GENERAL KNOWLEDGE REVIEWER

GENERAL SCIENCE REVIEWER  The atom is the smallest unit of matter, consisting of
a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The nucleus
 There are 118 elements in the periodic table, which contains protons and neutrons, which determine the
organizes all known chemical elements based on their element's properties. Atoms combine to form
properties. Each element is represented by a unique molecules, the building blocks of all substances.
symbol and atomic number. This system is essential  The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's
for understanding chemical behavior and reactions. atmosphere, extending from about 500 kilometers
 Venus is the hottest planet in the Milky Way due to its (310 miles) above the surface to outer space. It
thick atmosphere, primarily composed of carbon consists of sparse particles that gradually fade into
dioxide. The greenhouse effect traps heat, raising the vacuum of space. Satellites orbit within this layer
surface temperatures to an average of 475°C due to its low density.
(900°F). Despite being farther from the Sun than  Evaporation is the process by which a liquid
Mercury, Venus's atmosphere makes it significantly transforms into a gas, typically at the surface. This
hotter. occurs when molecules gain enough energy to
 Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric overcome intermolecular forces. Evaporation plays a
theory, which states that the Earth revolves around critical role in the water cycle, helping distribute heat
the Sun. This groundbreaking idea contradicted the and moisture.
geocentric model, which placed Earth at the center.  Cell is the basic unit of life.
His work laid the foundation for modern astronomy.
 Saturn has the most moons in the solar system, with CHEMISTRY REVIEWER
146 confirmed moons as of recent discoveries. Its
largest moon, Titan, is larger than the planet Mercury.  Gold's symbol Au comes from the Latin "aurum,"
Many of its moons orbit within or near its iconic rings. meaning "shining dawn." It is a highly valuable, non-
 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, orbiting at reactive metal used in various industries, including
an average distance of 58 million kilometers (36 jewelry and electronics.
million miles). It completes a full orbit in just 88 Earth  Antoine Lavoisier introduced the law of conservation
days. Despite its proximity, Mercury is not the hottest of mass, revolutionized chemical nomenclature, and
planet due to its lack of a thick atmosphere. identified oxygen's role in combustion, earning him
 The strongest muscle in the human body is the jaw the title "Father of Modern Chemistry."
muscle, also known as the masseter. It is responsible  Water, H₂O, consists of two hydrogen atoms and one
for chewing and can exert a force of up to 200 pounds oxygen atom, essential for life and key to many
on the molars. This strength is essential for breaking biological and chemical processes.
down food.  Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis,
 The eyes are the only body parts that are fully grown enabling plants to produce energy and oxygen while
from birth. Unlike other organs, which grow as the giving them their green color.
body develops, the size of the eyes remains constant  Carbon, with an atomic number of 6, forms the
throughout life. This is why babies appear to have backbone of organic chemistry due to its ability to
proportionally larger eyes. create diverse and complex molecular structures.
 The human ear contains three tiny bones: the  Photosynthesis allows plants to convert sunlight,
malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen,
These bones, collectively called the ossicles, are the essential for energy production and growth.
smallest in the human body. They work together to  Table salt, NaCl, is composed of sodium and
transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the chlorine, playing a critical role in human health by
inner ear. maintaining fluid balance.
 Heliocentrism is the scientific theory that proposes  Calcium strengthens bones and teeth and is vital for
the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun. muscle function, nerve signaling, and blood clotting.
This concept replaced the ancient geocentric model  Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (C₉H₈O₄), is widely
and was proven by astronomical observations. It used for pain relief, reducing inflammation, and
fundamentally changed our understanding of the solar preventing blood clots.
system.  Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first
 Photosynthesis is the process by which plants antibiotic, revolutionizing medicine by enabling the
convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into treatment of bacterial infections.
glucose and oxygen. This process occurs in the  Methane (CH₄) is a simple hydrocarbon and a major
chloroplasts of plant cells, using the pigment component of natural gas, used as an energy source
chlorophyll. It is essential for life on Earth, as it and a greenhouse gas contributor.
produces oxygen and energy-rich food.  Plants release oxygen during photosynthesis, a
 The Big Bang Theory explains the origin of the byproduct of converting sunlight, water, and carbon
universe as a massive expansion that began dioxide into glucose.
approximately 13.8 billion years ago. It suggests that  A neutral solution has a pH of 7, representing a
the universe was once a singular point of infinite balance between acidity and alkalinity, like pure water.
density and temperature. This theory is supported by  John Dalton's atomic theory introduced the idea
evidence such as cosmic microwave background that matter is made of indivisible atoms, forming the
radiation and the universe's expansion. foundation of modern chemistry.
 Sputnik 1 was the world's first artificial satellite,  Hydrogen, the lightest element, is highly abundant in
launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. It the universe and forms water and organic
orbited Earth for three months, marking the start of compounds.
the space age. Sputnik's success sparked global  Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) emits a strong "rotten egg"
interest and competition in space exploration. smell, occurring naturally in volcanic gases and
 The chemical element with the symbol "Fe" is iron, a decaying organic matter.
crucial element in the Earth's crust and living  Vinegar's chemical formula, CH₃COOH, represents
organisms. It is used in construction, manufacturing, acetic acid, commonly used as a food preservative
and as a component of hemoglobin in blood. Iron has and flavoring.
an atomic number of 26.
 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE REVIEWER
 Marie Curie discovered radium and polonium,  Potassium’s symbol, K, comes from the Latin
contributing significantly to radioactivity research and "kalium," essential for nerve and muscle function.
winning two Nobel Prizes.  Carbon is present in all organic compounds, forming
 Iron's symbol, Fe, derives from the Latin "ferrum," the basis of life and enabling complex molecular
and it is essential for oxygen transport in blood structures.
through hemoglobin.  Rust's formula, Fe₂O₃, represents iron oxide, formed
 The pH scale measures a solution's acidity or when iron reacts with oxygen and moisture.
alkalinity, ranging from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic).  Michael Faraday developed the laws of electrolysis,
 Oxygen is the most abundant element in Earth’s explaining how electrical currents cause chemical
crust, essential for life and forming compounds like reactions.
water and minerals.  Lead’s symbol, Pb, derives from the Latin "plumbum,"
 Ozone (O₃) is a molecule made of three oxygen historically used in pipes and paints.
atoms, protecting Earth from harmful UV rays in the  Methane (CH₄) is produced during anaerobic
atmosphere. decomposition, a significant greenhouse gas and
 Dmitri Mendeleev created the periodic table, energy source.
organizing elements by atomic mass and predicting  Adrenaline (C₉H₁₃NO₃) is a hormone released
undiscovered ones. during stress, increasing heart rate and energy
 Sublimation refers to the direct transition of a solid supply.
into a gas, bypassing the liquid phase, as seen with  The only solid elements that assume liquid form at
dry ice. room temperature are bromine and mercury.
 Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a greenhouse gas, trapping However, you can melt gallium by holding a lump in
heat in Earth's atmosphere and contributing to global the warmth of your hand.
warming.  Unlike many substances, water expands as it
 Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is a simple sugar and primary freezes, a well-known chemistry fact. An ice cube
energy source for cells, produced during takes up about 9% more volume than the water used
photosynthesis. to make it.1
 Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity by  If you pour a handful of salt into a full glass of water,
observing natural radiation in uranium compounds. the water level will actually go down rather than
 Ethanoic acid, commonly known as acetic acid, is overflowing the glass.
the primary component of vinegar.  Similarly, if you mix half a liter of alcohol and half a
 Silver's symbol, Ag, originates from the Latin liter of water, the total volume of the liquid will be less
"argentum," and it is valued for its conductivity and than one liter.
antimicrobial properties.  There is about 0.4 pound or 200 grams of salt
 Humans exhale carbon dioxide (CO₂) during (NaCl) in the average adult human body.
respiration as a byproduct of energy production in  A pure element takes many forms. For example,
cells. diamond and graphite both are forms of pure carbon.3
 Joseph Proust formulated the law of definite  Many radioactive elements actually glow in the dark.
proportions, stating compounds always contain  The chemical name for water (H2O) is dihydrogen
elements in fixed ratios. monoxide.
 Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is used as a disinfectant  The only letter not appearing on the periodic table is
and bleaching agent, decomposing into water and J.
oxygen.  Lightning strikes produce O3, which is ozone, and
 Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is added to soft drinks to strengthen the ozone layer of the atmosphere.
create carbonation, giving them their fizzy texture.  The only two non-silvery metals are gold and
 Common salt, NaCl, is an essential mineral for copper.
human health, regulating hydration and nerve  Although oxygen gas is colorless, the liquid and solid
function. forms of oxygen are blue.
 J.J. Thomson discovered the electron, proving that  The human body contains enough carbon to provide
atoms are divisible and contain negatively charged "lead" (which is really graphite) for 9,000 pencils.
particles.  Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the
 Mercury's symbol, Hg, comes from the Latin universe, while oxygen is the most abundant element
"hydrargyrum," meaning "liquid silver," used in in the Earth's atmosphere, crust, and oceans (about
thermometers and barometers. 49.5%).4
 Calcium plays a critical role in blood clotting, nerve  The rarest naturally occurring element in the Earth's
transmission, and muscle contraction, beyond crust may be astatine. The entire crust appears to
strengthening bones. contain about 28 grams of the element.5
 Hydrofluoric acid is so corrosive that it will dissolve
 Ammonia (NH₃) is a pungent gas used in fertilizers
glass. Although it is corrosive, hydrofluoric acid is
and cleaning products, vital for agricultural
considered to be a weak acid.
productivity.
 One bucket full of water contains more atoms than
 Democritus first theorized the existence of indivisible
there are buckets of water in the Atlantic ocean.
atoms as the building blocks of matter.
 Helium balloons float because helium is lighter than
 Tin's symbol, Sn, originates from the Latin "stannum,"
air, a popular chemistry fact.
and it is used in alloys like bronze and soldering
 Bee stings are acidic, while wasp stings are alkaline.
materials.
 Hot peppers get their heat from a molecule called
 Nitrous oxide (N₂O), or laughing gas, is used as an capsaicin. While the molecule acts as an irritant to
anesthetic and recreational substance due to its mammals, including humans, birds lack the receptor
euphoric effects. responsible for the effect and are immune to the
 Aspirin's formula, C₉H₈O₄, highlights its role as an burning sensation from exposure.
anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant drug.  It's possible to die from drinking too much water, a
 James Chadwick discovered the neutron, explaining lesser-known chemistry fact.
the mass and stability of atomic nuclei.  Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide (CO2).
 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE REVIEWER
 Liquid air has a bluish tint, similar to water.  A Convex Lens is thicker at the center than at the
 You can't freeze helium simply by cooling it to edges, converging parallel rays of light to a focal
absolute zero. It will freeze if you apply extremely point, used in magnifying glasses.
intense pressure.  The Angle of Incidence is the angle between the
 By the time you feel thirsty, you've already lost about incident ray and the normal line at the surface of
1% of your body's water, so drink up! reflection or refraction.
 Mars is red because its surface contains a lot of iron  Electrical Conductivity measures a material’s ability
oxide or rust. to allow the flow of electric current, crucial in
 Sometimes, hot water freezes more quickly than cold electronics and materials science.
water. A high school student documented the effect,  Normal Force is the perpendicular force exerted by a
which bears his name (the Mpemba effect). surface to support the weight of an object resting on
it.
PHYSICS REVIEWER  The unit of power is the Watt (W), measuring the rate
 Schrödinger’s cat is a thought experiment in of energy transfer or work done per unit of time.
Quantum Mechanics, highlighting the superposition  The Drag Force opposes the motion of objects
principle where a system can exist in multiple states through fluids, influenced by shape, velocity, and fluid
simultaneously until observed. properties.
 The force moving away from an axis in rotational  A Concave Mirror curves inward like the inside of a
motion is called Centrifugal Force, resulting from spoon, focusing parallel light rays to a single focal
inertia acting outward as the object moves along a point, often used in telescopes.
curved path.  The Doppler Effect describes the change in
 A Magnetic Field is a vector field that influences frequency or wavelength of waves relative to a
moving electric charges, currents, and magnetic moving observer or source, observed in sound and
materials, shaping their behavior in the presence of light waves.
magnets or currents.  Inertia is the resistance of matter to changes in its
 J.J. Thomson, a British physicist, discovered the state of motion or rest, described in Newton’s First
electron in 1897, proving atoms are divisible and Law of Motion.
composed of subatomic particles.  The Strong Nuclear Force holds protons and
 Niels Bohr and Max Planck are considered the neutrons together in the nucleus, counteracting the
fathers of Quantum Physics for their pioneering work repulsion between positively charged protons.
on quantum theory and atomic structure.  The unit of electrical resistance is the Ohm (Ω),
 In 1965, Richard Feynman, alongside Julian representing the opposition to electric current in a
Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, won the Nobel conductor.
