns in place, or we can Split panes to create separate windows of the same worksheet. ‘When we freeze panes, Microsoft Excel keeps specific rows or columns visible when we seroll in the worksheet. For example, if the first row in, our spreadsheet contains headers, wemight freeze that row to make sure that the column headers remain visible as we scroll down in our spreadsheet. revew [View | swatoF Team JSiseie | view Sse by sie a a aide | atsyrenroncusscroting | ‘Zoom 100% Zoomto | New Arrange = Save S| wetiw ae [Slumice | aidneset window Peston | wostirace wanders+ oom sq ireze Panes Keep rows and column vibe whieh ret of thewonmhet sre aned cn ure velecion, | Freez Top fow Kepmetiprem te waterootins ugh KLE there et the wortsheet Fa Frere Fist Column Keep the irs colurn visible while scoting through the est ofthe werksneet. Fig. 1.20 1.17 PAGE SETUP AND PRINTING OPTIONS ‘When viewing our workbook in Excel, page setup can make a world of difference. Excel gives us lots of options for setting up our page. The Page Setup group of the Page Layout tab contains the following important command buttons in Excel: + Margins = It can bo used to select one of three pre-set margins for the report or to Sse set custom margins on the |™£""(Olenea- Margins tab of the Page Setup Sent au dialog box. Henien Oe + Orientation : Tt is used to Side san ahead switch between Portrait and [3 Ly He HR PE Tate ‘Landscape mode for printing. [57 ee + Size: is used to select one [57 Hower Oem Rae 38GR of the pre-set paper sizes or | § oa set a custom size. + Print Area : Tt is used to set and clear the print area, + Brealks : It is used to insert or remove page breaks. + Background = It is used to open the Sheet Background dialog box where we can select a new graphic image or photo to use as a background for the current worksheet, (This button changes to Delete Background as soon as we select a background image.) (BB ori St+ Print Titles : It is used to open the Sheet tab of the Page Setup dialog box where you can define rows of the worksheet to repeat at the top and columns of the worksheet to repeat at the left as print titles for the report. 1.18 FILE CONVERSION File conversion is the process of converting a file into another type. For example, transferring a file used in 8 [iasOopet force Malate Microsoft Word to PDF or PDF to Excel | (jstowws* nse - re er or Word.We can also convert our docx. | or .als file to PDF here are some steps to make our file to PDF as below: How to convert an Excel file to a PDF: 1, Open Microsoft Excel file. 2. Click on File then Save as. 3. ‘Type Desired File name. 4. Change Save As type to PDF, | nin @ estas ogee aiencs! os Cates 5. Click on Save. ‘There are many good websites available to convert various types of documents online. 1.19 TYPING TECHNIQUE ‘Typing is the process cf writing or inputting text by pressing keys on a typewriter, computer Keyboard, cell phone, or calculator. Text can be in the form of letters, numbers and other symbols, User interface features such as spell checker and auto complete serve to facilitate and speed up typing and to prevent or correct errors the typist may make, 1.19.1 Touch Typing ‘Touch typing is a technique by which we can leam : typing with all fingers, step by step, without having to Took down at the keyboard. It will increase the typing speed. Any typing-tutor software can be used for learning this technique, 1.19.2 Voice Typing Fig. 1.23 Voice Typing is a type of speech recognition program that converts speech to written language. Voice-to-text technique was originally developed as an assistive technology for thevisually impaired or handicapped persons. The speech-to-text converter is speech recognition software bby which the software takes user's speech as input and converts this speech input (o text ) \ ) => 1.20 FONT CONVERSION TOOLS Fig. 1.24 Sometimes we are asked to prepare our document using a specific font, but we do not know how to type in that particular font. In such situations, we can use these converters. For example, we are asked to prepare our document using Reavi font and we are not familiar with the key-map of Raavi font, But, we are familiar with Anmol Lipi Key-map. In sucha case, font converter tool, such as G-Lipi-CA, helps us to type in Raavi font by using key-map of AnmolLipi font, Following are some examples of such font conversion methods/tools. + AnmolLipi to Raavi (Unicode Conversion) + G-Lipi-CA (htip://gurmukhifontoonverter.com/) + Punjabi Gurmukhi Keyboard (hitps:/{punjabi-gurmukhi-keyboard-based-on-anmoll software.informer.com/dowaload/) > Deints To Remember A word processor is software that allows users to create, edit, and print documents. Formatting refers to changing the font style, size, color, bold, italic, underline and other related parameters. 3. Alignment determines the appearance and orientation of the edges of the text of paragraph. 4. MS Word provides the feature to check the spelling of the typed text and underlines the text with red line, if the spelling of any word is wrong. Page Setup allows us to change the structure and layout of pages in a Microsoft Word document, A margin is the space between the text and the edge of your document, 7. Page Orientation refers to the direction in which a document is displayed. Print preview is a feature that displays on the screen what a hard copy would look like when printed 9. Microsoft Excel is a powerful electronic spreadsheet program used o create results, doing mathematical calculations and representing data in pictorial view with help of charts, 10. A funetion is a predefined formula that performs calculations using specific values in a particular order. IL. Filters can be used to narrow down the data in your worksheet, allowing you to view only the information you need.12, B. ‘Touch typing is a technique by which we can lear typing with all fingers, step by