TYPE DESCRIPTION

EuroProt+ DTRV type

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION & CONTROL

DOCUMENT ID: PP-13-21886

LAST VERSION: 1.0
PROTECTION, AUTOMATION AND
2019-04-04, BUDAPEST CONTROL FOR POWER INDUSTRY
 VERSION INFORMATION

VERSION INFORMATION

VERSION DATE MODIFICATION COMPILED BY

1.0 2019-04-04 First edition Erdős, Tóth

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 INTRODUCTION

CONTENTS

1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................4
1.1 Application ....................................................................................................................4
1.1.1 General features ...................................................................................................4
1.2 Pre-defined configuration variants ...............................................................................5
1.3 Meeting the device .......................................................................................................6

2 Function and I/O listing ........................................................................................................7

3 Software configuration .........................................................................................................8

3.1 Protection functions ......................................................................................................8
3.1.1 Overexcitation protection function (VPH24) ..........................................................8
3.1.2 Definite time undervoltage protection function (TUV27) .................................... 12
3.1.3 Negative sequence overcurrent protection function (TOC46) ........................... 13
3.1.4 Negative sequence definite time overvoltage protection function (TOV47) ...... 16
3.1.5 Line thermal protection function (TTR49L) ........................................................ 18
3.1.6 Three-phase instantaneous overcurrent protection function (IOC50) ............... 21
3.1.7 Residual instantaneous overcurrent protection function (IOC50N) ................... 22
3.1.8 Breaker failure protection function (BRF50) ...................................................... 23
3.1.9 Three-phase time overcurrent protection function (TOC51) .............................. 25
3.1.10 Residual overcurrent protection function (TOC51N) ......................................... 28
3.1.11 Residual definite time overvoltage protection function (TOV59N) ..................... 31
3.1.12 Definite time overvoltage protection function (TOV59) ...................................... 32
3.1.13 Inrush detection function (INR68) ...................................................................... 33
3.1.14 Three-phase directional overcurrent protection function (TOC67) .................... 35
3.1.15 Switch-onto-fault preparation function (SOTF) .................................................. 37
3.1.16 Residual directional overcurrent protection function (TOC67N) ........................ 39
3.1.17 Over-frequency protection function (TOF81) ..................................................... 42
3.1.18 Underfrequency protection function (TUF81) .................................................... 43
3.1.19 Rate of change of frequency protection function (FRC81) ................................ 44
3.1.20 Directional over-power protection function (DOP32) ......................................... 46
3.1.21 Directional under-power protection function (DUP32) ....................................... 47
3.1.22 Rectricted earth fault protection function (DIF87N) ........................................... 48
3.1.23 Transformer differential protection function (DIF87_2w) ................................... 50
3.1.24 Automatic tap-changer controller function (ATCC) ............................................ 53
3.2 Control & supervision functions ................................................................................. 60
3.2.1 Phase-selective trip logic (TRC94_PhS) ........................................................... 60
3.2.2 Circuit breaker wear monitoring function (CBWear) .......................................... 62
3.2.3 Circuit breaker control function block (CB1Pol) ................................................. 65
3.2.5 Disconnector control function (DisConn) ........................................................... 68
3.2.6 Ethernet Links function (EthLinks) ..................................................................... 70
3.2.7 Trip Circuit Supervision (TCS) ........................................................................... 72
3.2.8 Dead line detection function (DLD) .................................................................... 77
3.2.9 Voltage transformer supervision function (VTS60) ............................................ 78
3.2.10 Current unbalance function (VCB60) ................................................................. 80
3.3 Measuring functions .................................................................................................. 82
3.3.1 Current input function (CT4) .............................................................................. 84
3.3.2 Voltage input function (VT4) .............................................................................. 87
3.3.3 Line measurement function (MXU) .................................................................... 90
3.4 Disturbance recorder ................................................................................................. 96
3.5 Event recorder ........................................................................................................... 99

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 INTRODUCTION

1 Introduction
The DTRV product type is a member of the EuroProt+ product line, made by Protecta Co. Ltd.
The EuroProt+ complex protection in respect of hardware and software is a modular device.
The modules are assembled and configured according to the requirements, and then the
software determines the functions. This manual describes the DTRV product type.

1.1 Application
The DTRV products are designed for protection and control applications of power transformers
and generators including generator-transformer blocks (these generator applications are
handled independently).

The main application field of the DTRV type here is power transformers of any type with any
vector group, whether it be two- or three-winding transformers, autotransformers at MV and/or
HV voltage level.

The relays of this type support double breaker terminals such as breaker and a half or ring bus
topology.

The main protection functions of the DTRV type include differential protection, overcurrent
protetions for both (or all three) sides, and voltage and frequency-based protections.

Additionally, the DTRV product type incorporates the control of tap changers / automatic voltage
regulators by dedicated configuration variants.

Because of the implemented control, measuring and monitoring function, the IEDs can also be
used as a bay control unit.

The EuroCAP configuration tool, which is available free of charge, offers a user-friendly and
flexible application for protection, control and measurement functions to ensure that the
IED-EP+ devices are fully customizable.

1.1.1 General features

• Native IEC 61850 IED with Edition 2 compatibility

• Scalable hardware to adapt to different applications
• 84 HP or 42HP wide rack size (height: 3U)
• The pre-defined factory configuration can be customized to the user’s specification
with the powerful EuroCAP tool
• Flexible protection and control functionality to meet special customer requirements
• Advanced HMI functionality via color touchscreen and embedded WEB server,
extended measuring, control and monitoring functions
• User configurable LCD user screens, which can display SLDs (Single Line Diagrams)
with switchgear position indication and control as well as measuring values and
several types of controllable objects.
• Various protection setting groups available
• Enhanced breaker monitoring and control
• High capacity disturbance recorder (DRE) and event logging (data is stored in non-
volatile memory):
o DRE for up to 32 analogue and 64 digital signal channels.
o Event recorder can store more than 10,000 events.
• Several mounting methods: Rack; Flush mounting; Semi-flush mounting; Wall
mounting; Wall-mounting with terminals; Flush mounting with IP54 rated cover.
• Wide range of communication protocols:
o Ethernet-based communication: IEC61850; IEC60870-5-104; DNP3.0 TCP;
Modbus TCP
o Serial communication: DNP3.0; IEC60870-5-101/103; MODBUS, SPA

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 INTRODUCTION

• The EuroProt+ family can handle several communication protocols simultaneously.

• Built-in self-monitoring to detect internal hardware or software errors
• Different time sources available: NTP server; Minute pulse; Legacy protocol master;
IRIG-B000 or IRIG-B12X

1.2 Pre-defined configuration variants

The number and the functionality of the members of each product type is put together according
to the application philosophy, keeping in mind the possible main usages. The available
configurations of the DTRV type for transformers are listed in the table below.

VARIANT M AIN APPLICATION

E0-Tr Simplified protection for small transformers

E1-Tr Two-winding transformer differential protection and control

Two-winding transformer differential protection and control with voltage-

E2-Tr
based functions
Two-winding transformer differential protection and control with voltage-
E3-Tr
based functions and automatic voltage regulator / tap changer controller

E4-Tr Three-winding transformer differential protection and control

Three-winding transformer differential protection and control with voltage-

E5-Tr
based functions
Three-winding transformer differential protection and control with voltage-
E6-Tr
based functions and automatic voltage regulator / tap changer controller

E7-Tr Automatic voltage regulator / tap changer controller

Table 1-1 The members of the DTRV type

Note that there are further members of the DTRV type, such as the E9, E10, E11 and E12
which are generator protections with several special functions, therefore they are handled
separately from the ones listed here.

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 INTRODUCTION

1.3 Meeting the device

Each configuration of has its own basic hardware arrangement according to the contained
functions. The remaining free slots are filled up according to the user’s requirements during
ordering.

The technical specification of the hardware of the device (detailed descriptions of the modules,
compliance to the IEC standards, etc.) is in the document “Hardware description” which can
be found on the protecta website:
https://www.protecta.hu/protecta_open/fileOpen.php?documentation=10

The devices are made in two sizes, see the pictures below.