Prize in Physics for work on quantum  Gamma Radiation has the highest energy in the
electrodynamics. electromagnetic spectrum, penetrating deeply and
 Newton’s Laws of Motion explain the fundamental used in cancer treatments.
principles of mechanics, describing motion and the  Gravitational Potential Energy is stored energy in
forces acting upon objects. an object due to its height relative to a reference
 Potential Energy is the stored energy of an object point, proportional to weight and height.
due to its position or configuration, such as a  Reflection occurs when a wave bounces off a
compressed spring or elevated object. surface, returning to its original medium, as with
 The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that mirrors or echoing sound.
the total entropy of an isolated system increases over  Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that forces
time, explaining irreversibility in natural processes. always occur in equal and opposite pairs,
 The smallest particles in the universe are Quarks, fundamental in understanding interactions.
which combine to form protons and neutrons,  Buoyant Force is the upward force exerted by a fluid,
fundamental components of matter. enabling objects to float or sink depending on their
 Acceleration is the rate at which an object’s velocity density.
changes over time, affected by applied forces and  Fluid Pressure is the force exerted by a fluid per unit
initial velocity. area, crucial in hydraulics and atmospheric studies.
 Radioactivity is the process by which unstable  The unit of electric charge is the Coulomb (C),
atomic nuclei release energy as particles or representing the quantity of electric charge carried by
electromagnetic waves, transforming into more stable particles or current.
forms.  Magnetic Susceptibility measures how easily a
 Friction opposes motion between two surfaces in material becomes magnetized in the presence of an
contact, generating heat and affecting mechanical external magnetic field.
efficiency.  Potential Energy arises from an object’s position or
 Kinetic Energy is the energy an object possesses configuration, influencing its capacity to perform work
due to its motion, depending on mass and velocity. when released.
 Transverse Waves have particles that vibrate  The SI unit of force is the Newton 👎, equivalent to 1
perpendicular to the wave's direction of propagation, kg·m/s², defining the force required to accelerate a 1
exemplified by light waves. kg mass by 1 m/s².
 Longitudinal Waves have particles vibrating parallel  Ionization is the process of gaining or losing
to the wave’s direction of propagation, as seen in electrons, resulting in the formation of ions with
sound waves. positive or negative charges.
 Frequency is the number of wave cycles passing a  Conduction transfers heat through direct contact
fixed point per second, measured in Hertz (Hz). between materials, essential in cooking and heat
 Mechanical Energy is the sum of kinetic and transfer studies.
potential energy in an object, determining its capacity  Sublimation is the transition of a substance from a
to do work. solid to a gas without passing through the liquid
phase, as with dry ice.
 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE REVIEWER
 Deposition is the direct transition from a gas to a winter. It involved customs like lighting bonfires and
solid, forming frost or snowflakes without becoming wearing costumes to ward off spirits.
liquid.  Mexico City is the largest Spanish-speaking city
 The Boiling Point is the temperature at which a liquid globally, with a population of over 22 million people. It
changes into a gas at its vapor pressure, dependent serves as Mexico's capital and cultural hub.
on pressure and substance properties.  Sweden has the most islands of any country, with
 The Melting Point is the temperature at which a solid approximately 270,000 islands. Many of these are
becomes a liquid, specific to each material and uninhabited, contributing to its stunning archipelagos.
influenced by pressure.  In Australia, a "bottle-o" refers to a liquor store where
 Refraction is the bending of light as it passes through alcohol is sold. It is a common term in Australian
a medium with a different refractive index, like air to slang.
water.  Georgia is home to Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta
 The Photoelectric Effect is the emission of electrons International Airport, the busiest airport in the United
from a metal surface when exposed to light, States and the world. It serves as a major hub for
supporting quantum theory. domestic and international travel.
 Emission occurs when an atom releases energy as  Africa is the only continent with land in all four
radiation, transitioning from a higher to a lower energy hemispheres (Northern, Southern, Eastern, and
state. Western). This unique geographical position spans
 Absorption happens when an atom takes in energy, diverse climates and ecosystems.
causing electrons to move to higher energy levels.  The Colorado River flows through the Grand
 Diffraction is the bending of waves around obstacles Canyon, carving its iconic deep and dramatic
or through narrow openings, demonstrating wave landscapes. It stretches over 1,400 miles from the
properties. Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of California.
 The Law of Conservation of Energy states energy  Angel Falls, the tallest waterfall in the world, is
cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed or located in Venezuela. Its water plunges 3,212 feet
transferred. from a tabletop mountain called Auyán-tepui.
 Kinetic Energy is energy an object possesses due to  Albany is the state capital of New York, located along
its motion, dependent on velocity and mass. the Hudson River. It is known for its rich history and
 Condensation is the process of a gas turning into a architecture.
liquid, typically caused by cooling or compression.  Antarctica is home to the world's largest desert,
 An Insulator is a material that resists the flow of heat characterized by its dry, icy conditions. Despite its ice
or electricity, such as rubber or glass. cover, it receives minimal precipitation.
 A Proton is a positively charged subatomic particle  Dublin, the capital of Ireland, is known for its literary
found in the nucleus of an atom, contributing to heritage and historic landmarks. It is home to Trinity
atomic identity. College and the famous Temple Bar district.
 An Ammeter is a device used to measure electric  Rhode Island is the smallest U.S. state by area,
current in a circuit, typically in amperes. measuring only about 1,214 square miles. Despite its
 Newton’s First Law of Motion states that an object size, it boasts a rich maritime history.
remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted  Redwood trees are the tallest trees in the world,
upon by a force. found in California. They can grow over 350 feet tall
 Nuclear Energy is stored in the nucleus of an atom, and live for thousands of years.
released through fission, fusion, or radioactive decay.  Holland is a region in the Netherlands, comprising
 Electromagnetic Waves do not require a medium to North Holland and South Holland. Many people
travel and include light, radio, and X-rays. mistakenly use "Holland" to refer to the entire country.