step, without having to look down at the keyboard, Voice Typing is a type of speech recognition program that converts speech to written Janguage. axenciss Part-A Multiple Choice Questions: L is word processor software. MS Window b. MS Excel ©. MS PowerPoint d. MS Word I Tocheck spelling and grammar key is used. a. Ctrl+F7 b. AIWET ce FT Shift F7 IL. ‘option in MS-word changes the structure and layout of pages. Format b. Print and Print Preview Page Setup d. Proofing Ww. is electronic spread sheet software used for automated calculations. a. MS Window b. MS Excel ©. MS PowerPoint 4. MS Ward v. refers to changing the font style, size, color, bold, italic, underline and other related parameters. a. Formauing b. Alignment &. Proofing Filtering Fill in the Blanks: L and functions are used to find the minimum and maximum value in range. Tl. Filter option is available in tah of Excel IIL If the cursor is placed at the end of the file, then button is pressed to delete the text. IV. Two options of orientations for page setup are and v. Symbol is used to start any formula (function) in excel calen Write shortcut keys : 1. For copying contents I. For Paste I. For Bold asIV. v. Vi. VIL For Underline For Centre alignment For Justify alignment For Double line spacing VIL, For Replace Ix. X For Printing, For Spelling & Grammar check Part-B Short Answer Type Questions. (Write the answers in 4-5 lines) a<2Z5R" Long Answer Type Questions. (W L 0. M, W. What is Excel? Explain formatting in details, Explain Print & Print Preview options What are formulas in MS Excel? What do you know about the formula bar in Excel? What are Margins? Part-C ¢ the answers in 10-15 lines) What are word processors? Explain their uses. Describe the Proofing options in MS Word. What are functions in Excel? Explain any two functions with example. Explain the various methods of Typing. 0Lab Activity-i Create Resume in MS Word for job and also prepare following task. * Correct the mistakes (if shown in document) with the help of Spelling and Grammar Check. + Set the Page Border. + Save your Resume as PDF file, Lab Activity-2 Prepare Result in MS Excel as given below Bid 9c alr : [ee i A Se wan tet Ga Cony ~ Paste promatrantee BOF We Be) > A> BBB aR nerge a center- [#6 Ge 2 s.No.|NName of Student | class Section | ——CPMEMTE 2M _1 percentage] Result 2 Theory [Practical|Total 3 a[RaMiAL hath [a 4s|_ 4d 4 2|shamsincy [ath [a zal 3al | s|_a]eurmansincn [ath [a ala (o4/Manereerxaun [ath [@ ala) i 7 __S[ramizrasa [ath [a za 8 Glausanoeer [auth |p 38[ 36] 8 s|senasreet [uth |e 43] ad 10, s|eenaxsui faith |B a7]___ 3a | a1 9fshennaz faith fo a3] 38 12/__ao]RakesH kuMAR faith [a 3a|___35] | a Now do as following: + Set Border of cells. + Calculate Total, Percentage and Result with the help of formulas and functions. + Sort the student data in increasing order according to ‘Name of Student’ colunin. + Filter the data of ‘Section A’ students using Filter option . Save the file in PDF format,CONTROL OLE STATEMENTS IN C 2.1 INTRODUCTION In the Lith class, we have studied about the basics concepts of C Language such as identifiers, tokens, variables, constants, data types, operators and expressions ete. in this chapter, we are going to discuss some more advanced concepts related to programming in C. Nommally in C programming, a program consists of a number of statements which are usually executed in sequence. This is called sequential execution. Programs can be much more powerful if we can control the order in which statements are executed, In this chapter, we shall discuss about these various powerful control constructs such as branching, looping and jumping Using these constructs we can control the execution flow in a C program. 2.2 CONTROL STATEMENTS AND THEIR TYPES language includes a wide variety of powerful and flexible control statements. Using these control statements, we can control the execution flow of program statements. In simple words, We can say that those statements which are used 10 contiol the execution flow in a program are called Control Statements. We can transfer the control point to 8 desired location iin the program or we can repeat.a statement any number of times using these control constructs. These control statements can be categorized into three divisions: 1. Branching Control Statements 2. Looping Control Statements 3. Jumping Control Statements All these are the powerful control statements which controls the execution of program statements in different ways. Branching statements are used to decide which actions to take, looping statements ate used 10 define how many times to repeat a certain action, and Jumping.‘ontrol Statement ranching jumping 4 al eles ‘continue itch cas at Fig, : 2.1 Different Types of Control Statements in © slaternents are used to transfer unconditional control from one location to other location in the program. We can use any of these statements anywhere in the program as per our requirements. Following discussion shows a detailed explanation about these statements. 