Figure 1-1 The 84HP (19”) rack of EuroProt+ family

Figure 1-2 The 42HP (½*19”) rack of EuroProt+ family

The basic information for working with the EuroProt+ devices are described in the document
“Quick start guide to the devices of the EuroProt+ product line” which can be found on the
Protecta website:
https://www.protecta.hu/protecta_open/fileOpen.php?documentation=9

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 FUNCTION AND
I/O LISTING

2 Function and I/O listing

The functions listed in Table 2-1 below are the ones that are present most commonly in the
configurations, thus they can be considered as factory default arrangements. The hardware
information corresponds to the maximum available number of digital I/O, and the default number
of analog inputs.

For short descriptions for each function please refer to Chapter 3. Detailed information is
available in their respective stand-alone descriptions on the Protecta website after logging in.

*The ‘INST.’ column contains the numbers of the pre-configured function blocks in the factory
configuration. These numbers may be different in order to meet the user’s requirements.

Table 2-1 Basic functionality and I/O

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3 Software configuration
3.1 Protection functions
3.1.1 Overexcitation protection function (VPH24)

The overexcitation protection function is applied to protect generators and unit transformers
against high flux values causing saturation of the iron cores and consequently high magnetizing
currents.

The flux is the integrated value of the voltage:

t
(t ) =  0 +  u (t )dt
0
In steady state, this integral can be high if the area under the sinusoidal voltage-time function
is large. Mathematically this means that in steady state the flux, as the integral of the sinusoidal
voltage function, can be expressed as
U
(t ) = k cos t
f
The peak value of the flux increases if the magnitude of the voltage increases, and/or the flux
can be high if the duration of a period increases; this means that the frequency of the voltage
decreases. That is, the flux is proportional to the peak value of the voltage (or to the RMS value)
and inversely proportional to the frequency.

The overexcitation protection function is intended to be applied near the generator, where the
voltage is expected to be pure sinusoidal, without any distortion. Therefore, a continuous
integration of the voltage and a simple peak detection algorithm can be applied.

The effect of high flux values is the symmetrical saturation of the iron core of the generator or
that of the unit transformer. During saturation, the magnetizing current is high and distorted;
high current peaks can be detected. The odd harmonic components of the current are of high
magnitude and the RMS value of the current also increases. The high peak current values
generate high dynamic forces, the high RMS value causes overheating. During saturation, the
flux leaves the iron core and high eddy currents are generated in the metallic part of the
generator or transformer in which normally no current flows, and which is not designed to
withstand overheating.

The frequency can deviate from the rated network frequency during start-up of the generator or
at an unwanted disconnection of the load. In this case the generator is not connected to the
network and the frequency is not kept at a “constant” value. If the generator is excited in this
state and the frequency is below the rated value, then the flux may increase above the tolerated
value. Similar problems may occur in distributed generating stations in case of island operation.

The overexcitation protection is designed to prevent this long-term overexcited state.

The flux is calculated continuously as the integral of the voltage. In case of the supposed
sinusoidal voltage, the shape of the integrated flux will be sinusoidal too, the frequency of which
is identical with that of the voltage. The magnitude of the flux can be found by searching for the
maximum and the minimum values of the sinusoid.

The magnitude can be calculated if at least one positive and one negative peak value have
been found, and the function starts if the calculated flux magnitude is above the setting value.
Accordingly, the starting delay of the function depends on the frequency: if the frequency is low,
more time is needed to reach the opposite peak value. In case of energizing, the time to find
the first peak depends on the starting phase angle of the sinusoidal flux. If the voltage is
increased continuously by increasing the excitation of the generator, this time delay cannot be
measured.

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As the heating effect of the distorted current is not directly proportional to the flux value, the
applied characteristic is of inverse type (so called IEEE type): If the overexcitation increases,
the operating time decreases. To meet the requirements of application, a definite-time
characteristic is also offered in this protection function as an alternative.

The supervised quantity is the calculated U/f value as a percentage of the nominal values (index
N):
U U
f UN
G= 100[%] = 100[%]
UN f
fN fN
The over-dimensioning of generators in this respect is usually about 5%, that of the transformer
about 10%, but for unit transformers this factor can be even higher.

At start-up of the function, the protection function generates a warning signal aimed to inform
the controller to decrease the excitation. If the time delay determined by the parameter values
of the selected characteristics expires, the function generates a trip command to decrease or
to switch off the excitation and the generator.

The time delay of the independent characteristic is

t (G) = tOP when G  GS

where

tOP (seconds) theoretical operating time if G > GS, fix, according to the parameter
Min Time Delay setting
U
G measured value of the characteristic quantity; this is the peak
f
UN
value as a percentage of the rated value.
fN
GS setting value of the characteristic quantity (Start U/f LowSet). This is
U set UN
the peak value as a percentage of the rated value.
f set fN
The reset time:
t (G) = t Drop −off when G  0.95 * GS
where

tDrop-off (seconds) drop-off time if G< 0.95*GS, fix, value.

The time delay of the IEEE standard dependent time characteristic is

▪ “IEEE square law”

0.18 * TMS 0.18 * TMS
t= =
V/f Vset /f set 2 (G − G S ) 2
( − )
VN /f N VN /f N
where
TMS = 1 … 60 time multiplier setting,
V/f flux value calculated at the measured voltage and
frequency,
VN/fN flux at rated voltage and rated frequency,
Vset/fset flux setting value.

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The maximum delay time is limited by the parameter Max Time Delay. This time delay is valid
if the flux is below the preset value Start U/f LowSet.
This inverse type characteristic is also combined with a minimum time delay, the value of which
is set by user parameter Min. Time Delay. This time delay is valid if the flux is above the setting
value Start U/f HighSet.

The reset time:

If the calculated flux is below the drop-off flux value (when G  0.95 * GS ), then the calculated
flux value decreases linearly to zero. The time to reach zero is defined by the parameter Cooling
Time.

Overexcitation is a typically symmetrical phenomenon. There are other dedicated protection

functions against asymmetry. Accordingly, the processing of a single voltage is sufficient. In a
network with isolated start point, the phase voltage is not exactly defined due to the uncertain
zero sequence voltage component. Therefore, line-to-line voltages are calculated based on the
measured phase voltages, and one of them is assigned to overfluxing protection.

The effective frequency range includes all frequencies where the defined accuracy can be
achieved. If the frequency is too small, then the time needed to find the peak values and to
calculate the flux increases. In contrast, at high frequencies the accuracy of the detected peak
value decreases. The frequency range monitored extends from 10 Hz to 70 Hz. The details are
given among the technical data.

Similarly to the frequency range, the voltage range is also limited. If the voltage is too small, the
voltage measurement becomes inaccurate due to the sampling. In case of high voltage at low
frequencies the voltage transformers may also saturate. Accordingly, the frequency range and
the voltage range are closely related. The voltage range monitored extends from 10 V to 170
V. The details are given among the technical data.

The flux range is the combination of the voltage range and the frequency range. For overfluxing
protection, the effective flux range extends from 0.5 to 1.5 UN/fN.