 White light contains all the colors in the visible  The five Great Lakes—Superior, Michigan, Huron,
spectrum. Erie, and Ontario—form the largest group of
 Acceleration directed opposite direction of a certain freshwater lakes in the world. They are located in
motion is called negative acceleration. North America and are vital to the region's ecosystem.
 Electric current has three effects, namely heating,  The Danube River flows through four European
magnetic, and chemical. capitals: Vienna (Austria), Bratislava (Slovakia),
 The Kelvin measure of temperature measures kinetic Budapest (Hungary), and Belgrade (Serbia). It is
energy caused by the physical phenomena of rising Europe's second-longest river.
and falling temperature.  The capital of Bulgaria is Sofia, a city rich in history
 The English physicist Stephen Hawkings suffered and culture. It is located at the foot of Vitosha
from ALS or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mountain.
 Ottawa, the capital of Canada, is known for its
GEOGRAPHY REVIEWER Parliament Hill and the Rideau Canal. It is located in
 The Spanish Steps are located in Rome, Italy, and the province of Ontario.
are a popular tourist attraction known for their elegant  Copenhagen, Denmark’s capital, is home to The
design. These steps connect the Piazza di Spagna to Little Mermaid statue, inspired by Hans Christian
the Trinità dei Monti church. Andersen's fairytale. It is a symbol of the city and a
 Rome, often called "The Eternal City," is one of the popular tourist attraction.
oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world,  Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, is located on the
famous for its history and culture. It was once the continent of Asia. It is known for its modern
center of the Roman Empire and remains a hub of art architecture and historical Old City.
and architecture.  Nepal’s flag is unique as it is the only non-
 Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's tallest peak, is located in rectangular flag in the world. It consists of two stacked
Tanzania. This iconic mountain is a popular triangular shapes.
destination for climbers and adventurers worldwide.  The Chinese flag features five stars: one large star
 Halloween originated as Samhain, an ancient Irish representing the Communist Party and four smaller
festival marking the end of harvest and the start of ones symbolizing unity among the people. The flag's
red color represents revolution.
 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE REVIEWER
 The South African flag has six colors: black, green, British rule. It begins with the famous words, "We hold
yellow, white, red, and blue. It symbolizes the these truths to be self-evident," emphasizing equality
country's diversity and unity after apartheid. and natural rights. This document became a
 The United Nations flag is blue and white, with a foundation for democratic ideals.
world map surrounded by olive branches. The olive  The Fall of Rome in 476 AD marked the collapse of
branches represent peace, while the blue symbolizes the Western Roman Empire. It occurred when the
hope. Germanic leader Odoacer deposed the last Roman
 Bermuda's flag features a shipwreck, symbolizing emperor, Romulus Augustulus. This event symbolized
the wreck of the Sea Venture, which led to the island’s the end of ancient Rome and the beginning of the
colonization in 1609. It is a prominent part of Middle Ages.
Bermuda's history.  The Han Dynasty, ruling from 206 BC to 220 AD, is
 The Chernobyl nuclear plant, site of the 1986 often seen as China's golden age. It achieved
nuclear disaster, is located in Ukraine. It remains one significant advancements in science, culture, and
of the most catastrophic nuclear events in history. trade, including the Silk Road's development. This
 The Sargasso Sea, located in the Atlantic Ocean, has period profoundly influenced Chinese identity and
no coastlines, as it is defined by ocean currents. It is governance.
known for its floating seaweed, Sargassum.  Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling from
 The Ural Mountains form the natural boundary 1508 to 1512, depicting biblical stories like The
between Europe and Asia. These mountains stretch Creation of Adam. This monumental work involved
from northern Russia to Kazakhstan. intricate fresco techniques and incredible physical
 Australia is called both a continent and a country effort. It remains one of the greatest achievements in
because the entire continent belongs to the nation art history.
known as Australia  Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel
Prize, receiving one in Physics in 1903 and another in
HISTORY REVIEWER Chemistry in 1911. Her pioneering research on
 Al Capone, or "Scarface," was the infamous leader radioactivity transformed modern science. Curie’s
of the Chicago Outfit during the Prohibition era. work also led to the development of X-ray technology.
Known for bootlegging and organized crime, he  Blitzkrieg, or "lightning war," was Germany's
controlled Chicago's underworld with ruthless military strategy during World War II, relying on fast,
efficiency. His reign ended when he was convicted of overwhelming attacks. It combined tanks, aircraft, and
tax evasion in 1931. infantry to quickly incapacitate enemy defenses. This
 The United Nations was established in 1945 to tactic was highly effective in early stages of the war,
promote international peace, security, and especially in Poland and France.
cooperation. It was founded after World War II to  The internet was developed in the 1960s as part of a
prevent future global conflicts. Today, it includes 193 U.S. military project called ARPANET. Initially
member states working together on issues like human designed for secure communication, it later evolved
rights and sustainable development. into the global network we use today. Its invention
 Renaissance artist Raphael, renowned for works revolutionized how information is shared and
like The School of Athens, was buried in Rome's accessed.
Pantheon. He passed away at the age of 37 but left  The Great Irish Famine (1845–1852) was caused by
an enduring legacy in art and architecture. His tomb potato blight, which devastated the main food source
reflects his influence on the High Renaissance. for millions of Irish people. This led to widespread
 Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Russia, ruled from 1894 starvation, disease, and mass emigration. The famine
to 1917, ending with his forced abdication during the had a lasting impact on Ireland’s population and
Russian Revolution. His reign faced turmoil, including history.
World War I and domestic unrest. He and his family  The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, officially
were executed in 1918 by the Bolsheviks. ended World War I between the Allies and Germany.
 Roald Amundsen, a Norwegian explorer, became the It imposed harsh reparations and territorial losses on
first person to reach the South Pole in 1911. His team Germany, which fueled resentment and economic
used advanced planning and sled dogs to succeed in hardship. This treaty is often cited as a factor leading
the harsh Antarctic conditions. Amundsen’s to World War II.
achievement was a landmark in polar exploration.  Creeper, the first computer virus, was created in the
 Hannibal, a Carthaginian general, led his army, early 1970s and spread across ARPANET. It
including war elephants, across the Alps during the displayed the message, "I'm the creeper: catch me if
Second Punic War. This audacious move allowed him you can." Creeper’s creation led to the development
to invade Roman territory from an unexpected route. of the first antivirus software.