2.3 BRANCHING CONTROL STATEMENTS These statements are branching so called because the program chooses to follow one branch or another during execution. These statements can be used for decision - making purpose or for making multi-way selection. Therefore these statements can further be categorized into two major categories which given belo A. Conditional control Statements B. Muhi-way conditional control Statements A detailed discussion of these control statements with suitable examples is given below: 2.3.1 Conditional Control Structures (Decision Making Statement) ‘These statements are also called decision making statements, In these constructs, two or more set of statements are written but only one of these sets is executed. Which set of statements will be executed depends upon a test condition. If the test condition evaluates to truc, we direct the program to take one set of actions, otherwise, we direct the program to do some other set of actions. For conditional control statements, we use if else statements in the C programs. There are many variations for using if else statements as show below: + if'statement + if else statement + else if statement + nested if statement 2.3.1.1 Simple if statement : It is the simplest form of if else statement. The ‘if statement’ evaluates the test condition and then proceed to carry out the set of actions only if the test condition is evaluated to true. It is terminated when the test condition evaluates to false. The syntax for using this statement is given below: Syntax: if (expression) { Block of statements;Here, the expression also referred so as test condition must be enclosed in parenthesis, which causes the expression to be evaluated first. If ig evaluate to true, then the body of the tements will be executed otherwise this body of statements will be ignored and control will be passed to the next sta! nsider the following example: Program 2.1: Write a program in © Language to find whether the student is "Passed" by entering marks through the Keyboard, 2.3.1.2 iff else statement : In if else conditional control statement, statements in if block executed only when the condition is true and statements in else block gets executed only when the condition is false, The syntax for using if else statement is given below: gets Syntax: if (expression) { Block of statements; Block of statements; Progr Entering marks through Keyboard, ram (o find whether the student is "Pass" or "Fail" by 12.2: Write a prog else printt ‘Output of Program: 22 Pra ET 26 “Conrure Scusver2.3.1.3 else if statement : It is a chain of multiple if else statements. Here, statements in body getexecuted when the corresponding condition is true. Statements in final else block gets executed when all other conditions are false, We can use any number of else if blocks between if and else Syntax: if (expression!) { Block 1 of statements: } else if(expression2) 1 Block 2 of statements; } else { Block n of statements } Program 2.3: Write a program to find Grade of the student if marks>=80 then Grade A, if marks>=60 and marks<80 then Grade B, if marks>=40 and marks<60 then Grade C, otherwise Grade D. nee" *) Datu ot Progam 2.3.1.4 Nested-if statement : Writing the if statement with-in another if is called as nested-if. Inner if is processed only when outer if condition is true. Hence statements of inner if ets executed when outer if and inner if conditions are tue, “Cowmmon Sxaneaans wy C 27Syntax: if(conditiont) { /> Executes when the conditionlis true */ if(condition?) { /* Executes when the condition 2 is true */ Block 1 of Statements; } Program 2.4: Write a program to find Largest number between three numbers entered by the user. 3 4 || int a,b, 5 | printe(menter th X ) ‘fe 1 rintt argest") 3 else se 5 int é ("E eihiet Output of Program: 24 else Prowan 2a 2.3.2 Multi Way Conditional (Case) Control Structures A multi-way branching is often the most efficient method of passing control to one of a set of program labels. For multi-way conditional control statement, we use switch case statement in C Programs which is explained below with suitable example: 2.3.2.1 switeh-case statement : The statement switch-case is similar to else if statement It’s a matter of preference which we use; switch statement can be slightly more efficient and easier to read. In switch-case, statements get executed when corresponding case constants are true only. Statements of defaults block gets executed only when all other cases are false. asSyntax: switch (variable/expression) { case constant] statements 1; break: case constant?: ‘Statements2; break: cage constant ‘statements3; break: felt: statements; ) Program 2.5: Write a program (o print name of day of week corresponding to the mber of the day entered by the user. break . *) prea Sanday" break ‘Output of Program: 25 2.4 LOOPING CONTROL STATEMENTS Looping statements are also called Iterative Statements. ‘There may be si need to execute a block of statements several number of times. In such sitiatior provide a way to repeat statements and they also control how many times the statements to be repeated. C provides different types of loops. All these loops can be categorized into two ations when we . loops categories as given below: 2.4.1 Pre-Test Loops 24.11 For loop 24.1.2 while loop 292.4.2 Post-Test Loop 24.2.1 Do-while loop 2.4.1 Pre-test Loops Pre-Test loops are also called Entry-Controlled loops. In these loops, the control conditions are tested before execution of the body of loop. The ‘for’ and ‘while! loops are the entry- controlled loops in C. These loops are explained below: 2.4.1.1 for loop : A for loop is a repetition or iterative control structure that allows us to ‘write a loop that needs to be executed for a specific number of times. The 'for loop! statements long as condition is true. For loop contains three expressions: get executed + Expression! includes initializing the variables (counter variable), + Expression 2 includes condition and + Expression’ includes increment or decrement of variable (counter variable) Syntax: for(Expression| (init pr2 (condition);Expr3 (increment/decrement)) { Body of statements; 1 Program 2.6: Write a program to print first n natural numbers using for loop. ‘Output of Program: 2.6 Program: 25 2.4.1.2 While loop : In while-loop, statements get ex while-loop it checks the condition first and if the condition is tue then it executes the statements later. So, minimum number of execution times of statements in while loop is 0, tuted as long as condition is true. In Syntax: while(condition) { statements;Program 2.7: Wr loop. 1 program to print even numbers between 10 to 1 using while .] : void m: ant i 5 while 7 printf ("\nsa" 0 ‘Output of Program: 2.7 Program: 2.7 2.4.2 Post-Test Loop Post-Test loopis also called Exit-Controlled loop. In this loop, the control conditions are tested after the execution of the statements of the body one exit-controlled loop in C. This loop is explained below. 