Technical data
Function Effective range Accuracy
Voltage measurement 0,5 … 1,2Un < 1%
Frequency measurement 0,8 … 1,2 fn < 1%
Table 3-1 Technical data of the overexcitation protection function

Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Parameter for type selection
VPH24_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off, Definite Time, IEEE Definite Time
Table 3-2 The enumerated parameter of the overexcitation protection function

Integer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Starting value of the overexcitation protection function
VPH24_EmaxCont_IPar_ Start U/f LowSet % 80 140 1 110
Flux value above which the IEEE inverse type characteristic is replaced by the declared
minimum time
VPH24_Emax_IPar_ Start U/f HighSet % 80 140 1 110
Time multiplier
VPH24_k_IPar__ Time Multiplier 1 100 1 10
Table 3-3 Integer parameter of the overexcitation protection function

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Float parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Minimum time delay for the inverse characteristics and delay for the definite time
characteristics:
VPH24_MinDel_FPar_ Min Time Delay sec 0.5 60.00 0.01 10.00
Maximum time delay for the inverse characteristics:
Max Time
VPH24_MaxDel_FPar_ sec 300.00 8000.00 0.01 3000.00
Delay
Reset time delay for the inverse characteristics:
VPH24_CoolDel_FPar_ Cooling Time sec 60.00 8000.00 0.01 1000.00
Table 3-4 Float parameter of the overexcitation protection function

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3.1.2 Definite time undervoltage protection function (TUV27)

The definite time undervoltage protection function measures the RMS values of the
fundamental Fourier component of three phase voltages.
The Fourier calculation inputs are the sampled values of the three phase voltages (UL1, UL2,
UL3), and the outputs are the basic Fourier components of the analyzed voltages (UL1Four,
UL2Four, UL3Four). They are not part of the TUV27 function; they belong to the preparatory
phase.
The function generates start signals for the phases individually. The general start signal is
generated if the voltage is below the preset starting level parameter setting value and above
the defined blocking level.
The function generates a trip command only if the definite time delay has expired and the
parameter selection requires a trip command as well.
The operation mode can be chosen by the type selection parameter. The function can be
disabled, and can be set to “1 out of 3”, “2 out of 3”, and “All”.
The overvoltage protection function has a binary input signal, which serves the purpose of
disabling the function. The conditions of disabling are defined by the user, applying the graphic
equation editor.

Technical data
Function Value Accuracy
Pick-up starting accuracy < ± 0,5 %
Blocking voltage < ± 1,5 %
Reset time
U> → Un 50 ms
U> → 0 40 ms
Operate time accuracy < ± 20 ms
Minimum operate time 50 ms
Table 3-5 Technical data of the definite time undervoltage protection function
Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Parameter for type selection
TUV27_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off, 1 out of 3, 2 out of 3, All 1 out of 3
Table 3-6 The enumerated parameter of the definite time undervoltage protection function
Integer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Starting voltage level setting
TUV27_StVol_IPar_ Start Voltage % 30 130 1 52
Blocking voltage level setting
TUV27_BlkVol_IPar_ Block Voltage % 0 20 1 10
Table 3-7 The integer parameters of the definite time undervoltage protection function
Boolean parameter
Parameter name Title Default
Enabling start signal only:
TUV27_StOnly_BPar_ Start Signal Only FALSE
Table 3-8 The boolean parameter of the definite time undervoltage protection function
Timer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Time delay of the undervoltage protection function.
TUV27_Delay_TPar_ Time Delay ms 0 60000 1 100
Table 3-9 The timer parameter of the definite time undervoltage protection function

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3.1.3 Negative sequence overcurrent protection function (TOC46)

The negative sequence overcurrent protection function (TOC46) block operates if the negative
sequence current is higher than the preset starting value.

In the negative sequence overcurrent protection function, definite-time or inverse-time

characteristics are implemented, according to IEC or IEEE standards. The function evaluates
a single measured current, which is the RMS value of the fundamental Fourier component of
the negative sequence current. The characteristics are harmonized with IEC 60255-151, Edition
1.0, 2009-08.

The definite (independent) time characteristic has a fixed delaying time when the current is
above the starting current Gs previously set as a parameter.

The standard dependent time characteristics of the negative sequence overcurrent protection
function are as follows.

 
 
 k 
t (G ) = TMS   + c  when G  GS
  G  − 1 
  GS  
where
t(G)(seconds) theoretical operate time with constant value of G,
k, c constants characterizing the selected curve (in seconds),
α constant characterizing the selected curve (no dimension),
G measured value of the characteristic quantity, Fourier base harmonic
of the negative sequence current (INFour),
GS preset starting value of the characteristic quantity,
TMS preset time multiplier (no dimension).

IEC
kr c α
ref
1 A IEC Inv 0,14 0 0,02
2 B IEC VeryInv 13,5 0 1
3 C IEC ExtInv 80 0 2
4 IEC LongInv 120 0 1
5 ANSI Inv 0,0086 0,0185 0,02
6 D ANSI ModInv 0,0515 0,1140 0,02
7 E ANSI VeryInv 19,61 0,491 2
8 F ANSI ExtInv 28,2 0,1217 2
9 ANSI LongInv 0,086 0,185 0,02
10 ANSI LongVeryInv 28,55 0,712 2
11 ANSI LongExtInv 64,07 0,250 2
Table 3-10 The constants of the standard dependent time characteristics
A parameter (Operation) serves for choosing overcurrent function of independent time delay or
dependent one with type selection above.

Time multiplier of the inverse characteristics (TMS) is also a parameter to be preset.

The end of the effective range of the dependent time characteristics (G D) is:

G D = 20 * G S

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Above this value the theoretical operating time is definite. The inverse type characteristics are
also combined with a minimum time delay, the value of which is set by user parameter
TOC46_MinDel_TPar_ (Min. Time Delay).

The negative phase sequence components calculation is based on the Fourier components of
the phase currents.

The binary output status signals of the negative sequence overcurrent protection function are
the general starting and the general trip command of the function.

The negative sequence overcurrent protection function has a binary input signal, which serves
the purpose of disabling the function. The conditions of disabling are defined by the user,
applying the graphic equation editor.
Technical data
Function Value Accuracy
Operating accuracy 10 ≤ Gs [%] ≤ 200 <2%
±5% or ±15 ms,
Operate time accuracy
whichever is greater
Reset ratio 0,95
Reset time *
<2 % or ±35 ms,
Dependent time charact.
whichever is greater
Definite time charact. approx. 60 ms
Transient overreach <2%
Pickup time at 2* Gs <40 ms
Overshot time
Dependent time charact. 25 ms
Definite time charact. 45 ms
Influence of time varying value of the
<4%
input current (IEC 60255-151)
* Measured with signal contacts
Table 3-11 Technical data of the negative sequence overcurrent protection function

Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Parameter for type selection
Off, DefinitTime, IEC Inv,
IEC VeryInv, IEC ExtInv, IEC LongInv,
Definit
TOC46_Oper_EPar_ Operation ANSI Inv, ANSI ModInv, ANSI VeryInv,
Time
ANSI ExtInv, ANSI LongInv,
ANSI LongVeryInv, ANSI LongExtInv
Table 3-12 The enumerated parameter of the negative sequence overcurrent protection
function

Integer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Starting current parameter:
TOC46_StCurr_IPar_ Start Current % 5 200 1 50
Table 3-13 The integer parameter of the negative sequence overcurrent protection function

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Float point parameter

Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Time multiplier of the inverse characteristics (OC module)
TOC46_Multip_FPar_ Time Multiplier 0.05 999 0.01 1.0
*Valid for inverse type characteristics
Table 3-14 The float point parameter of the time overcurrent protection function

Timer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Minimal time delay for the inverse characteristics:
TOC46_MinDel_TPar_ Min Time Delay* msec 0 60000 1 100
Definite time delay:
Definite Time
TOC46_DefDel_TPar_ msec 0 60000 1 100
Delay**
Reset time delay for the inverse characteristics:
TOC46_Reset_TPar_ Reset Time* msec 0 60000 1 100
*Valid for inverse type characteristics
**Valid for definite type characteristics only
Table 3-15 The timer parameter of the negative sequence overcurrent protection function

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3.1.4 Negative sequence definite time overvoltage protection

function (TOV47)

The definite time negative sequence overvoltage protection function measures three voltages
and calculates the negative sequence component. If the negative sequence component is
above the level defined by parameter setting, then a start signal is generated.

The function generates a start signal. The general start signal is generated if the negative
sequence voltage component is above the level defined by parameter setting value.

The function generates a trip command only if the time delay has expired and the parameter
selection requires a trip command as well.

The function can be disabled by parameter setting or by an external signal, edited by the graphic
logic editor.

t (G) = tOP when G  GS

t(G)

tOP

G
GS

Figure 3-1 Negative sequence overvoltage definite time characteristic

where
tOP (seconds) theoretical operating time if G > GS, fix, according to the parameter
setting,
G measured value of the characteristic quantity, Fourier base harmonic
of the negative sequence voltage component,
GS setting value of the characteristic quantity.