Though ultimately defeated, Hannibal remains one of  Operation Overlord was the code name for the Allied
history's greatest military tacticians. invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944 (D-Day). This
 The Parthenon Marbles, taken from the Parthenon in massive operation involved coordinated land, sea,
Athens, are displayed in the British Museum. Their and air assaults. It marked the beginning of the
removal by Lord Elgin in the 19th century remains liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control.
controversial, with Greece requesting their return.  Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire,
These sculptures are considered masterpieces of conquered a vast empire spanning Asia and parts of
ancient Greek art. Europe. Known for his innovative military strategies,
 World War II ended in 1945, concluding the deadliest he united diverse tribes under his leadership. His
conflict in human history. Germany surrendered in empire became the largest contiguous land empire in
May, followed by Japan’s surrender in September history.
after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and ENTERTAINMENT REVIEWER
Nagasaki. The war's end reshaped global politics and
alliances.  The Simpsons debuted as animated shorts on The
 The Declaration of Independence, adopted in 1776, Tracey Ullman Show in 1987. This marked the
proclaimed the American colonies' separation from beginning of the series before it became a standalone
 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE REVIEWER
show in 1989. The shorts introduced the core family the dangers of entering Mordor. The line's dramatic
dynamic and humor that made it iconic. delivery made it a popular internet meme.
 The 1960s cartoon duo Rocky & Bullwinkle battled the  Danny Boyle directed the critically acclaimed film
spies Boris Badenov and Natasha Fatale. The show Slumdog Millionaire. The movie tells the story of a
mixed comedy with satire, poking fun at Cold War young man from Mumbai who wins a quiz show by
politics. Rocky, a flying squirrel, and Bullwinkle, a recounting life experiences. It won eight Academy
moose, were central to the humorous adventures. Awards, including Best Director.
 Gargamel's cat in The Smurfs is named Azrael.  Tyler Perry writes, directs, produces, and stars as
Azrael often assisted Gargamel in his attempts to Madea, a wise-cracking, elderly woman. The
capture the Smurfs. The name Azrael comes from the character is central to Perry’s films, which explore
angel of death in various religious texts. themes of family, faith, and humor. Perry’s success
 Stitch from Lilo & Stitch was originally known as has made him one of Hollywood’s most influential
Experiment 626. He was created as a genetically filmmakers.
engineered destructive creature before finding family  Alejandro González Iñárritu is known for his visually
with Lilo. The film explores themes of belonging and intricate films like Birdman and The Revenant. His
redemption. long, unbroken takes and innovative storytelling have
 Marion Cotillard won an Academy Award for earned him multiple Oscars. He is a key figure in the
portraying Edith Piaf in La Vie en Rose. Piaf was a rise of Mexican directors in Hollywood.
legendary French singer known for songs like "La Vie  Sofia Coppola directed Lost in Translation, a
en Rose" and "Non, Je Ne Regrette Rien." Cotillard’s poignant film about loneliness and connection. The
performance was lauded for its emotional depth and movie stars Bill Murray and Scarlett Johansson as
transformation. unlikely companions in Tokyo. Coppola won an
 Roger Ebert was the first film critic to win a Pulitzer Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.
Prize for his reviews. He worked for the Chicago Sun-  A chessboard contains 64 squares, arranged in an
Times and was known for his accessible and 8x8 grid. Each square alternates between black and
insightful critiques. His partnership with Gene Siskel white, forming the classic pattern. The layout is
brought film criticism to television audiences. integral to gameplay and strategy.
 John Ford holds the record for the most Academy  Kubb, sometimes called Viking Chess, is a
Awards for Best Director, winning four times. His traditional Norwegian lawn game. Players knock over
iconic films include The Grapes of Wrath and The wooden blocks by throwing batons, with the king
Searchers. Ford was renowned for his mastery of piece as the final target. The game combines skill and
Westerns and storytelling. strategy, making it a popular outdoor pastime.
 Parasite (2019), directed by Bong Joon-ho, was the  Daniel Craig first appeared as James Bond in Casino
first foreign-language film to win the Academy Award Royale (2006). The film rebooted the Bond franchise
for Best Picture. The film examines class disparities in with a darker and more grounded tone. Craig's
South Korea through a darkly comedic and portrayal revitalized the iconic spy character.
suspenseful lens. Its groundbreaking win was a  The Big Lebowski (1998) inspired fan festivals and a
milestone for international cinema. cult following. The film follows “The Dude,” an
 At 18, Kate Moss became the face of Calvin Klein, unemployed bowler, as he becomes embroiled in a
catapulting her to global fame. The campaign’s bizarre kidnapping plot. Its quirky characters and
minimalist aesthetic defined the 1990s fashion era. dialogue have made it a classic.
Moss became synonymous with the "heroin chic" look  Elliot Page played Ariadne, a skilled architect, in
of the time. Inception (2010). Ariadne designs dream worlds for
 Steve Martin is an accomplished banjo player in Cobb, the film's protagonist. The character is
addition to his comedy and acting. He has performed essential to the film’s exploration of dreams and
with bands like the Steep Canyon Rangers and won reality.
Grammy Awards for his bluegrass music. His musical  Unobtainium is the fictional mineral sought by the
talent showcases his versatility as an entertainer. Sky People in Avatar (2009). It represents the conflict
 Katy Perry married British comedian and actor between environmental preservation and resource
Russell Brand in 2010. Their relationship gained exploitation. The term is often used humorously to
significant media attention but ended in divorce in describe impossible materials.
2012. Brand is known for his sharp wit and roles in  James Bond battled villains Nick Nack and Jaws in
films like Get Him to the Greek. his iconic spy adventures. These antagonists
 Ryan Phillippe, known for films like Cruel Intentions, appeared in films like The Man with the Golden Gun
was married to Reese Witherspoon from 1999 to and Moonraker. Bond's encounters with such
2008. They share two children and were considered a characters highlight the franchise's mix of danger and
Hollywood power couple. Their relationship started humor.
after meeting at Witherspoon's 21st birthday party.  In Monty Python and the Holy Grail, the knights
 Angelina Jolie adopted her first child, Maddox, from who demand a shrubbery are known for saying "Ni".