2.4.2.1 do while loop ; In do-while loop, true. In do-while loop, it @ Joop. The ‘do while’ loop is the only ements get executed as long as condition is scutes the statements first and checks the condition later. A do- While loop is similar to a while loop, except that a do-while loop is guaranteed to execute at least once. Therefore in do while loop, the minimum number of executions for the body of the loop will be 1. Syntax: do statements; } while(condition); Program 2.8: Write a program to print odd numbers from 1 to n (entered by user) using do while loop. ‘Output of Program: 2.5 a12.5. JUMPING CONTROL STATEMENTS Jumping statements in C programming are used for altering the normal flow of a program. ‘Using these statements, we can transfer the execution control from one location to some other location in the program. Following are the jumping statements thet can be used in the C programs 25.1 Goto statement 25.2 Break statement 25,3 Continue statement All these jumping statements are explained below: 2.5.1 goto statement A goto in C programming provides an unconditional jump from the goto statement to a labelled statement in the same function. It transfers control to a Inbelled location. The label ‘must reside in the same function and can appear only once in the same function, Itis a kind of branching structure, It moves the control flow forward or backward to a label. It is condition dependent. Syntax: goto label; label: statement, Here label can be any plain text except C keyword and it can be set anywhere above or below the goto statement with in a function. Program 2.9 Write a program in C to show the use of goto statement 4 ant 4 STAI: | //label tor goto statement ae > goto STAKr ‘Output for Program: 29 Program: 29 ‘The two more statements built in C programming to alter the normal flow of a program + break + continue Loops perfarm a set of repetitive task (statement) until condition becomes false but it is sometimes desirable to skip some statements inside loop or terminate the loop immediately 2 | Coneren Seurscewithout checking the test expression. In such cases, break and continue statements are used. ‘The break statement is also used in switch statement to exit switch statement. 2.5.2 break statement Break statement terminates the loop or switch statement and transfers execution to the statement immediately following the loop or switch. The break statement in C programming Janguage has the following two usages 1. When the break statement is encountered inside a loop, the loop is immediately terminated and program control resumes at the next statement following the loop. 2. It can be used to terminate a case in the switch statement. If we are using nested loop (i.e., one loop inside another loop), the break statement will stop the execution of the innermost loop and start executing the next line of code after the block. Syntax: 2.5.3 continue statement Itis sometimes desirable to skip some statements inside the loop without exiting the loop. In such cases, continue statements are used. It causes the loop to skip the remaining statements and inimediately re-test its condition prior to reiterating, Syntax: continue; 1. C provides three types of control flow statements: Branching, Looping and Jumping, 2, Branching is so called because the program chooses to follow one branch or another, 3. Loops provide a way to repeat commands and control how many times they are repeated. 4. We can use any number of else if blocks between if and else. 5. Writing the if statement with-in another if is called as nested-if2 Switch-case is similar to if-else-if statement. In Pre~Test loops, the control conditions are tested before the body of loop. Tn Post-Test loops, the control conditions are tested after the body of loop. A for loop is a repetition or iterative control structure that allows us to write a loop that needs to execute a specific number of times. for and while loops are the examples of pre-test loops whereas do while is an example of post-test loop. Jumping statements in C programming are used for altcring the normal flow of a program. A goto in C programming provides an unconditional jump from the goto, to a labelled ‘statement in the same function. Break statement can be used to terminate a case in the switch statement. continue statement is used to skip some statements inside the loop. Zxenose Part-A Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Which of the following statement is also called as conditional statement? a. for b. break « if 4. while IL, switch-case is similar to statement a. ifele b. ifebeif c. break d. goto IL = Which statement can be used to terminate a case in the switch statement? a. continue b. goto c if d. break IV. Which of the following is an example of Post Test loop? a. for b. while c. do while d. continue V. Which of the following is not a jumping statement? a. while b. continue ©. goto d. break Fill in the Blanks: Lon loops, the control conditions are tested before the body of loop. in oops, the control conditions are tested after the body of loop. I. statement is used to skip some statements inside the loop. NV. is a multi-way conditional control statement. V. The break statement can be used to terminate a case in the statement.3 Write ‘True or Palse 1 Writing if statement with-in another if s called nested loops. IL Control statements in C programming are used for altering the normal How of a program, IL Continue statement is sometimes desirable to skip some statements inside the loop. TV. Looping statements provide a way to repeat commands. Part-B Short Answer Type Questions. (Write the answers in 4-5 lines) L Define Branching? Name