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Parameters
Integer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Voltage level setting. If the voltage is above the setting value, the function generates a start
signal.
TOV47_StVol_IPar__ Start Voltage % 2 40 1 30

Table 3-16 Integer parameters of the negative sequence overvoltage protection

function
Timer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Time delay of the overvoltage protection function.

TOV47_Delay_TPar_ Time Delay ms 50 60000 1 100

_

Table 3-17 The timer parameter of the negative sequence overvoltage protection
function
The internal binary output status signals of the three-phase definite time overvoltage
protection function are listed in Table 3-18 below.
Binary output signals Signal title Explanation
Start Start Starting of the function
Trip Trip Trip command of the function
Table 3-18 The internal binary output status signals of the negative sequence definite
time overvoltage protection function
Boolean parameter
Parameter name Title Default
Enabling start signal only:
TOV47_StOnly_BPar_ Start Signal Only FALSE
Table 3-19 The Boolean parameter of the negative sequence definite time overvoltage
protection function

The negative sequence overvoltage protection function has a binary input signal, which serves
the purpose of disabling the function. The conditions of disabling are defined by the user,
applying the graphic equation editor.

Technical summary
Function Value Accuracy
Pick-up starting accuracy < ± 0,5 %
Blocking voltage < ± 1,5 %
Reset time
U> → Un 60 ms
U> → 0 50 ms
Operate time accuracy < ± 20 ms

Drop-off ratio ± 0.5 %

Minimum operate time 50 ms

Table 3-20 Technical data of the negative sequence definite time overvoltage
protection function

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3.1.5 Line thermal protection function (TTR49L)

Basically, line thermal protection measures the three sampled phase currents. RMS values are
calculated and the temperature calculation is based on the highest RMS value of the phase
currents.
The temperature calculation is based on the step-by-step solution of the thermal differential
equation. This method yields “overtemperature”, meaning the temperature above the ambient
temperature. Accordingly, the temperature of the protected object is the sum of the calculated
“overtemperature” and the ambient temperature.
If the calculated temperature (calculated “overtemperature”+ambient temperature) is above the
threshold values, alarm, trip and restart blocking status signals are generated.
For correct setting, the following values must be measured and set as parameters: rated load
current is the continuous current applied for the measurement, rated temperature is the steady
state temperature at rated load current, base temperature is the temperature of the environment
during the measurement and the time constant is the measured heating/cooling time constant
of the exponential temperature function.
When energizing the protection device, the algorithm permits the definition of the starting
temperature as the initial value of the calculated temperature. The parameter Startup Term. is
the initial temperature above the temperature of the environment as compared to the rated
temperature above the temperature of the environment
The ambient temperature can be measured using e.g. a temperature probe generating electric
analog signals proportional to the temperature. In the absence of such measurement, the
temperature of the environment can be set using the dedicated parameter TTR49L_Amb_IPar_
(Ambient Temperature). The selection between parameter value and direct measurement is
made by setting the binary Boolean parameter.
The problem of metal elements (the protected line) exposed to the sun is that they are
overheated as compared to the „ambient” temperature even without a heating current;
furthermore, they are cooled mostly by the wind and the heat transfer coefficient is highly
dependent on the effects of the wind. As the overhead lines are located in different geographical
environments along the tens of kilometers of the route, the effects of the sun and the wind
cannot be considered in detail. The best approximation is to measure the temperature of a
piece of overhead line without current but exposed to the same environmental conditions as
the protected line itself.
The application of thermal protection of the overhead line is a better solution than a simple
overcurrent-based overload protection because thermal protection “remembers” the preceding
load states of the line and the setting of the thermal protection does not need so a high security
margin between the permitted current and the permitted continuous thermal current of the line.
In a broad range of load states and in a broad range of ambient temperatures this permits the
better exploitation of the thermal and consequently current carrying capacity of the line.

The thermal differential equation to be solved is:

d 1 I 2 (t ) R cm
= ( − ) , and the definition of the heat time constant is: T =
dt T hA hA
In this differential equation:

I(t) (RMS) heating current, the RMS value usually changes over time;
R resistance of the line;
c specific heat capacity of the conductor;
m mass of the conductor;
 rise of the temperature above the temperature of the environment;
h heat transfer coefficient of the surface of the conductor;
A area of the surface of the conductor;
t time.

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The solution of the thermal differential equation for constant current is the temperature as the
function of time (the mathematical derivation of this equation is described in a separate
document):
I 2R  
t t
− −
(t ) = 1 − e T  + oe T
hA  

where
Θo is the starting temperature.

Remember that the calculation of the measurable temperature is as follows:

Temperature(t) = Θ(t)+Temp_ambient
where
Temp_ambient is the ambient temperature.

In a separate document it is proven that some more easily measurable parameters can be
introduced instead of the aforementioned ones. Thus, the general form of equation above is:
(t ) I 2    o − Tt
t
−
H (t ) = 
= 2 1 − e T +
n In    e
 n
where:
H(t) is the „thermal level” of the heated object, this is the temperature as a percentage
of the Θn reference temperature. (This is a dimensionless quantity but it can also
be expressed in a percentage form.)
Θn is the reference temperature above the temperature of the environment, which can
be measured in steady state, in case of a continuous I n reference current.
In is the reference current (can be considered as the nominal current of the heated
object). If it flows continuously, then the reference temperature can be measured
in steady state.
o
is a parameter of the starting temperature related to the reference temperature
n

The RMS calculations modul calculate the RMS values of the phase currents individually. The
sampling frequency of the calculations is 1 kHz; therefore, theoretically, the frequency
components below 500Hz are considered correctly in the RMS values. This module is not part
of the thermal overload function; it belongs to the preparatory phase.

The Max selection module selects the maximal value of the three RMS phase currents.

The Thermal replica module solves the first order thermal differential equation using a simple
step-by-step method and compares the calculated temperature to the values set by parameters.
The temperature sensor value proportional to the ambient temperature can be an input (this
signal is optional, defined at parameter setting).

The function can be disblaed by parameter, or generates a trip pulse if the calculated
temperature exceeds the trip value, or generates a trip signal if the calculated temperature
exceeds the trip value given by a parameter but it resets only if the temperature cools below
the “Unlock temperature”.

The line thermal protection function has two binary input signals. The conditions of the input
signal are defined by the user, applying the graphic equation editor. One of the signals can
block the line thermal protection function, the other one can reset the accumulated heat and
set the temperature to the defined value for the subsequent heating test procedure.

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Technical data
Function Accuracy
Operate time at I>1.2*Itrip <3 % or <+ 20 ms
Table 3-21 Technical data of the line thermal protection function

Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Parameter for mode of operation
TTR49L_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off, Pulsed, Locked Pulsed
Table 3-22 The enumerated parameter of the line thermal protection function
The meaning of the enumerated values is as follows:
Off the function is switched off; no output status signals are generated;
Pulsed the function generates a trip pulse if the calculated temperature exceeds the
trip value
Locked the function generates a trip signal if the calculated temperature exceeds the
trip value. It resets only if the temperature cools below the “Unlock
temperature”.

Integer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Alarm Temperature
TTR49L_Alm_IPar_ Alarm Temperature deg 60 200 1 80
Trip Temperature
TTR49L_Trip_IPar_ Trip Temperature deg 60 200 1 100
Rated Temperature
TTR49L_Max_IPar_ Rated Temperature deg 60 200 1 100
Base Temperature
TTR49L_Ref_IPar_ Base Temperature deg 0 40 1 25
Unlock Temperature
TTR49L_Unl_IPar_ Unlock Temperature deg 20 200 1 60
Ambient Temperature
TTR49L_Amb_IPar_ Ambient Temperature deg 0 40 1 25
Startup Term.
TTR49L_Str_IPar Startup Term % 0 60 1 0
Rated Load Current
TTR49L_Inom_IPar_ Rated Load Current % 20 150 1 100
Time constant
TTR49L_pT_IPar_ Time Constant min 1 999 1 10
Table 3-23 The integer parameters of the line thermal protection function

Boolean parameter
Boolean parameter Signal title Selection range Default
Parameter for ambient temperature sensor application
TTR49L_Sens_BPar_ Temperature Sensor No, Yes No
Table 3-24 The boolean parameter of the line thermal protection function

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3.1.6 Three-phase instantaneous overcurrent protection function

(IOC50)
The three-phase instantaneous overcurrent protection function (IOC50) operates immediately
if the phase currents are higher than the setting value.

