Computer engineering

Computer engineering (CoE or CpE) is a branch of

Computer engineering
electrical engineering that integrates several fields of
electrical engineering, electronics engineering and Occupation
computer science required to develop computer Names Computer engineer
hardware and software.[1] Computer engineering is Occupation Engineering
referred to as Electrical and Computer engineering OR type
Computer Science and Engineering at some Activity Telecommunications,
universities sectors technology industry,
engineering industry
Computer engineers require training in electrical
engineering, electronic engineering, physics, computer Specialty Hardware engineering,
science, hardware-software integration, software software engineering,
design, and software engineering. It uses the software programming,
techniques and principles of electrical engineering and robotics, networking
computer science, and can encompass areas such as Description
electromagnetism, artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, Competencies Technical knowledge,
computer networks, computer architecture and hardware design, software
operating systems. Computer engineers are involved in design
many hardware and software aspects of computing,
Fields of Science, technology,
from the design of individual microcontrollers, employment
engineering, industry,
microprocessors, personal computers, and
computer, exploration
supercomputers, to circuit design. This field of
engineering not only focuses on how computer systems
themselves work, but also on how to integrate them into the larger picture.[2] Robotics are one of the
applications of computer engineering.

Computer engineering usually deals with areas including writing software and firmware for embedded
microcontrollers, designing VLSI chips, analog sensors, mixed signal circuit boards, Thermodynamics
and Control systems. Computer engineers are also suited for robotics research, which relies heavily on
using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors, communications, and sensors.

In many institutions of higher learning, computer engineering students are allowed to choose areas of in-
depth study in their junior and senior years because the full breadth of knowledge used in the design and
application of computers is beyond the scope of an undergraduate degree. Other institutions may require
engineering students to complete one or two years of general engineering before declaring computer
engineering as their primary focus.[3][4][5][6]

History
Computer engineering began in 1939 when John Vincent
Atanasoff and Clifford Berry began developing the world's first
electronic digital computer through physics, mathematics, and
electrical engineering. John Vincent Atanasoff was once a physics
and mathematics teacher for Iowa State University and Clifford
Berry a former graduate under electrical engineering and physics.
Together, they created the Atanasoff-Berry computer, also known
as the ABC which took five years to complete.[7] While the
original ABC was dismantled and discarded in the 1940s, a tribute
was made to the late inventors; a replica of the ABC was made in
1997, where it took a team of researchers and engineers four years
and $350,000 to build.[8]
This computer motherboard used in
The modern personal computer emerged in the 1970s, after several
a personal computer is the result of
breakthroughs in semiconductor technology. These include the
computer engineering efforts.
first working transistor by William Shockley, John Bardeen and
Walter Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947,[9] in 1955, silicon dioxide
surface passivation by Carl Frosch and Lincoln Derick,[10] the first
planar silicon dioxide transistors by Frosch and Derick in 1957,[11]
planar process by Jean Hoerni,[12][13][14] the monolithic integrated
circuit chip by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in
1959,[15] the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor
(MOSFET, or MOS transistor) demonstrated by a team at Bell
Labs in 1960[16] and the single-chip microprocessor (Intel 4004)
by Federico Faggin, Marcian Hoff, Masatoshi Shima and Stanley
The Difference Engine, the first
Mazor at Intel in 1971.[17]
mechanical computer

History of computer engineering education

The first computer engineering degree program in the United
States was established in 1971 at Case Western Reserve University
in Cleveland, Ohio.[18] As of 2015, there were 250 ABET-
accredited computer engineering programs in the U.S.[19] In
Europe, accreditation of computer engineering schools is done by
a variety of agencies as part of the EQANIE network. Due to
increasing job requirements for engineers who can concurrently
design hardware, software, firmware, and manage all forms of
ENIAC, the first electronic computer
computer systems used in industry, some tertiary institutions
around the world offer a bachelor's degree generally called
computer engineering. Both computer engineering and electronic engineering programs include analog
and digital circuit design in their curriculum. As with most engineering disciplines, having a sound
knowledge of mathematics and science is necessary for computer engineers.

Education
Computer engineering is referred to as computer science and engineering at some universities. Most
entry-level computer engineering jobs require at least a bachelor's degree in computer engineering,
electrical engineering or computer science. Typically one must learn an array of mathematics such as
calculus, linear algebra and differential equations, along with computer science.[20] Degrees in electronic
or electric engineering also suffice due to the similarity of the two fields. Because hardware engineers
commonly work with computer software systems, a strong background in computer programming is
necessary. According to BLS, "a computer engineering major is similar to electrical engineering but with
some computer science courses added to the curriculum".[21] Some large firms or specialized jobs require
a master's degree.