its different control statements? IL What is looping? Name three different types of looping statements? IIL, What is nested if statement? Write its syntax’? IV. What is if-else statement? Write a program of if-else statement? V. What is while statement? Write its syntax? Part-C Long Answer ‘Type Questions, (Write the answers in 10-15 lines) L What are Control Statements? Explain their types. IL What is for loop? What are the two different categories of loops? IL Whatis jumping statement? Explain its types? IV. What is do while loop? How it differs from while loop?Lab Activity Write the output of the following programs: Program 1: void main) [__ output oF Program | roid main) Output of Program int a,bs printf ("Enter two values *) acant ("dtd 60, cb) 7 if (a>b) printf ("td is greater than td",a,b): else printé ("td is greater than ta",b,a); Program 2: Vine twaecstatos n> Output of Program int days: printe ("Enter nunber of days in a month *) scant ("bd", «days} ; switen (days) ( printe ("Feb without Leap Year") : break: case 2 printf ("Feb with Leap Year"); break: prints ("April, June, Sept, Now"): break: printf ("Jan, March, May, July, Aug, Oct, De break: default print€ ("Wrong number of days for a month*) Finclude void main () ( Ant i,sum=07 for (i=1;i<-10;4++) ( printé("\nta", i); umesumti printf ("\nSum is: td", sum); 3Exe COMPUTER NETWORKS OBJECTIVES OF THIS CHAPTER | 3.1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORK Computer networks are the base of communication in Information Technology. ‘These are used in a variety of ways and these can include different types of network, In simple words, a computer network is a set of ‘computers that are connected together (using a media) in a way that they can share information and complete the process. 3.2 NEED OF NETWORKING To share our files or information from ‘our computer to another computer we need Computer networking. In simple terms Networking means communication and sharing, We can say that a networking means to communicate and sharing an information over a network, In our routine work we use the things or services where networking plays an important role: + — Communicating using email, video, instant messaging. ¥ 3.1 Computer Network + Other methods sharing devices such as printers, scanners and photocopiers.+ Sharing files, sharing software ond operating programs on remote systems + — Allowing network users to easily access and maintain information 3.3 OSI LAYERS OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has been developed by ISO - International Organization of Standardization’, in the year 1984, It is 7-layer architecture, with each layer having specific functionality to perform. All these. 7 layers work collaboratively to transmit the data from one person to another across the globe. meme ‘As we have studied that there are the seven OSI layers. Each layer has different functions. ‘want A list of seven layers are given below: Sei Ler i. Physical Layer a ii Data-Link Layer iii, Network Layer ee al iy, Transport Layer Dus Lika y. Session Layer iio Yi. Presentation Layer vii. Application Layer i. Physical Layer ; The main function of this layer is to tansmit the individual bits (0,1) from one node(any physical device) to another node. It is the lowest layer of the OSI model. It establishes, maintains and deactivates the physical connection in a network. ii, Data-Link Layer : Data-Link layer is responsible for transferring of data frames (a sequence of bits or symbols) without any error. It defines the format of the data on the network. It provides a reliable and efficient communication between two or more devices. It is mainly responsible for the unique identification of each device that resides on @ local network. Network Layer : Network Layer manages device addressing, tracking the location of devices on the network. It determines the best path to move data from source io the destination based on the network conditions, the priority of service, and other factors. The Data link layer is responsible for routing and forwarding the packets. The protocols used {o route the network traffic are known as Network layer protocols. Examples of protocols are IP and Ipv6. ‘Transport Layer : The Transport layer ensures that messages are transmitted in the ‘order in which they are sent and there is no duplication of data. The main responsibility of the ‘transport layer is to transfer the data completely. It receives the data from the upper layer and converts them into smaller units known as segments. This layer can be termed as an end-to-end layer as it provides a point-to-point coanection between source and destination to deliver the data reliably. v. Session Layer : The session layer is the fifth layer, which controls the connections between multiple computers. The session layer tracks the dialogs between two processes which Fig. 32 OSI Layerscan be either half-duplex or full-duplex, which are also called sessions. Session layer adds some checkpoints when transmitting the data in a sequence, If some error occurs in the middle of the transmission of data, then the transmission takes place again from the checkpoint. This process is known ax Synchronization and recovery. vi. Presentation Layer : A Presentation layer is mainly concemed with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between the two systems. It acts as a data translator for a network. This layer is a part of the operating system that converts the data from one presentation format to another format. The Presentation Isyer is also known as the syntax layer. vil. Application Layer : An application layer serves as a window for users and application processes to access network service, It handles issues such as network transparency, resource allocation, ete. An application layer ig not an application, but it performs the application layer functions. ‘his layer provides the network services to the end-users. 