Cambodia in 2002. Maddox was the first of several Their absurd request exemplifies the film’s surreal
children she adopted from around the world. Her humor. The scene is one of the most memorable in
humanitarian work often coincides with her family- the comedy classic.
building efforts.  Big Brother originally aired in the Netherlands in
 Emma Roberts is the niece of Julia Roberts. The 1999. The reality show places contestants in a house
younger Roberts is an accomplished actress in her under constant surveillance. Its format has been
own right, starring in series like American Horror adapted in many countries worldwide.
Story. Their familial connection has brought both  The Peach Pit was the iconic hangout spot in Beverly
comparisons and encouragement. Hills, 90210. The diner served as a central meeting
 The "One Does Not Simply" meme originates from place for the show's characters. It became a symbol
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. In of the series' depiction of teenage life.
the film, Boromir, played by Sean Bean, warns about  Buffy the Vampire Slayer takes place in Sunnydale,
California. Sunnydale sits atop a Hellmouth, attracting
 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE REVIEWER
supernatural creatures. The show blends horror, testing centers all over the Philippines this December
drama, and humor. 2024.
 Dennis Farina, who starred in Law & Order, was a
real Chicago cop before becoming an actor. His law POP CULTURE REVIEWER
enforcement background lent authenticity to his roles.  Walt Disney holds the record for the most total
Farina was known for his tough yet charismatic Academy Awards, with 22 competitive Oscars and 4
portrayals. honorary awards. His achievements in animation and
 The fictional penitentiary in Orange is the New Black film innovation have made him a lasting figure in the
is Litchfield. The series explores the lives of women entertainment industry. Disney’s contributions to both
in the prison system. Its mix of humor and drama animated and live-action films have shaped modern
gained critical acclaim. cinema.
 The Breaking Bad logo includes the chemical  Drake is the artist with the most streams on Spotify, a
element symbols for Barium (Ba) and Bromine (Br). title he earned due to his consistent release of
These symbols reflect the show’s focus on chemistry popular albums and singles. With his versatile blend
and Walter White’s transformation. The periodic table of rap, R&B, and pop, he has amassed billions of
motif became a hallmark of the series. streams worldwide. Drake’s influence on
 Kelly Clarkson won the first season of American Idol contemporary music is significant, making him one of
in 2002. Her victory launched a successful music the most-streamed artists of all time.
career with hits like "Since U Been Gone." Clarkson’s  Amazon was originally called "Cadabra" when Jeff
talent and charisma made her a fan favorite. Bezos first founded it in 1994. The name was quickly
 Bryan Cranston played Hal, the bumbling but lovable changed after people misheard it as "cadaver," which
father, in Malcolm in the Middle. Hal’s antics provided had a negative connotation. "Amazon" was chosen for
much of the show’s comedy. Cranston later gained its association with a powerful, vast river, symbolizing
fame for his dramatic role in Breaking Bad. the company’s ambitions.
 Glee is set at William McKinley High School, where  Brian May, the guitarist for Queen, is also an expert
students navigate life and show choir competitions. in astrophysics, having earned a Ph.D. in the field in
The series mixes musical performances with coming- 2007. His scientific knowledge has been influential in
of-age stories. It became a cultural phenomenon both his music career and public appearances. May’s
during its run. passion for space exploration is reflected in his
 Russell Crowe played mathematician John Nash in A involvement with the Royal Astronomical Society.
Beautiful Mind. The film portrays Nash’s struggles  The "Mexico 66" is a popular sneaker model made by
with schizophrenia and his contributions to game Onitsuka Tiger, a Japanese footwear brand. Initially
theory. Crowe’s performance earned widespread released in 1966, it gained fame for its sleek design
acclaim. and versatility. It became even more iconic after being
 Blossom, Bubbles, and Buttercup fight crime in featured in the film Kill Bill in 2003.
Townsville in The Powerpuff Girls. The animated  Rockstar Games is the studio behind the Red Dead
series combines action with humor and heart. Its Redemption series, known for its expansive open-
vibrant style and quirky villains made it a hit with world games. The series combines action, adventure,
audiences. and historical storytelling set in the American frontier.
ADDITIONAL GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Red Dead Redemption 2 became a major critical and
commercial success for its depth and immersive
 As of recent data, Hong Kong has one of the world's world.
highest life expectancies, largely due to its advanced  Both Robert Downey Jr. and Benedict
healthcare system, active lifestyle, and healthy diet. Cumberbatch have portrayed Sherlock Holmes in
 In Greek mythology, Apollo was the god of the sun, film and television adaptations. Downey’s portrayal in
music, poetry, and prophecy. He is often depicted the 2009 and 2011 films introduced a more action-
driving a chariot that carried the sun across the sky. oriented Holmes, while Cumberbatch’s version in the
 Aureolin is a bright, transparent yellow pigment often BBC series was praised for its modern twist. Both
used in painting and was introduced in the 19th performances are highly regarded by fans and critics
century. A dodecahedron is a three-dimensional alike.
shape with 12 flat faces, each being a regular  As of January 1, 2024, The Shawshank Redemption
pentagon. holds the title of the highest-rated film on IMDb, with a
 Delta (Δ, δ) is the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet rating of 9.3/10. Directed by Frank Darabont and
and often symbolizes change in mathematics and based on Stephen King's novella, the film explores
science. themes of hope and friendship. Its enduring popularity
 Calligraphy is a visual art form that focuses on the has made it a beloved classic.
beauty of written characters. It is used in invitations,  The lyrics "I should have changed that stupid lock, I
logos, and various artistic projects. should have made you leave your key" are from the
 Microsoft, founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in song "Irreplaceable" by Beyoncé. Released in 2006,
1975, is a global leader in software, hardware, and the song became an anthem for female
cloud services. empowerment. Its catchy melody and relatable lyrics
 Acrophobia is an extreme or irrational fear of contributed to its commercial success.
heights, which can cause dizziness, anxiety, and  Aftermath Records was founded by Dr. Dre, Jimmy
panic attacks in high places. Iovine, and Interscope Records in 1996. The label is
 Taoism, rooted in the teachings of Laozi, promotes known for launching the careers of artists like
living in harmony with the Tao (the Way), which Eminem, 50 Cent, and Kendrick Lamar. Its influence
signifies the natural order of the universe. on hip-hop and contemporary music continues to be
 The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) profound.
announces that 3,058 out of 10,136 passed the  Kratos is the main character of the God of War
Licensure Examination for Certified Public series, a popular action-adventure video game
Accountants given by the Board of Accountancy in 18 franchise developed by Santa Monica Studio. Kratos,
once a Greek god, embarks on intense, often tragic,
 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE REVIEWER
journeys involving gods, mythological creatures, and Stark sigil became one of the most recognizable in
personal demons. The series is praised for its the series.
storytelling and cinematic gameplay.