The setting value is a parameter, and it can be doubled by graphic programming of the
dedicated input binary signal defined by the user.

The function is based on peak value selection or on the RMS values of the Fourier basic
harmonic calculation, according to the parameter setting. The fundamental Fourier components
are results of an external function block.

Parameter for type selection has selection range of Off, Peak value and Fundamental value.
When Fourier calculation is selected then the accuracy of the operation is high, the operation
time however is above one period of the network frequency. If the operation is based on peak
values then fast sub-cycle operation can be expected, but the transient overreach can be high.

The function generates trip commands without additional time delay if the detected values are
above the current setting value. The function generates trip commands for the three phases
individually and a general trip command as well.

The instantaneous overcurrent protection function has a binary input signal, which serves the
purpose of disabling the function. The conditions of disabling are defined by the user, applying
the graphic equation editor.

Technical data
Function Accuracy
Using peak value calculation
Operating characteristic Instantaneous <6%
Reset ratio 0.85
Operate time at 2*IS <15 ms
Reset time * < 40 ms
Transient overreach 90 %
Using Fourier basic harmonic calculation
Operating characteristic Instantaneous <2%
Reset ratio 0.85
Operate time at 2* IS <25 ms
Reset time * < 60 ms
Transient overreach 15 %
*Measured with signal contacts
Table 3-25 Technical data of the instantaneous overcurrent protection function
Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Parameter for type selection
IOC50_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off, Peak value, Fundamental value Peak value
Table 3-26 The enumerated parameter of the instantaneous overcurrent protection function
Integer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Starting current parameter:
IOC50_StCurr_IPar_ Start Current % 20 3000 1 200
Table 3-27 The integer parameter of the instantaneous overcurrent protection function

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3.1.7 Residual instantaneous overcurrent protection function

(IOC50N)
The residual instantaneous overcurrent protection function (IOC50N) block operates
immediately if the residual current (3Io) is above the setting value. The setting value is a
parameter, and it can be doubled by a dedicated binary input signal defined by the user applying
the graphic programming.

The function is based on peak value selection or on the RMS values of the Fourier basic
harmonic component of the residual current, according to the parameter setting. The
fundamental Fourier component calculation is not part of the IOC50N function.

Parameter for type selection has selection range of Off, Peak value and Fundamental value.

The function generates a trip commands without additional time delay if the detected values
are above the current setting value.

The residual instantaneous overcurrent protection function has a binary input signal, which
serves the purpose of disabling the function. The conditions of disabling are defined by the
user, applying the graphic equation editor.

Technical data
Function Accuracy
Using peak value calculation
Operating characteristic (I>0.1 In) Instantaneous <6%
Reset ratio 0.85
Operate time at 2*IS <15 ms
Reset time * < 35 ms
Transient overreach 85 %
Using Fourier basic harmonic calculation
Operating characteristic (I>0.1 In) Instantaneous <3%
Reset ratio 0.85
Operate time at 2*IS <25 ms
Reset time * < 60 ms
Transient overreach 15 %
*Measured with signal contacts
Table 3-28 Technical data of the residual instantaneous overcurrent protection function

Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Parameter for type selection
IOC50N_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off, Peak value, Fundamental value Peak value
Table 3-29 The enumerated parameter of the residual instantaneous overcurrent protection
function

Integer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Starting current parameter:
IOC50N_StCurr_IPar_ Start Current % 10 400 1 200
Table 3-30 The integer parameter of the residual instantaneous overcurrent protection
function

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3.1.8 Breaker failure protection function (BRF50)

After a protection function generates a trip command, it is expected that the circuit breaker
opens and the fault current drops below the pre-defined normal level.

If not, then an additional trip command must be generated for all backup circuit breakers to
clear the fault. At the same time, if required, a repeated trip command can be generated to the
circuit breakers which are a priori expected to open.

The breaker failure protection function can be applied to perform this task.

The starting signal of the breaker failure protection function is usually the trip command of any
other protection function assigned to the protected object. The user has the task to define these
starting signals using the graphic equation editor, or if the operation of the individual phases is
needed, then the start signals for the phases individually.

Two dedicated timers start at the rising edge of the start signals at the same time, one for the
backup trip command and one for the repeated trip command, separately for operation in the
individual phases. During the running time of the timers the function optionally monitors the
currents, the closed state of the circuit breakers or both, according to the user’s choice. The
selection is made using an enumerated parameter.

If current supervision is selected by the user then the current limit values must be set correctly.
The binary inputs indicating the status of the circuit breaker poles have no meaning.

If contact supervision is selected by the user then the current limit values have no meaning.
The binary inputs indicating the status of the circuit breaker poles must be programmed
correctly using the graphic equation editor.

If the parameter selection is “Current/Contact”, the current parameters and the status signals
must be set correctly. The breaker failure protection function resets only if all conditions for
faultless state are fulfilled.

If at the end of the running time of the backup timer the currents do not drop below the pre-
defined level, and/or the monitored circuit breaker is still in closed position, then a backup trip
command is generated.

If repeated trip command is to be generated for the circuit breakers that are expected to open,
then the enumerated parameter Retrip must be set to “On”. In this case, at the end of the retrip
timer(s) a repeated trip command is also generated in the phase(s) where the retrip timer(s)
run off.

The pulse duration of the trip command is not shorter than the time defined by setting the
parameter Pulse length.

The breaker failure protection function can be disabled by setting the enabling parameter to
“Off”.

Dynamic blocking (inhibition) is possible using the binary input Block. The conditions are to be
programmed by the user, using the graphic equation editor.

Technical data
Function Effective range Accuracy
Current accuracy <2 %
Retrip time approx. 15 ms
BF time accuracy + 5 ms
Current reset time 20 ms
Table 3-31 Technical data of the breaker failure protection function

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Parameters
Enumerated parameters
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Selection of the operating mode
BRF50_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off, Current, Contact, Current/Contact Current
Switching on or off of the repeated trip command
BRF50_ReTr_EPar_ Retrip Off, On On
Table 3-32 The enumerated parameters of the breaker failure protection function

Integer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Phase current setting
BRF50_StCurrPh_IPar_ Start Ph Current % 20 200 1 30
Neutral current setting
BRF50_StCurrN_IPar_ Start Res Current % 10 200 1 20
Table 3-33 The integer parameters of the breaker failure protection function

Timer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Time delay for repeated trip command generation
BRF50_TrDel_TPar_ Retrip Time Delay msec 0 10000 1 200
Time delay for trip command generation for the backup circuit breaker(s)
BRF50_BUDel_TPar_ Backup Time Delay msec 60 10000 1 300
Trip command impulse duration
BRF50_Pulse_TPar_ Pulse Duration msec 0 60000 1 100
Table 3-34 The timer parameters of the breaker failure protection function

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3.1.9 Three-phase time overcurrent protection function (TOC51)

The overcurrent protection function realizes definite time or inverse time characteristics
according to IEC or IEEE standards, based on three phase currents. The characteristics are
harmonized with IEC 60255-151, Edition 1.0, 2009-08. This function can be applied as main
protection for medium-voltage applications or backup or overload protection for high-voltage
network elements.

The definite (independent) time characteristic has a fixed time delay when the current is above
the starting current Is previously set as a parameter.

The standard operating characteristics of the inverse time overcurrent protection function are
defined by the following formula:
 
 
 k 
t (G ) = TMS   + c  when G  GS
  G  − 1 
  GS  
where
t(G)(seconds) theoretical operate time with constant value of G,
k, c constants characterizing the selected curve (in seconds),
α constants characterizing the selected curve (no dimension),
G measured value of the characteristic quantity, Fourier base harmonic
of the phase currents (IL1Four, IL2Four, IL3Four),
GS preset value of the characteristic quantity (Start current),
TMS preset time multiplier (no dimension).