3.4 NETWORK DEVICES ‘We have already studied about computer network and OSI layers. Now we will study about the devices that are used in a Network. In simple terms Network Devices are termed the hardware used in making a network. The networks can be as small as used in office or home and some are as big as often used in big buildings etc. Devices that filter data traffic are called Connectivity Devices. Let's study about various types of Network Devices in detail: 3.4.1 Hub A network hub is a node that is used to broadcast data to every computer or to an Ethemet- based device connected to it. A hub is Hub basically a multiport repeater. Wires coming from different devices are connected {0 a Hub, A Hub cannot filter the data so data packets are sent to all connected devices. In a computer network the hubs are Ae categorized in three types such as: Fig. 3.3 Hub + Active Hub : These hubs regenerate our signals as well as amplify the signal, These are used to extend the maximum distance between nodes on a network. + Passive Hub : These hubs simply distribute the signal coming from the previous ports. These hubs relay signals onto the network without cleaning and boosting them and can’t be used to extend the distance between nodes. + Intelligence huh : Tt is an advanced version of hub and it comprises both active and passive hubs, ii provides the ability to manage the network from one central location. This also helps the administrator to monitor network traffic and you can configure each port on it individually, due to this advantage it is also known as a manageable hub. Conran Merron a]3.4.2 Switch It is a small device that is used to transfer data packets between multiple network devices such as computers, routers, servers or other switches. In simple words a switch works like a multiport bridge, it has a bulfer that is used to boost its efficiency and performance of a switch The switch can also perform any type of error-checking before forwarding the data, this advantage makes it very efficient as it does not forward packets that have errors and forward good packets selectively to correct port only. 3.4.3 Routers Router is also an important hardware device and it works as a gateway of networks responsible for keeping data flowing between networks and also keep networks connected to the Internet. Moreover a router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP addresses. Router is mainly a Network Layer device. Fig. 3.4 Switeh Functions of a Router ; The router basically performs two major functions: + Forwarding : Router receives the packets from its input ports, checks it header information and looks up to the routing table to find the appropriate output port to dump the packets. + Routing : Itis the process by which the router determines that what would be the best path for the packet to reach at the destination without any loss of information.3.4.4 Repeater A repeater is a network device that is used for regenerating « ) the signal and then transmit. It —_ ~, sogenerate the signal over the b A same network before the signal becomes too weak or gets corrupted. The repeaters do not amplify the signal because when the signal becomes weak, they copy the signal bit by bit and regenerate it at the original strength, A repeater is only a 2 port Network Device. 3.4.5 Bridge A bridge is sueh type of device that can be used in computer networks to interconnect two LANs together and other separate network segments.It uses the MAC address information in forwarding data packets, Only the data that needs to be sent across the bridge to the next network segment is forwarded. It has a single input and single output port. Fig. 3.6 Repeater Fig, 3.7 Bridge ‘Types of Bridges : + ‘Transparent Basic Bridge : This bridge is the simplest type of bridge. Actually it ‘stays transparent or invisible to the other devices on the network. Transparent bridge can store data briefly(the details of its source and destination) before forwarding 10 the next network. + Source Routing Bridge : In these bridges, routing operation is performed by source station and the frame specifies which route to follow. This data is transferred by sending a special frame called discovery frame, which spreads through the entire network using all possible paths to destination,3.4.6 Gateway A gateway is a component thet is part of two networks. These networks use different protocols. The gateway translates one protocol into the other. Therefore gateway is also called protocol converier and can operate at any network layer. The activity of a gateway is more complex than that of the router or switch because router and switch communicates using more than one protocol For basic Internet connections at home, the gateway is the Internet Service Provider that gives you access to the entire Internet. 3.4.7 Brouter A Brouter is a combination of a Bridge and a Router. It functions like a bridge and a router, ‘A Brouter connects the networks which use different protocols. It can be programmed to work only as a bridge or only as a router. Working 2s router, it is capable of routing packets across networks and working as bridge, it is capable of filtering local area network traffic. 