It is also important for computer engineers to keep up with rapid advances in technology. Therefore,
many continue learning throughout their careers. This can be helpful, especially when it comes to
learning new skills or improving existing ones. For example, as the relative cost of fixing a bug increases
the further along it is in the software development cycle, there can be greater cost savings attributed to
developing and testing for quality code as soon as possible in the process, particularly before release.[22]

Professions
A person with a profession in computer engineering is called a computer engineer.

Title Prefix Suffix Requirements

Passed a degree in computer engineering

Computer engineer Engr. CpE Institution: Educational Institution (such as colleges, universities)

Passed a certification exam in computer engineering

Certified computer Institution: Private institution (such as computer engineering
Engr. CCpE
engineer organizations and private companies)

Passed a licensure exam in computer engineering

Registered computer
Engr. RCpE Institution: Public Institution (such as Country's Regulatory Board)
engineer

Passed a professional exam in computer engineering, or work

Professional computer experience
Engr. PCpE
engineer Institution: Public or Private Institution

*may vary on region and country.

Applications and practice

There are two major focuses in computer engineering: hardware and software.

Computer hardware engineering

According to the BLS, Job Outlook employment for computer hardware engineers, the expected ten-year
growth from 2019 to 2029 for computer hardware engineering was an estimated 2% and a total of 71,100
jobs. ("Slower than average" in their own words when compared to other occupations)".[23] This is a
decrease from the 2014 to 2024 BLS computer hardware engineering estimate of 3% and a total of 77,700
jobs; "and is down from 7% for the 2012 to 2022 BLS estimate and is further down from 9% in the BLS
2010 to 2020 estimate."[23] Today, computer hardware is somewhat equal to electronic and computer
engineering (ECE) and has been divided into many subcategories, the most significant being embedded
system design.[21]

Computer software engineering

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), "computer applications software engineers and
computer systems software engineers are projected to be among the faster than average growing
occupations" The expected ten-year growth as of 2014 for computer software engineering was an
estimated seventeen percent and there was a total of 1,114,000 jobs that same year.[24] This is down from
the 2012 to 2022 BLS estimate of 22% for software developers.[25][24] And, further down from the 30%
2010 to 2020 BLS estimate.[26] In addition, growing concerns over cybersecurity add up to put computer
software engineering high above the average rate of increase for all fields. However, some of the work
will be outsourced in foreign countries.[27] Due to this, job growth will not be as fast as during the last
decade, as jobs that would have gone to computer software engineers in the United States would instead
go to computer software engineers in countries such as India.[28] In addition, the BLS Job Outlook for
Computer Programmers, 2014–24 has an −8% (a decline, in their words),[28] then a Job Outlook, 2019-29
of -9% (Decline),[29] then a 10% decline for 2021-2031[29] and now an 11% decline for 2022-2032[29] for
those who program computers (i.e. embedded systems) who are not computer application
developers.[30][31] Furthermore, women in software fields has been declining over the years even faster
than other engineering fields.[32]

Computer engineering licensing and practice

Computer engineering is generally practiced within larger product development firms, and such practice
may not be subject to licensing.[33][34] However, independent consultants who advertise computer
engineering, just like any form of engineering, may be subject to state laws which restrict professional
engineer practice to only those who have received the appropriate License.[35][36] The National Council
of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) first offered a Principles and Practice of
Engineering Examination for computer engineering[37] in 2003.

Specialty areas
There are many specialty areas in the field of computer engineering.

Processor design
Processor design process involves choosing an instruction set and a certain execution paradigm (e.g.
VLIW or RISC) and results in a microarchitecture, which might be described in e.g. VHDL or Verilog.
CPU design is divided into design of the following components: datapaths (such as ALUs and pipelines),
control unit: logic which controls the datapaths, memory components such as register files, caches, clock
circuitry such as clock drivers, PLLs, clock distribution networks, pad transceiver circuitry, logic gate cell
library which is used to implement the logic.