IEC
Title kr c α
ref
1 A IEC Inv 0,14 0 0,02
2 B IEC VeryInv 13,5 0 1
3 C IEC ExtInv 80 0 2
4 IEC LongInv 120 0 1
5 ANSI Inv 0,0086 0,0185 0,02
6 D ANSI ModInv 0,0515 0,1140 0,02
7 E ANSI VeryInv 19,61 0,491 2
8 F ANSI ExtInv 28,2 0,1217 2
9 ANSI LongInv 0,086 0,185 0,02
10 ANSI LongVeryInv 28,55 0,712 2
11 ANSI LongExtInv 64,07 0,250 2
The end of the effective range of the dependent time characteristics (G D) is:
G D = 20 * G S
Above this value the theoretical operating time is definite:
 
 
 k 
t (G ) = TMS  
+ c when G  G D = 20 * G S
  G D  − 1 
  G S  
 
Additionally a minimum time delay can be defined by a dedicated parameter. This delay is
valid if it is longer than t(G), defined by the formula above.

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Resetting characteristics:
• for IEC type characteristics the resetting is after a fix time delay defined by
TOC51_Reset_TPar_ (Reset delay),
• for ANSI types however according to the formula below:

 
 
 kr 
tr (G ) = TMS    when G  GS
1 −  G  

  GS  

where
tr(G)(seconds) theoretical reset time with constant value of G,
kr constants characterizing the selected curve (in seconds),
α constants characterizing the selected curve (no dimension),
G measured value of the characteristic quantity, Fourier base harmonic
of the phase currents,
GS preset value of the characteristic quantity (Start current),
TMS preset time multiplier (no dimension).

IEC
Title kr α
ref
1 A IEC Inv Resetting after fix time delay,
2 B IEC VeryInv according to preset parameter
3 C IEC ExtInv TOC51_Reset_TPar_
4 IEC LongInv “Reset delay”
5 ANSI Inv 0,46 2
6 D ANSI ModInv 4,85 2
7 E ANSI VeryInv 21,6 2
8 F ANSI ExtInv 29,1 2
9 ANSI LongInv 4,6 2
10 ANSI LongVeryInv 13,46 2
11 ANSI LongExtInv 30 2

The binary output status signals of the three-phase overcurrent protection function are starting
signals of the three phases individually, a general starting signal and a general trip command.

The overcurrent protection function has a binary input signal, which serves the purpose of
disabling the function. The conditions of disabling are defined by the user, applying the graphic
equation editor.

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Technical data
Function Value Accuracy
Operating accuracy 20 ≤ GS ≤ 1000 <2%
±5% or ±15 ms,
Operate time accuracy
whichever is greater
Reset ratio 0,95
Reset time *
< 2% or ±35 ms,
Dependent time char.
whichever is greater
Definite time char. Approx 60 ms
Transient overreach <2%
Pickup time * < 40 ms
Overshot time
Dependent time char. 30 ms
Definite time char. 50 ms
Influence of time varying value of the
<4%
input current (IEC 60255-151)
* Measured with signal relay contact
Table 3-35 Technical data of of the instantaneous overcurrent protection function

Parameters
Enumerated parameters
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Parameter for type selection
Off, DefinitTime, IEC Inv, IEC VeryInv,
IEC ExtInv, IEC LongInv, ANSI Inv, ANSI Definit
TOC51_Oper_EPar_ Operation
ModInv, ANSI VeryInv, ANSI ExtInv, ANSI Time
LongInv, ANSI LongVeryInv, ANSI LongExtInv
Table 3-36 The enumerated parameters of the time overcurrent protection function

Integer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Starting current parameter:
TOC51_StCurr_IPar_ Start Current % 20 1000 1 200
Table 3-37 The integer parameter of the time overcurrent protection function

Float point parameter

Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Time multiplier of the inverse characteristics (OC module)
TOC51_Multip_FPar_ Time Multiplier sec 0.05 999 0.01 1.0
Table 3-38 The float point parameter of the time overcurrent protection function

Timer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Minimal time delay for the inverse characteristics:
TOC51_MinDel_TPar_ Min Time Delay * msec 0 60000 1 100
Definite time delay:
Definite Time Delay
TOC51_DefDel_TPar_ msec 0 60000 1 100
**
Reset time delay for the inverse characteristics:
TOC51_Reset_TPar_ Reset Time* msec 0 60000 1 100
*Valid for inverse type characteristics
**Valid for definite type characteristics only
Table 3-39 The timer parameters of the time overcurrent protection function

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3.1.10 Residual overcurrent protection function (TOC51N)

The residual delayed overcurrent protection function can realize definite time or inverse time
characteristics according to IEC or IEEE standards, based on the RMS value of the fundamental
Fourier component of a single measured current, which can be the measured residual current
at the neutral point (3Io) or the calculated zero sequence current component. The
characteristics are harmonized with IEC 60255-151, Edition 1.0, 2009-08.

The definite (independent) time characteristic has a fixed time delay when the current is above
the starting current Is previously set as a parameter.

The standard operating characteristics of the inverse time overcurrent protection function are
defined by the following formula:
 
 
 k 
t (G ) = TMS   + c  when G  GS
  G  − 1 
  GS  
where
t(G)(seconds) theoretical operate time with constant value of G,
k, c constants characterizing the selected curve (in seconds),
α constant characterizing the selected curve (no dimension),
G measured value of the characteristic quantity, Fourier base harmonic
of the residual current (INFour),
GS preset value of the characteristic quantity (Start current),
TMS preset time multiplier (no dimension).

IEC
kr c α
ref
1 A IEC Inv 0,14 0 0,02
2 B IEC VeryInv 13,5 0 1
3 C IEC ExtInv 80 0 2
4 IEC LongInv 120 0 1
5 ANSI Inv 0,0086 0,0185 0,02
6 D ANSI ModInv 0,0515 0,1140 0,02
7 E ANSI VeryInv 19,61 0,491 2
8 F ANSI ExtInv 28,2 0,1217 2
9 ANSI LongInv 0,086 0,185 0,02
10 ANSI LongVeryInv 28,55 0,712 2
11 ANSI LongExtInv 64,07 0,250 2

The end of the effective range of the dependent time characteristics (G D) is:
G D = 20 * G S
Above this value the theoretical operating time is definite:

 
 
 k 
t (G ) = TMS  
+ c when G  G D = 20 * G S
  G D  − 1 
  G S  
 
Additionally a minimum time delay can be defined by a dedicated parameter (Min. Time Delay).
This delay is valid if it is longer than t(G), defined by the formula above.

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Resetting characteristics:
• for IEC type characteristics the resetting is after a fix time delay,
• for ANSI types however according to the formula below:
 
 
 kr 
tr (G ) = TMS    when G  GS
1 −  G  

  GS  
where
tr(G)(seconds) theoretical reset time with constant value of G,
kr constants characterizing the selected curve (in seconds),
α constant characterizing the selected curve (no dimension),
G measured value of the characteristic quantity, Fourier base harmonic
of the residual current,
GS preset value of the characteristic quantity (Start current),
TMS preset time multiplier (no dimension).

IEC
kr α
ref
1 A IEC Inv Resetting after fix time delay,
2 B IEC VeryInv according to preset parameter
3 C IEC ExtInv TOC51_Reset_TPar_
4 IEC LongInv “Reset delay”
5 ANSI Inv 0,46 2
6 D ANSI ModInv 4,85 2
7 E ANSI VeryInv 21,6 2
8 F ANSI ExtInv 29,1 2
9 ANSI LongInv 4,6 2
10 ANSI LongVeryInv 13,46 2
11 ANSI LongExtInv 30 2

The binary output status signals of the residual overcurrent protection function are the general
starting signal and the general trip command if the time delay determined by the characteristics
expired.

The residual overcurrent protection function has a binary input signal, which serves the purpose
of disabling the function. The conditions of disabling are defined by the user, applying the
graphic equation editor.

