Automation and Robotics

assignment.-1
Q1. Briefly explain advance automation function.
Advanced automation refers to the use of sophisticated technologies and systems to perform
tasks or processes with minimal human intervention. It involves integrating technologies like
artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), robotics, and the Internet of Things (IoT) to
improve efficiency, accuracy, and scalability in various industries.

Key features include:

1. Self-Learning: Automation systems can analyze data, learn patterns, and
make decisions without manual input.
2. Interconnectivity: IoT-enabled devices communicate and coordinate to
optimize operations.
3. Predictive Analytics: AI predicts potential issues or trends, enabling proactive
measures.
4. Enhanced Precision: Robotics and automation ensure consistent and error-
free execution.
5. Scalability: Advanced automation adapts to increased demands without a
significant rise in resources.

Q2. Explain with block diagram analog to digital converter.

An Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) is a system that converts an analog signal (continuous

signal) into a digital signal (discrete signal) for processing by digital systems.
Components of ADC Block Diagram:
1. Analog Input: The continuous analog signal (e.g., voltage) that needs to be
converted.
2. Sample and Hold Circuit: Samples the analog signal at regular intervals and
holds it steady for conversion.
 3. Quantizer: Divides the analog signal range into discrete levels.
4. Encoder: Assigns a binary code to each quantized level.
5. Digital Output: The final binary representation of the analog signal.

Q3. Explain the 3 control function used in automatic production line.

In an automatic production line, three key control functions are essential for smooth and
efficient operation. These functions manage the processes, ensure precision, and maintain
workflow continuity.

1. Sequential Control
• Purpose: Ensures operations are executed in the correct order.
• Working: A sequence of operations is predefined, and each step triggers the
next. For example, in an assembly line, a part is positioned before it is welded.

2. Feedback Control
• Purpose: Maintains desired system performance by adjusting parameters
based on real-time data.
• Working: Uses sensors to monitor system outputs and compares them with a
setpoint. If discrepancies are detected, corrective actions are taken.

3. Supervisory Control
• Purpose: Oversees and manages the overall production process by
coordinating multiple systems.
• Working: Supervisory systems make higher-level decisions, such as
starting/stopping the production line, reallocating resources, or managing energy
consumption.

These three control functions work together to ensure the automatic production line operates
efficiently, reliably, and with minimal human intervention.

Q4. Explain briefly magnetic stripe, optical character recognition and machine vision.
1. Magnetic Stripe
• Definition: A magnetic stripe is a thin strip of magnetic material attached to a
card (e.g., credit/debit cards).
• Working: It stores data such as account information using magnetic particles
arranged in patterns. When swiped through a card reader, the magnetic field changes are
read and decoded.

2. Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

• Definition: OCR is a technology that converts printed or handwritten text into
machine-readable digital text.
• Working: It scans the text, identifies patterns, and translates them into ASCII
or Unicode characters using algorithms.

3. Machine Vision
• Definition: Machine vision refers to the use of cameras and image processing
algorithms to allow machines to “see” and interpret visual data.
• Working: Cameras capture images, which are analyzed by software to identify
patterns, defects, or objects based on predefined criteria.

Q5. Write short note on buffer storage.

Buffer Storage
Buffer storage is a temporary storage area used in computer systems, manufacturing
processes, or data handling to hold data, materials, or items temporarily before they are
processed further. It acts as an intermediary between two systems or processes with
different speeds or capacities, ensuring smooth and efficient operations.

Key Features:
1. Purpose:
• To manage data or materials flow and prevent bottlenecks.
• To accommodate differences in processing speeds.
2. Applications:
 • In computers, buffer storage holds data before transferring it between devices
like a CPU and a printer.
• In manufacturing, buffer zones store intermediate products before the next
production stage.
3. Advantages:
• Reduces waiting times.
• Improves overall system efficiency.
• Handles temporary surges in workload.

Assignment -2

Q1. What are actuators? Explain with sketches, hydraulic and pneumatic actuators.
Actuators

An actuator is a device that converts energy (electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic) into

mechanical motion. It is commonly used in systems to control or move mechanisms in
response to signals or commands. Actuators are crucial in automation and control systems.

Types of Actuators

1. Hydraulic Actuator
• Definition: Uses pressurized hydraulic fluid to generate motion.
• Working: Fluid under pressure moves a piston inside a cylinder, resulting in
linear or rotary motion.
• Applications: Heavy machinery like excavators, cranes, and presses due to
high force output.
• Advantages: High power density and precise control.
• Disadvantages: Requires fluid maintenance and is bulky.
2. Pneumatic Actuator
• Definition: Uses compressed air to create motion.
• Working: Compressed air enters a chamber, pushing a piston or vane to
create movement.
• Applications: Automation in manufacturing, HVAC systems, and tools like air
drills.
• Advantages: Simple, fast response, and lightweight.
• Disadvantages: Limited force compared to hydraulic systems and noisy
operation.