 Squid Game was the Netflix show with the most SPORTS REVIEWER
streaming views in 2021, quickly becoming a global  FIFA stands for the International Federation of
phenomenon. The South Korean series explores Association Football, which is the global governing
themes of debt, survival, and morality through a body for soccer. Established in 1904, it is responsible
deadly game with a massive cash prize. Its success for organizing major international soccer tournaments,
made it one of the most-watched non-English including the FIFA World Cup. FIFA’s role is to ensure
language series in Netflix history. fair play, establish rules, and promote soccer
 Elon Musk was born in Pretoria, South Africa, on worldwide.
June 28, 1971. Musk is known for founding  Brazil has won the most FIFA World Cups, securing
companies like Tesla, SpaceX, and Neuralink, five championships (1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, and
becoming a leading figure in technology and 2002). The country is known for its rich soccer history
innovation. His ventures are centered around and a legacy of producing world-class players such as
renewable energy, space exploration, and cutting- Pelé, Romário, and Ronaldo. Brazil's success in the
edge technologies. World Cup has made it the most successful nation in
 Dan Castellaneta is the voice of Homer Simpson, the the tournament's history.
beloved and iconic character from The Simpsons.  Cristiano Ronaldo was the world’s highest-paid
Castellaneta has voiced Homer for over 30 years, athlete in 2023, thanks to his lucrative contract with
contributing to the show’s success and cultural Saudi Arabian club Al Nassr, endorsements, and
impact. His comedic timing and delivery have made business ventures. Known for his exceptional talent in
Homer one of TV’s most memorable characters. soccer, Ronaldo has broken numerous records
 Avatar is the highest-grossing film of all time, directed throughout his career. His earnings reflect his status
by James Cameron and released in 2009. The film's as one of the greatest soccer players in history.
groundbreaking use of 3D technology and visual  Simone Biles is famous for her skill in gymnastics,
effects helped it become a box office sensation. Its particularly for her performances in the Olympic
story, set on the alien planet of Pandora, explores Games and World Championships. She is widely
themes of environmentalism and indigenous rights. regarded as one of the greatest gymnasts of all time,
 The Phantom of the Opera is the longest-running holding numerous gold medals and accolades. Biles
Broadway musical, having debuted in 1988. The is known for her incredible difficulty level in routines,
musical, composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber, is pushing the boundaries of what is possible in
based on the French novel of the same name by gymnastics.
Gaston Leroux. Its captivating score and tragic love  The Tour de France, one of the most prestigious
story have made it a beloved classic. cycling races in the world, finishes every year on the
 Chanel is the luxury brand known for its iconic Avenue des Champs-Élysées in Paris. This iconic
interlocking “C” logo, which symbolizes the brand’s route marks the culmination of a grueling three-week
elegance and sophistication. Founded by Gabrielle race, and the Champs-Élysées offers an impressive
"Coco" Chanel, the brand revolutionized women’s backdrop for the final sprint. The event has a long
fashion in the 20th century. Chanel’s timeless history dating back to 1903 and is celebrated as a
designs, including the little black dress and No. 5 symbol of cycling excellence.
perfume, remain influential.  When a bowler makes three strikes in a row in
 The first iPhone was released in 2007, revolutionizing bowling, it is called a "turkey." Achieving a turkey is
the smartphone industry. It combined a phone, iPod, considered a significant accomplishment in the sport,
and internet communicator into one device, setting as it demonstrates consistent precision and skill.
the stage for modern mobile technology. The iPhone’s Bowlers strive for turkeys as part of their strategy to
success has made Apple one of the most valuable accumulate a high score during a game.
companies in the world.  The first name of Argentinian soccer star Maradona
 Bong Joon-ho is the director of the critically was Diego, and he is widely regarded as one of the
acclaimed film Parasite, which won multiple Academy greatest soccer players in history. Diego Maradona is
Awards, including Best Picture in 2020. The South best known for his performances in the 1986 FIFA
Korean film explores class disparity through dark World Cup, where he led Argentina to victory. His
humor and suspense. Parasite became a global hit, talent, flair, and controversial "Hand of God" goal
praised for its storytelling and direction. made him a global icon.
 Troy Bolton and Gabriella Montez are the main  A regulation NBA basket is set at a height of 10 feet
characters in the 2006 Disney movie High School (3.02 meters) from the floor. This height has been
Musical. Played by Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens, standardized since the inception of the NBA, ensuring
their characters navigate high school life while consistency in the game. Players' ability to dunk,
pursuing their passion for music. The film’s success shoot, and make plays is heavily influenced by the
led to two sequels and a lasting cultural impact. height of the basket, which challenges their
 The 2002 movie 8 Mile is a semi-biographical story athleticism and skill.
about rapper Eminem, who portrays the character  The national sport of Japan is sumo wrestling, a
Jimmy Smith Jr. The film explores his struggles traditional and ancient sport that has been practiced
growing up in Detroit and aspiring to become a for centuries. Sumo wrestlers, known as rikishi,
successful rapper. 8 Mile became iconic for its compete in a ring and aim to force their opponent out
portrayal of the challenges of breaking into the music or make them touch the ground. The sport holds deep
industry. cultural significance, with rituals and ceremonies that
 In Game of Thrones (2011), the sigil of House Stark are integral to Japanese history.
is a direwolf, representing the family’s northern  Wimbledon, one of the four Grand Slam tennis
heritage and their strong, loyal character. The direwolf tournaments, has a strict dress code of all white for
is a symbol of protection and honor for the Starks, competitors. The rule is meant to maintain tradition
often seen as guardians of the North. The House and uniformity at the prestigious tournament, which
 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE REVIEWER
began in 1877. The dress code adds to the chemical reaction in an organism's body produces
tournament’s classic and elegant atmosphere, making light, often in dark or deep-sea environments.