Coding, cryptography, and information protection

Computer engineers work in coding, applied cryptography, and
information protection to develop new methods for protecting
various information, such as digital images and music,
fragmentation, copyright infringement and other forms of
tampering by, for example, digital watermarking.[38]

Communications and wireless networks Source code written in the C

Those focusing on communications and wireless networks, work programming language
advancements in telecommunications systems and networks
(especially wireless networks), modulation and error-control
coding, and information theory. High-speed network design, interference suppression and modulation,
design, and analysis of fault-tolerant system, and storage and transmission schemes are all a part of this
specialty.[38]

Compilers and operating systems

This specialty focuses on compilers and operating systems design
and development. Engineers in this field develop new operating
system architecture, program analysis techniques, and new
techniques to assure quality. Examples of work in this field
include post-link-time code transformation algorithm development
and new operating system development.[38]

Windows 10, an example of an

Computational science and engineering
operating system
Computational science and engineering is a relatively new
discipline. According to the Sloan Career Cornerstone Center,
individuals working in this area, "computational methods are applied to formulate and solve complex
mathematical problems in engineering and the physical and the social sciences. Examples include
aircraft design, the plasma processing of nanometer features on semiconductor wafers, VLSI circuit
design, radar detection systems, ion transport through biological channels, and much more".[38]

Computer networks, mobile computing, and distributed systems

In this specialty, engineers build integrated environments for computing, communications, and
information access. Examples include shared-channel wireless networks, adaptive resource management
in various systems, and improving the quality of service in mobile and ATM environments. Some other
examples include work on wireless network systems and fast Ethernet cluster wired systems.[38]

Computer systems: architecture, parallel processing, and dependability

Engineers working in computer systems work on research projects
that allow for reliable, secure, and high-performance computer
systems. Projects such as designing processors for multithreading
and parallel processing are included in this field. Other examples
of work in this field include the development of new theories,
algorithms, and other tools that add performance to computer
systems.[38]

Computer architecture includes CPU design, cache hierarchy

layout, memory organization, and load balancing. An example of a computer CPU

Computer vision and robotics

In this specialty, computer engineers focus on developing visual
sensing technology to sense an environment, representation of an
environment, and manipulation of the environment. The gathered
three-dimensional information is then implemented to perform a
variety of tasks. These include improved human modeling, image
communication, and human-computer interfaces, as well as
devices such as special-purpose cameras with versatile vision
sensors.[38]
An example of a humanoid robot

Embedded systems
Individuals working in this area design technology for enhancing
the speed, reliability, and performance of systems. Embedded
systems are found in many devices from a small FM radio to the
space shuttle. According to the Sloan Cornerstone Career Center,
ongoing developments in embedded systems include "automated
vehicles and equipment to conduct search and rescue, automated
transportation systems, and human-robot coordination to repair
equipment in space."[38] As of 2018, computer embedded systems Examples of devices that use
specializations include system-on-chip design, the architecture of embedded systems
edge computing and the Internet of things.

Integrated circuits, VLSI design, testing and CAD

This specialty of computer engineering requires adequate knowledge of electronics and electrical
systems. Engineers working in this area work on enhancing the speed, reliability, and energy efficiency of
next-generation very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits and microsystems. An example of this
specialty is work done on reducing the power consumption of VLSI algorithms and architecture.[38]

Signal, image and speech processing

Computer engineers in this area develop improvements in human–computer interaction, including speech
recognition and synthesis, medical and scientific imaging, or communications systems. Other work in this
area includes computer vision development such as recognition of human facial features.[38]

Quantum computing
This area integrates the quantum behaviour of small particles such as superposition, interference and
entanglement, with classical computers to solve complex problems and formulate algorithms much more
efficiently. Individuals focus on fields like Quantum cryptography, physical simulations and quantum
algorithms.

Benefits of Engineering in Society

An accessible avenue for obtaining information and opportunities in technology, especially for young
students, is through digital platforms, enabling learning, exploration, and potential income generation at
minimal cost and in regional languages, none of which would be possible without engineers.[39]
Computer engineering is important in the changes involved in industry 4.0, with engineers responsible for
designing and optimizing the technology that surrounds our lives, from big data to AI. Their work not
only facilitates global connections and knowledge access, but also plays a pivotal role in shaping our
future, as technology continues to evolve rapidly, leading to a growing demand for skilled computer
engineers.[40] Engineering contributes to improving society by creating devices and structures impacting
various aspects of our lives, from technology to infrastructure. Engineers also address challenges such as
environmental protection and sustainable development, while developing medical treatments.[41] As of
2016, the median annual wage across all BLS engineering categories was over $91,000. Some were much
higher, with engineers working for petroleum companies at the top (over $128,000). Other top jobs
include: Computer Hardware Engineer – $115,080, Aerospace Engineer – $109,650, Nuclear Engineer –
$102,220.[42]

See also

Related fields
Electrical engineering
Electronic engineering
Computer science
Computer science and engineering
Computer programming
Software development
Computer network

Associations
IEEE Computer Society
Association for Computing Machinery

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External links
Media related to Computer engineering at Wikimedia Commons

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