3.5 COMMUNICATION MEDIA ‘The word communication defines the tool or the means of delivering and receiving data or information such as Telecoramunication, In telecommunication, these means are transmission and storage tools or channels for data storage and transmission. Various transmission media can bbe used for transfer of data, These transmission media may be of two types: + Guided Media + Unguided Media Let's study about various types of transmission media in brief: 3.5.1 Guided Media In guided media the data is transmitted using cabling system that has a fixed path. For example, copper wires, fiber optic wires, etc. 3.5.1.1 Twisted Pair Cable : A twisted pair 1 an cable contains two separate insulated copper wires, = Fig. 3.18 Simplex Mode ‘From the two devices, only one can send or transmit on a link and the other can only receive the data, Example : A simplex transmission can be seen between a computer and a keyboard a signal is sent from a keyboard but no signal can't be sent back to keyboard, A television broadcast, television and remote are also examples of simplex transmission. Advantage of Simplex mode: + Inthis mode, the station can utilize the entire capacity of the communication channel, so there can be transmitted more data at a time, Disadvantage of Simplex mode: + Mainly communications require the two-way exchange of data but itis unidizeetional, so it has no inter-communication between devices. 3.6.2 Half-Duplex Mode In a Half-duplex mode, each station can transmit and receive the data as well. The flow of ‘messages can be in both directions, but not simultaneously. The entire capacity (bandwidth) of the communication channel is utilized in one direction at a time. In half-duplex_ mode, the sender sends data and wait for its acknowledgment and if there is any error, receiver can demand it to retransmit that data. In this way, error detection is possible in this mode, An example of half-duplex mode is Walkie-telkie, In Walkie-talkie, from one side a speaker speaks, and from the other side, someone listens. After a jjmmmeny/@—___ ees pause, the other speaks and first-person — listens. A 8B Fig. 3.19 Half Duplex Mode | re aAdvantage of Half-duplex mode: + Inhalf-duplex mode, the entire capacity of « channel is taken over by whichever of the two devices is transmitting at the same time. Disadyantage of Half-Duplex mode: + It causes the delay in sending the data at the correct time as when one device is sending the data, then another has to wait to send data, 3.6.3 Full Duplex Mode Tn Full duplex mode, the communication is bi-directional, i.e., the data flow in both the directions at the same time, From both the ends receipt and transmission of data is possible at the same time. Full- duplex mode has two physically separate transmission paths.tt is one of the fastest mode of communication between devices. Fig, Example : On a mobile phone, two people are communicating with each other both can talk and listen to each other at the same time, this is the full-duplex transmission. Advantage of Full-duplex mode: + Both the stations can send and receive the data at the same time, so the capacity of link can be shared, Disadvantage of Full-duplex mode: + ‘The bandwidth of the communication channel is divided into two parts if there is no dedicated path exisis between the devices. 3.7 NETWORK SHARING ‘Network sharing is a feature of a network that allows resources to be shared over a network, that can be files, documents, folders, media, etc. These are made accessible to other users/computers over a network. Network sharing enables access to information by more than one person through ‘more than one device at the same or at different Fig. 321 Network Sharingtimes. By connecting a device to a network, other uservdevices can share and exchange information. Network sharingis also known as sharedresources, 3.7.1 Printer Sharing Printer sharing is the process of allowing multiple computers and devices connected to the same network to access one or more printers. Each node or device on the network can print 10 any shared printer and, to some extent, make changes to the printer settings, depending on the permissions set by the administrator for each user. Ifa printer is attached to a computer that supports printer sharing, the computer can share that printer with other computers on the same network. It does not matter whether the shared printer is old or new, Hoy to share a printer: + From the Control Panel, open Devices and Printers. ey 67 alias yas c ei yet {B; Mininornive tots at conrot EQ Aeotoy Sy ccvinsgrmn cuter eger Oe nine BB bee one ] eee perce Te Fierce Ehenmean Ree Peace sac Shad D man Fig. 3.22 Devices and Printers + _ Right-click the printer you want to share. Click Printer Properties, and then select the Sharing tab. Fig. 3.23 Printer Sharing a+ Check Share this Printer. Under Share name, sclect a shared name to identify the printer, Click OK. 8 PROTOCOLS Network Protocols are 4 set of rules governing exchange of information in an easy, reliable and secure way. Before we discuss the most common protocols used to transmit and receive data over a network, we need to understand how a network is logically organized or designed. The most popular model used to establish open communication between two systems is the Open Systems Interface (OST) model proposed by ISO. 3.8.1 TCP/IP Protocol : ‘TCPAP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. TCP/IP is a set of layered protocols used for communication over the Intemet. Its communication model is, client-server model. A computer that sends request is the client and a computer to which the request is sent is the server. ‘TCP/IP has four layers: + Application layer : Application layer protocols like HTTP and FTP are used, * Transport layer : Data is transmitted in the form of datagrams using the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), TCP is responsible for breaking up data at the client side and then reassembling it on the server side. + Network layer : Network layer connection is established using Intemet Protocol (IP) a the network layer. Every machine connected to the Internet is assigned an address called IP address by the protocol to eesily identify source and destination machines. + Data tink layer : The data link layer is called the second layer of Open System Interconnection or OSI. It is responsible for transmitting the data within a Physical network link, It is considered the most reliable system for transmitting data from one node to another node. 3.8.2 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) : FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is used to transfer large number of files between. the computers or over the network. The protocol that haneles these requests is File Transfer Protocol or FTP. 8.3 PPP (Point to - Point Protocol) : Point to Point Protocol or PPP is a data link layer protocol that enables transmission of ‘TCPAP traific over serial connection, like telephone line. Using PPP, home users can avail Internet connection over telephone lines. 