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4.carbon and Its Compounds

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33 views6 pages

4.carbon and Its Compounds

Uploaded by

sathyadath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INSTA LEARN

CLASS 10 CBSE

CHEMISTRY

CARBON & ITS


COMPOUNDS
BONDING IN CARBON - THE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
COVALENT BOND
Alkanes
Carbon do not lose or gain electron for CnH2n+2
bonding. Methane CH4
Carbon only share electrons to other atoms Ethane C2H6
and form covalent bond Propane C3H8
Butane C4H10
VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON Pentane C5H12
Alkenes
Catenation CnH2n
Carbon has the unique ability to form bonds Ethene C2H4
with other atoms of carbons Propene C3H6
Tetra valency of Carbon Butene C4H8
Tetra valency of Carbon Pentene C5H10
The Valency of Carbon is 4. means ability to
Alkynes
form four covalent bonds.
CnH2n-2
Bonds between carbons
Ethyne C2H2

c c c c
Propyne C3H4
Butyne C4H6
Pentyne C5H8
Members have the same general formula.
Single Bond Double Bond Difference between two successive

c c
member is CH 2
Members have the almost same chemical
properties due to same functional group.
Triple Bond Members have common general method of
preparation.

SATURATED & UNSATURATED


CARBON COMPOUNDS IUPAC NOMENCLATUR
Saturated Hydrocarbon Word roots
Presence of only single bond
Alkanes
Have Only C-C
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
Presence of at least one Double bonds or triple
bond between carbon atoms
Alkenes
Have Minimum One C = C
Alkynes
Have Minimum One C = C

NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300 3


Naming TYPES OF REACTIONS
Alkane : word root + ane
AIkene : word root + ene Combustion
Alkyne : word root + yne Heat and light
Functional groups Saturated hydrocarbons : clean flame
Halo- (Chloro/ -Cl. -Br (substitutes
Halo alkane unsaturated carbon compounds :
bromo) alkane for hydrogen atom)
yellow flame with lots of black smoke
1. Alcohol -OH Alkanol Combustion

H
2. Aldehyde -C Alkanal limiting the supply of air results in incomplete
O
combustion of even saturated hydrocarbons
-C-
3. Ketone || Alkanone giving a sooty flame
O
Addition Reaction
O
4. Carboxylic acid || Alkanoic acid
-C -OH

Substitution Reaction
ISOMERISM
The compound which possess same
molecular formula but has different structural
SOME IMPORTANT CARBON COMPOUNDS
formula are called isomers and phenomenon - ETHANOL AND ETHANOIC ACID
is called isomerism.
Properties of Ethanol
e.g. C4H10 liquid at room temperature
ingredient of all alcoholic drinks
used in medicines such as tincture iodine,
cough syrups, and many tonics

Types of isomerisms:
Chain isomerism Hot Conc.
Positional isomerism
Functional isomerism

Space for Keynotes...


Space for Keynotes...

4 NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300


PROPERTIES OF ETHANOIC ACID DETERGENTS
commonly called acetic acid Soaps not effective in hard water
5-8% solution of acetic acid in water called When we use soap in hard water insoluble
vinegar substance (scum) remains because the
reaction of soap with the calcium and
magnesium salt
Detergents are generally sodium salts of
(Ethanoic acid) (Ethanol) (Ester)
sulphonic acids or ammonium salts with
chlorides or bromides ions, etc
The charged ends of these compounds do not
form insoluble precipitates with the calcium
and magnesium ions in hard water Thus, they
Saponification remain effective in hard water

Space for Keynotes...

SOAPS AND DETERGENTS


SOAP
Molecules of soap are sodium or potassium
salts of long-chain carboxylic acids

The ionic-end of soap interacts with water


while the carbon chain interacts with oil

How does soap remove dirt?


The soap molecules, thus form structures
called micelles where one end of the
molecules is towards the oil droplet while the
ionic-end faces outside
This forms an emulsion in water.
The soap micelle thus helps in pulling out the
dirt in water and we can wash our
clothes clean

NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300 5

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