Q2. Define a robot. Explain with neat sketches any two robot configurations
Definition of a Robot

A robot is a programmable machine designed to perform tasks autonomously or with human

guidance. Robots can sense their environment, process information, and take actions to
achieve specific objectives. They are widely used in industries, healthcare, exploration, and
daily life applications.

Robot Configurations

1. Cartesian Robot (Rectilinear Robot)

• Operates in three linear axes (X, Y, Z), which are perpendicular to each other.
• Motion is rectilinear, making it ideal for tasks requiring precise, linear
movement.
• Applications:
• CNC machines, 3D printing, and pick-and-place operations.
• Advantages:
• High precision and simple control.
• Suitable for repetitive tasks.
• Disadvantages:
• Limited to rectangular workspaces.
2. Articulated Robot

• Description:
• Has multiple rotary joints, resembling a human arm.
• Provides high flexibility and a large range of motion.
• Applications:
• Welding, assembly, painting, and material handling.
• Advantages:
• Flexible and capable of complex movements.
• Covers a wide workspace.
• Disadvantages:
• Complex control and higher cost.

Q3. With suitable examples, explain industrial applications of robots.

Industrial Applications of Robots

Robots play a significant role in modern industries by performing tasks that require precision,
speed, and consistency. Below are some key applications with examples:

1. Assembly
 • Robots are used to assemble parts of a product efficiently.
• Automotive industry: Robots assemble car components like engines, doors,
and dashboards.

2. Welding
• Description: Robotic arms equipped with welding tools perform tasks like spot
or arc welding.
• Example:
• Aerospace and automotive sectors: Robots weld car frames or aircraft parts.

3. Material Handling
• Description: Robots are used to move, pack, or sort materials.
• Example:
• Warehouses: Robots like Amazon’s Kiva systems sort and transport goods.
• Factories: Robots load/unload machines or handle heavy objects.

4. Painting and Coating

• Description: Robots apply paint or coatings to surfaces with precision.
• Example:
• Automotive plants: Robots paint car bodies for a uniform finish.

5. Inspection and Quality Control

• Description: Vision-equipped robots inspect products for defects or
inconsistencies.
• Example:
• Electronics manufacturing: Robots inspect circuit boards for errors.

6. Packaging and Palletizing

• Description: Robots package products and arrange them for shipping.
 • Example:
• Food industry: Robots package chocolates or stack boxes onto pallets.

7. Cutting and Machining

• Description: Robots equipped with tools perform tasks like cutting, drilling,
and milling.
• Example:
• Aerospace: Robots cut and shape composite materials for aircraft
components.

8. Hazardous Environment Operations

• Description: Robots operate in dangerous environments where humans
cannot.
• Example:
• Nuclear plants: Robots handle radioactive materials.
• Chemical plants: Robots deal with toxic chemicals.

Q4. With neat sketch, explain the working of, i) Velocity sensor. (ii) Touch and tactile
sensor.
(i) Velocity Sensor

A velocity sensor measures the speed of an object, typically in linear or angular motion. It
converts the mechanical speed into an electrical signal for monitoring or control.

Working:
1. Principle: Velocity sensors often work on the principle of electromagnetic
induction or Doppler effect.
2. Example:
• In electromagnetic sensors, a coil and a magnet generate a voltage
proportional to the speed of motion.
 • In Doppler sensors, the shift in frequency of reflected waves is measured.
3. Applications: Automotive speedometers, conveyor belt speed measurement.

(ii) Touch and Tactile Sensor

These sensors detect physical contact or pressure and measure properties like force,
texture, or surface characteristics.

Working:
1. Touch Sensor: Detects contact by responding to changes in resistance,
capacitance, or pressure.
• Example: Capacitive touch screens in smartphones.
2. Tactile Sensor: Measures the distribution of pressure or force over a surface.
• Example: Robotic fingers equipped with tactile sensors for object
manipulation.
3. Applications: Robotics, medical devices (e.g., prosthetics), and consumer
electronics.
Q5. Write short notes on, (i) End effectors. (ii) Robot sensors. (iii) Robot accuracy and
repeatability.
(i) End Effectors
• Definition: End effectors are the tools or devices attached to the end of a
robotic arm to interact with the environment.
• Types:
• Grippers: For holding or gripping objects (e.g., parallel, suction, magnetic
grippers).

(ii) Robot Sensors

• Definition: Sensors in robots gather information about their environment or
internal states for decision-making and control.
• Types:
• Proximity Sensors: Detect nearby objects.
• Vision Sensors: Capture and process visual data.
• Force/Torque Sensors: Measure force and torque applied by the robot.
• Temperature Sensors: Monitor heat levels.
• Applications:
 • Navigation, obstacle detection, quality control, and feedback control systems.
• Importance: Enables robots to adapt to dynamic environments and perform
tasks accurately.

(iii) Robot Accuracy and Repeatability

• Accuracy: The ability of a robot to reach a specific position or point relative to
a reference target. It indicates how close the robot gets to the desired location.
• Example: A robot arm reaching a target point within ±0.5 mm.
• Repeatability: The ability of a robot to return to the same position consistently
during repeated operations.
• Example: A robot placing parts in the exact same position during multiple
cycles.