3.8.4 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) : ‘SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending and receiving e-mail. However, since it is limited in its ability to queue messages at the receiving end, it isusually used with one of two other protocols, POP3 (Post Office Protocol) or IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), that let the user save messages in a server mailbox and download them periodically from the server. In other words, users typically use a program that uses SMTP for sending e-mail and either POP3 or IMAP for receiving e-mail. 3.8.5 POP/IMAP Protocols : Post Office Protocol version (POP3) is a standard mail protocol used to receive emails from a remote server to a local email client. POP allows you to download email messages on your local computer and read them even when you are offline. Note, that when you use POP 10 connect o your email account, messages are downloaded locally and remaved from the email server. This means that if you access your account from multiple locations, which may not be the best option for you. On the other hand, if you use POP, your messages are stored on your Jocal computer, which reduces the space your email account uses on your web server. ‘The Intemet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is a mail protocol used for accessing email ‘on a remote web server from a local client. IMAP and POP3 are the two most commonly used Internet mail protocols for retrieving emails, Both protocols are supported by all modern email clients and web servers, POP protocol provides the facility to access email only from one application there as IMAP allows simultaneous access by multiple chents, This is why IMAP is more suitable for you if youre going to access your email from different locations or if your messages are managed by multiple users. 8.6 HTTP Protocol : HTTP means Hypertext Transfer Protocol. HTTP is the underlying protocol used by the ‘World Wide Web and this protocol defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and ‘what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. For example, when you enter a URL in your browser, this aetually sends an HTTP command to the ‘Web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page. The other main standard that controls how the World Wide Web works is HTML, which covers how Web pages are formatted and displayed. 3.9 NETWORK COMPONENT ADDRESSES 3.9.1 MAC Address Stands for "Media Access Control Address,” and it does not referred to Macintosh Computers. A MAC address is a hardware identification number that uniquely identifies each device on a network. The MAC address is manufactured into every network card, such as an Ethemet card or Wi-Fi card, and therefore it cannot be changed. Because there are millions of Network-enabled devices are in world and each device has its own Unique MAC address. For this each MAC address is designed using 6 different two hexadecimal characters separated with colon. nPor example, an Ethernet card may have a MAC address of 00:00:0A:BB:28:PC. You do not need to know this address, as is automatically recognized by most networks. 3.9.2 IP Address Every machine on a network has a unigue identifier. Just as you would address a letter to send in the mail, computers use the unique identifier to send data to specific computers on a network. Most networks today, including all computers on the Internet, use the TCP/IP protocol ‘as the standard for how to communicate on the network. In the TCF/IP protocol, the unique identifier for a computer is called its IP address. There are two standards for IP addresses: IP Version 4 (IPv4) and IP Version 6 (IPV6), All computers with IP addresses have an IPv4 address, and many are starting to use the new IPv6 address system as well, Here's what these two address types mean: IPy4 uses 32 binary bits to create a single unique address on the network. An IPv4 address is expressed hy four numbers separated by dots. Each number is the decimal (hase-10) representation for an cight-digit binary (base-2) number, also called an octet. For example: 216.29.62.135. IPV6 uses 128 binary bits to create a single unique address on the network. An IPv6 address is expressed by eight groups of hexadecimal (base-16) numbers separated by colons. A compater network is a set of computers that are connected together. ‘The devices that filter traffic are called connectivity devices A repeater is a network device that is used for regenerating the signal and transmitting. A hub is basically a multiport repeater. In a computer network, the hubs are categorized in three types such as: Active Hub, Passive Hub and Intelligence Hub 6. In anetwork, a Bridge is a device that is used to connect two separate Ethernet networks into one extended Ethernet. 7. A Bridge is a2 port device. 8. A switch is like a multiport bridge with a buffer that can boost its efficiency and performance. 9. A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP addresses. 10. A Brouter is a combination of a Bridge and a Router. 11. Transmission media is of two types: Guided and Un-guided. 12. Optical cables are used to transfer digital data signals in the form of light up to the distances of hundreds of mites. 13. The media that doesn't use any type of directed or guided media is called unguided media,