Technical data
Function Value Accuracy
Operating accuracy * 20 ≤ GS ≤ 1000 <3%
±5% or ±15 ms,
Operate time accuracy
whichever is greater
Reset ratio 0,95
Reset time *
< 2% or ±35 ms,
Dependent time char.
whichever is greater
Definite time char. Approx 60 ms
Transient overreach 2%
Pickup time ≤ 40 ms
Overshot time
Dependent time char. 30 ms
Definite time char. 50 ms
Influence of time varying value of the
<4%
input current (IEC 60255-151)
* Measured in version In = 200 mA
Table 3-40 The technical data of the residual overcurrent protection function

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Parameters
Enumerated parameters
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Parameter for type selection
Off, DefinitTime, IEC Inv,
IEC VeryInv, IEC ExtInv, IEC LongInv,
Definite
TOC51N_Oper_EPar_ Operation ANSI Inv, ANSI ModInv, ANSI VeryInv,
Time
ANSI ExtInv, ANSI LongInv,
ANSI LongVeryInv, ANSI LongExtInv
Table 3-41 The enumerated parameters of the residual overcurrent protection function
Integer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Starting current parameter:
TOC51N_StCurr_IPar_ Start Current * % 5 200 1 50
TOC51N_StCurr_IPar_ Start Current ** % 10 1000 1 50
* In = 1 A or 5 A
** In = 200 mA or 1 A
Table 3-42 The integer parameter of the residual overcurrent protection function

Float point parameter

Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Time multiplier of the inverse characteristics (OC module)
TOC51N_Multip_FPar_ Time Multiplier sec 0.05 999 0.01 1.0
Table 3-43 The float parameter of the residual overcurrent protection function

Timer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Minimal time delay for the inverse characteristics:
TOC51N_MinDel_TPar_ Min Time Delay* msec 0 60000 1 100
Definite time delay:
Definite Time
TOC51N_DefDel_TPar_ msec 0 60000 1 100
Delay**
Reset time delay for the inverse characteristics:
TOC51N_Reset_TPar_ Reset Time* msec 0 60000 1 100
*Valid for inverse type characteristics
**Valid for definite type characteristics only
Table 3-44 The timer parameters of the residual overcurrent protection function

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3.1.11 Residual definite time overvoltage protection function

(TOV59N)
The residual definite time overvoltage protection function operates according to definite time
characteristics, using the RMS values of the fundamental Fourier component of the zero
sequence voltage (UN=3Uo).

The Fourier calculation inputs are the sampled values of the residual or neutral voltage
(UN=3Uo) and the outputs are the RMS value of the basic Fourier components of those.

The function generates start signal if the residual voltage is above the level defined by
parameter setting value.

The function generates a trip command only if the definite time delay has expired and the
parameter selection requires a trip command as well.

The residual overvoltage protection function has a binary input signal, which serves the purpose
of disabling the function. The conditions of disabling are defined by the user, applying the
graphic equation editor.

Technical data
Function Value Accuracy
2–8% <±2%
Pick-up starting accuracy
8 – 60 % < ± 1.5 %
Reset time
U> → Un 60 ms
U> → 0 50 ms
Operate time 50 ms < ± 20 ms
Table 3-45 Technical data of the residual definite time overvoltage protection function

Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Parameter for enabling/disabling:
TOV59N_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off, On On
Table 3-46 The enumerated parameter of the residual definite time overvoltage protection
function
Integer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Starting voltage parameter:
TOV59N_StVol_IPar_ Start Voltage % 2 60 1 30
Table 3-47 The integer parameter of the residual definite time overvoltage protection function
Boolean parameter
Parameter name Title Default
Enabling start signal only:
TOV59N_StOnly_BPar_ Start Signal Only FALSE
Table 3-48 The boolean parameter of the residual definite time overvoltage protection
function
Timer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Definite time delay:
TOV59N_Delay_TPar_ Time Delay ms 0 60000 1 100
Table 3-49 The time parameter of the residual definite time overvoltage protection function

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3.1.12 Definite time overvoltage protection function (TOV59)

The definite time overvoltage protection function measures three voltages. The measured
values of the characteristic quantity are the RMS values of the basic Fourier components of the
phase voltages.
The Fourier calculation inputs are the sampled values of the three phase voltages (UL1, UL2,
UL3), and the outputs are the basic Fourier components of the analyzed voltages (UL1Four,
UL2Four, UL3Four). They are not part of the TOV59 function; they belong to the preparatory
phase.
The function generates start signals for the phases individually. The general start signal is
generated if the voltage in any of the three measured voltages is above the level defined by
parameter setting value.
The function generates a trip command only if the definite time delay has expired and the
parameter selection requires a trip command as well.
The overvoltaget protection function has a binary input signal, which serves the purpose of
disabling the function. The conditions of disabling are defined by the user, applying the graphic
equation editor.

Technical data
Function Value Accuracy
Pick-up starting accuracy < ± 0,5 %
Blocking voltage < ± 1,5 %
Reset time
U< → Un 60 ms
U< → 0 50 ms
Operate time accuracy < ± 20 ms
Minimum operate time 50 ms
Table 3-50 Technical data of the definite time overvoltage protection function

Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Enabling or disabling the overvoltage protection function
TOV59_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off, On On
Table 3-51 The enumerated parameter of the definite time overvoltage protection function
Integer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Voltage level setting. If the measured voltage is above the setting value, the function generates
a start signal.
TOV59_StVol_IPar_ Start Voltage % 30 130 1 63
Table 3-52 The integer parameter of the definite time overvoltage protection function
Boolean parameter
Parameter name Title Default
Enabling start signal only:
TOV59_StOnly_BPar_ Start Signal Only FALSE
Table 3-53 The boolean parameter of the definite time overvoltage protection function
Timer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Time delay of the overvoltage protection function.
TOV59_Delay_TPar_ Time Delay ms 0 60000 1 100
Table 3-54 The timer parameter of the definite time overvoltage protection function

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3.1.13 Inrush detection function (INR68)

When an inductive element with an iron core (transformer, reactor, etc.) is energized, high
current peak values can be detected. This is caused by the transient asymmetric saturation of
the iron core as a nonlinear element in the power network. The sizing of the iron core is usually
sufficient to keep the steady state magnetic flux values below the saturation point of the iron
core, so the inrush transient slowly dies out. These current peaks depend also on random
factors such as the phase angle at energizing. Depending on the shape of the magnetization
curve of the iron core, the detected peaks can be several times above the rated current peaks.
Additionally, in medium or high voltage networks, where losses and damping are low, the
indicated high current values may be sustained at length. Figure below shows a typical example
for the inrush current shapes of a three-phase transformer.

A typical inrush current

As a consequence, overcurrent relays, differential relays or distance relays may start, and
because of the long duration of the high current peaks, they may generate an unwanted trip
command.

The inrush current detection function can distinguish between high currents caused by overload
or faults and the high currents during the inrush time.

The operating principle of the inrush current detection function is based on the special shape
of the inrush current.

The typical inrush current in one or two phases is asymmetrical to the time axis. For example,
in IT of the Figure above the positive peaks are high while no peaks can be detected in the
negative domain.

The theory of the Fourier analysis states that even harmonic components (2 nd, 4th etc.) are
dominant in waves asymmetrical to the time axis. The component with the highest value is the
second one.

Typical overload and fault currents do not contain high even harmonic components.

The inrush current detection function processes the Fourier basic harmonic component and the
second harmonic component of the three phase currents. If the ratio of the second harmonic
and the base Fourier harmonic is above the setting value of the parameter 2nd Harm Ratio, an
inrush detection signal is generated.

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The signal is output only if the base harmonic component is above the level defined by the
setting of the parameter IPh Base Sens. This prevents unwanted operation in the event that
low currents contain relatively high error signals.

The function operates independently using all three phase currents individually, and
additionally, a general inrush detection signal is generated if any of the phases detects inrush
current.

The function can be disabled by the binary input Disable. This signal is the result of logic
equations graphically edited by the user.

Using the inrush detection binary signals, other protection functions can be blocked during the
transient period so as to avoid the unwanted trip.

Some protection functions use these signals automatically, but a stand-alone inrush detection
function block is also available for application at the user’s discretion.