it unique among professional sports events.  The animal with the most powerful bite in the world is
the Nile crocodile. Its bite can exert a force of around
ANIMALS REVIEWER 5,000 pounds per square inch (psi), which is more
 The world's fastest bird is the peregrine falcon, than enough to crush bone. This immense biting
which can reach speeds of over 240 mph (386 km/h) power makes the Nile crocodile one of the most
during its hunting dive, known as a stoop. This dangerous predators in its habitat.
incredible speed makes it the fastest animal on the  The animal with the longest tongue is the giraffe. A
planet when in flight. Peregrine falcons are found giraffe's tongue can grow up to 18 inches long and is
worldwide and are known for their precision and adapted to help it reach high branches to feed on
hunting prowess. leaves. Its dark color helps prevent sunburn, as
 A group of crows is called a "murder." This term is giraffes often feed in the hot African savannah.
part of a larger tradition of colorful collective nouns for FOOD AND DRINK REVIEWER
animals, often inspired by their behavior or
characteristics. Crows, known for their intelligence  Finland is the country with the highest coffee
and social structure, are often seen in large groups, consumption per capita, averaging about 12
which adds to their mysterious reputation. kilograms of coffee per person annually. Coffee is
 An octopus has three hearts: two pump blood to the deeply embedded in Finnish culture, often paired with
gills, while the third pumps it to the rest of the body. social gatherings and fika (coffee breaks). Popular
The octopus's blood is blue because it contains coffee styles include light-roast filter coffee, which is a
copper-based hemocyanin, which is more efficient at national favorite.
oxygenating the body in cold, low-oxygen  A Vesper martini, made famous by James Bond,
environments. When an octopus swims, the heart that contains three measures of Gordon’s Gin, one
delivers blood to the body temporarily stops, which is measure of vodka, and half a measure of Kina Lillet.
why they tire easily while swimming. This cocktail is shaken, not stirred, and served with a
 A group of pandas is known as an "embarrassment." lemon peel garnish. It was first mentioned in Ian
Pandas are generally solitary animals, so they do not Fleming’s novel Casino Royale.
often form large groups, which is why their collective  Sushi originated in Japan as a method of preserving
noun seems unusual. Despite their solitary nature, fish by fermenting it with rice. Over time, it evolved
pandas are a beloved symbol of conservation efforts into the fresh, artistic dishes known today, featuring
due to their status as endangered species. vinegared rice and raw fish or vegetables. It is now
 The loudest animal on Earth is the sperm whale, enjoyed worldwide as a staple of Japanese cuisine.
which can produce clicks at levels over 230 decibels,  Beaujolais is a type of red wine produced in the
louder than a jet engine. These sounds are used for Beaujolais region of France, made primarily from the
echolocation, allowing sperm whales to communicate Gamay grape. Known for its light, fruity flavors, it is
and navigate the deep ocean. The intensity of their often enjoyed slightly chilled. The annual release of
calls is so powerful that they can travel long distances Beaujolais Nouveau is a celebrated wine tradition.
underwater.  Worcestershire sauce is not traditionally vegan
 The only mammal capable of true flight is the bat. because it contains anchovies, a type of fish. The
Unlike other flying animals, such as birds or insects, other sauces—hoisin, mustard, and wasabi—are
bats have a unique wing structure with a flexible typically vegan unless modified. Vegan
membrane that allows for more precise control in the Worcestershire sauce alternatives are available
air. Bats are vital for ecosystems, as they help control without fish ingredients.
insect populations and pollinate plants.  Guinness is the world’s best-selling stout beer,
 The animal with the largest brain relative to body size originating from Dublin, Ireland, in 1759. It is famous
is the dolphin. Dolphins have a highly developed for its rich, creamy texture and distinct roasted barley
brain and exhibit behaviors that suggest intelligence, flavor. Guinness is also known for its iconic
such as problem-solving, social interaction, and the advertising and cultural associations with Ireland.
use of tools. Their complex communication and ability  Shepherd’s pie is a traditional British dish made with
to recognize themselves in mirrors highlight their minced lamb, topped with mashed potatoes. When
cognitive abilities. beef is used instead of lamb, the dish is referred to as
 The animal with the longest lifespan is the ocean cottage pie. It is hearty comfort food, often including
quahog clam, which can live for over 500 years. vegetables like peas and carrots.
These clams are found off the coast of North America  The difference between brandy and cognac is that
and grow very slowly, contributing to their long life cognac is a specific type of brandy made only in the
expectancy. The oldest recorded ocean quahog clam, Cognac region of France. Cognac must adhere to
named Ming, was estimated to be 507 years old when strict production methods, including being distilled
it was discovered. twice in copper pot stills. Brandy, on the other hand,
 Ornithology is the study of birds, a branch of zoology can be made anywhere using fermented fruit.
that covers aspects like bird behavior, ecology, and  Pink Ladies and Granny Smiths are both types of
conservation. Ornithologists often conduct field apples, known for their crisp texture and distinct
research and contribute to our understanding of avian flavors. Pink Lady apples are sweet and slightly tart,
migration, reproduction, and adaptation. The study of while Granny Smith apples are famous for their
birds has helped advance conservation efforts and bright green skin and tartness. Both are versatile and
deepen our appreciation for wildlife. used in baking, cooking, or eaten fresh.
 The process by which some animals produce light is  Saffron is the rarest and most expensive spice in the
called bioluminescence. This ability is found in world by weight, made from the dried stigmas of the
various marine organisms, fungi, and insects, and is saffron crocus flower. Its high cost is due to the labor-
used for attracting mates, luring prey, or intensive harvesting process, as each flower must be
camouflaging. Bioluminescence occurs when a picked by hand. Saffron is prized for its unique flavor,
aroma, and vibrant golden color.
 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE REVIEWER
 Pule is a rare cheese traditionally made from the milk
of Balkan donkeys, primarily in Serbia. It is one of the
most expensive cheeses in the world due to its limited
production and unique flavor. The high protein content
in donkey milk contributes to its distinctive texture and
taste.
 Fermentation is the process of adding yeast to
dough, where the yeast consumes sugars and
produces carbon dioxide bubbles. These bubbles
make the dough rise, giving bread its light and airy
texture. Fermentation also enhances flavor by
producing alcohol and organic acids.
 Ice cream is credited to China, where an early form of
frozen dessert was made as far back as 200 BC. It
was created by mixing rice, milk, and snow to form a
sweet treat. The concept spread to Europe via trade
routes and evolved into modern ice cream.