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Equation of Change and Continuity

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18 views23 pages

Equation of Change and Continuity

Uploaded by

sadia TF
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHE 205: Fluid Mechanics

Application of Equations of Motion and Continuity


in Common Multidirectional Flows

Dr. Md. Iqbal Hossain


Associate Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering, BUET

Email: [email protected] Cell: 01927885215

www.iqbalbuet.com
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Topic to be Covered:
 Unidirectional Flow:
Shell Momentum Balance in Laminar Flow

 Multidirectional Flow:
Equation of Change (Navier-Stokes Equations): Partial
Differential Equations : for Isothermal System

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Mechanisms of Momentum Transfer:
1. Molecular Transfer, and 2. Convective Transfer

Molecular Transfer >> Mode I, and Convective Transfer >> Mode II

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Unidirectional Flow : Shell Momentum Balance
Example: Flow Over a Flat Inclined Plate

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Overall, momentum of fluid changes from high to low as you move
in the positive y-direction. In other words, there is a transfer of x-
momentum as you move in the y-direction. 5
Unidirectional Flow : Shell Momentum Balance
What we want are:

 Shear Stress Distribution (normal to flow direction)

 Velocity Distribution (normal to flow direction)

 Volumetric Flow Rate

 Average Velocity (across the flow cross-section)

----by the application of Shell Momentum Balance

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Shell Momentum Balance: What is it?
 When fluid flow occurs in a single direction everywhere in a
system, shell balances are useful devices for applying the principle of
conservation of momentum.

An example is incompressible laminar flow of fluid in a


straight circular pipe.
Other examples include flow between two wide parallel
plates or flow of a liquid film down an inclined plane

In the above situations, fluid velocity varies across the cross-section


only in one coordinate direction and is uniform in the other direction
normal to the flow direction.

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Equations of Change for Isothermal System

 Equation of Continuity (Conservation of Mass)

 Equation of Motion (Conservation of Momentum)


: Navier-Stokes Equations (Constant density and viscosity)

Why called “Equations of Change”?


Those equations are called as equations of change because they describe
the change of velocity due to the change of time and position in the fluid
system.

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Why is Equations of Change Needed?
 It is tedious to set up a shell balance for each problem that
one encounters

 The shell balance method cannot be applied to all flows,


such as flows with curved streamlines

 What we need is a general mass balance and a general


momentum balance that can be applied to any problem

 The term “equation of change” may be used to describe how


any physical quantity changes with time and position.

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Equation of Continuity: Conservation of Mass
The equation of continuity is derived, by two steps;
1. Consider a small volume element in a fluid.
2. Make the size/volume of the volume element
infinitesimally small.
3. Apply mass balance equation on this volume.

We know that, according to principle of conservation of mass, for any element of


volume in the fluid,
Rate of increase of mass = Rate of mass flowing in - Rate of mass flowing out

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Equation of Motion: Conservation of Momentum

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Equation of Motion: Conservation of Momentum

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Equation of Motion: Navier-Stokes Equations

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Navier-Stokes Equations:

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