Technical data
Function Range Accuracy
Current accuracy 20 … 2000% of In ±1% of In
Table 3-55 Technical data of the inrush detection function

Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Disabling or enabling the operation of the function
INR2_Op_EPar_ Operation Off,On On
Table 3-56 The enumerated parameter of the inrush detection function
Integer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Ratio of the second and basic harmonic Fourier components
2nd Harm
INR2_2HRat_IPar_, % 5 50 1 15
Ratio
Basic sensitivity of the function
INR2_MinCurr_IPar_ IPh Base Sens % 20 100 1 30
Table 3-57 The integer parameter of the inrush detection function

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3.1.14 Three-phase directional overcurrent protection function

(TOC67)
The directional three-phase delayed overcurrent protection function can be applied on solidly
grounded networks, where the overcurrent protection must be supplemented with a directional
decision.

The inputs of the function are the Fourier basic harmonic components of the three phase
currents and those of the three phase voltages and the three line-to-line voltages.

Based on the measured voltages and currents from among the six loops (L1L2, L2L3, L3L1,
L1N, L2N, L3N), the function selects the one with the smallest calculated loop impedance.
Based on the loop voltage and loop current of the selected loop, the directional decision
generates a signal of TRUE value if the voltage and the current is sufficient for directional
decision, and the angle difference between the vectors is within the setting range. This decision
enables the output start and trip signal of a non-directional three-phase overcurrent protection
function block, based on the selected current.
Im
The function can be enabled or disabled by a
parameter. The status signal of the VTS (voltage
transformer supervision) function can also disable the
directional operation.
+R0A
Uloop
-R0A The voltage must be above 5% of the rated voltage and
the current must also be measurable.

If the voltages are below 5% of the rated voltage then

RCA the algorithm substitutes the small values with the
Fi
Iloop voltages stored in the memory.
Re

The directional decision module calculates the phase angle between the selected loop voltage
and the loop current. The reference signal is the current according to Figure.

The three-phase non-directional delayed overcurrent function block (TOC51) is described in a

separate document. The additional input binary signal enables the operation of the OC function
if the directional decision module generates a logic TRUE value, indicating that the phase angle
is in the range defined by the preset parameters or that non-directional operation is set by a
parameter.

Technical data
Function Value Accuracy
Operating accuracy <2%
±5% or ±15 ms,
Operate time accuracy If Time multiplier is >0.1
whichever is greater
Accuracy in minimum time range ±35 ms
Reset ratio 0,95
Reset time Approx 100 ms
Transient overreach 2%
Pickup time <100 ms
Memory storage time span
50 Hz 70 ms
60 Hz 60 ms
Angular accuracy <3°
Table 3-58 Technical data of the three-phase directional overcurrent protection function

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Parameters
Enumerated parameters
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Directionality of the function
TOC67_Dir_EPar_ Direction NonDir, Forward, Backward Forward
Operating characteristic selection of the TOC51 module
Off, DefiniteTime, IEC Inv, IEC VeryInv,
IEC ExtInv, IEC LongInv, ANSI Inv,
TOC67_Oper_EPar_ Operation ANSI ModInv, ANSI VeryInv, ANSI ExtInv, DefiniteTime
ANSI LongInv, ANSI LongVeryInv,
ANSI LongExtInv
Table 3-59 The enumerated parameters of the three-phase directional overcurrent protection
function
Integer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Operating angle (see Figure)
TOC67_ROA_IPar_ Operating Angle deg 30 80 1 60
Characteristic angle (see Figure)
TOC67_RCA_IPar_ Characteristic Angle deg 40 90 1 60
Start current (OC module)
TOC67_StCurr_IPar_ Start Current % 20 1000 1 50
Table 3-60 The integer parameters of the three-phase directional overcurrent protection
function
Float point parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Digits Default
Time multiplier of the inverse characteristics (OC module)
TOC67_Multip_FPar_ Time Multiplier 0.05 999 0.01 1.0
Table 3-61 The float point parameter of the three-phase directional overcurrent protection
function
Timer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Minimal time delay for the inverse characteristics (OC module):
TOC67_MinDel_TPar_ Min. Time msec 50 60000 1 100
Definite time delay (OC module):
TOC67_DefDel_TPar_ Definite Time msec 0 60000 1 100
Reset time delay for the inverse characteristics (OC module):
TOC67_Reset_TPar_ Reset Time msec 0 60000 1 100
Table 3-62 The timer parameters of the three-phase directional overcurrent protection
function

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3.1.15 Switch-onto-fault preparation function (SOTF)

Some protection functions, e.g. distance protection, directional overcurrent protection, etc.
also need to decide the direction of the fault. This decision is based on the angle between the
voltage and the current. In case of close-up faults, however, the voltage of the faulty loop is
near zero: it is not sufficient for a directional decision. If there are no healthy phases, then the
voltage samples stored in the memory are applied to decide if the fault is forward or reverse.

If the protected object is energized, the close command for the circuit breaker is received in
“dead” condition. This means that the voltage samples stored in the memory have zero
values. In this case the decision on the trip command is based on the programming of the
protection function for the “switch-onto-fault” condition.

This “switch-onto-fault” detection function prepares the conditions for the subsequent
decision.

The function can handle both automatic and manual close commands.

The automatic close command is not an input for this function. It receives the “Dead line”
status signal from the DLD (dead line detection) function block. After dead line detection, the
AutoSOTF binary output is delayed by a timer with a constant 200 ms time delay. After
voltage detection (resetting of the dead line detection input signal), the drop-off of the output
signal is delayed by a timer set by the user.

The manual close command is an input binary signal. The drop-off of this signal is delayed by
a timer with timing set by the user.

The fault detection is the task of the subsequent distance protection, directional overcurrent
protection, etc.

The operation of the “switch-onto-fault” detection function is shown in Figure 3-2.

SOTF Cond

t t
Deadline SOTF_AutoSOTF _GrI
200

Par_SOTF drop delay

t
CBCLOSE SOTF_ManSOTF _GrI
(BIn1403)

Figure 3-2 The scheme of the “switch-onto-fault” preparation

Technical data
Function Accuracy
Timer accuracy ±5% or ±15 ms, whichever is greater
Table 3-63 Technical data of the switch-onto-fault detection

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Parameters
Timer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Drop-off time delay for the signal
SOTF Drop
SOTF_SOTFDel_TPar_ msec 100 10000 1 1000
Delay
Table 3-64 The timer parameter of the switch-onto-fault detection function

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3.1.16 Residual directional overcurrent protection function

(TOC67N)
The main application area of the directional residual delayed overcurrent protection function is
an earth-fault protection.

The inputs of the function are the RMS value of the Fourier basic harmonic components of the
zero sequence current (IN=3Io) and those of the zero sequence voltage (UN=3Uo).

The block of the directional decision generates a signal of TRUE value if the UN=3Uo zero
jIm sequence voltage and the IN=3Io zero
sequence current are above the limits
needed for correct directional decision,
and the angle difference between the
vectors is within the preset range. The
decision enables the output start and trip
+R0A
signal of an overcurrent protection
function block (TOC51N). This non-
3Io directional residual overcurrent
-R0A
protection function block is described in a
separate document.

The directional decision module

calculates the phase angle between the
RCA residual voltage and the residual current.
3Uo
The reference signal is the residual
Fi Re voltage according to the Figure.

The output of the directional decision module is OK, namely it is TRUE if the phase angle
between the residual voltage and the residual current is within the limit range defined by the
preset parameter OR if non-directional operation is selected by the preset parameter
(Direction=NonDir).

Technical data
Function Value Accuracy

Operating accuracy < ±2 %

±5% or ±15 ms,
Operate time accuracy
whichever is greater
Accuracy in minimum time range ±35 ms
Reset ratio 0,95
Reset time Approx 50 ms ±35 ms
Transient overreach <2 %
Pickup time 25 – 30 ms
Angular accuracy
Io ≤ 0.1 In < ±10°
0.1 In < Io ≤ 0.4 In < ±5°
0.4 In < Io < ±2°
Angular reset ratio
Forward and backward 10°
All other selection 5°
Table 3-65 The technical data of the residual directional overcurrent protection function

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Parameters
Enumerated parameters
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Directionality of the function
NonDir,Forward-Angle,Backward-
Angle,Forward-I*cos(fi),Backward-
Forward-
TOC67N_Dir_EPar_ Direction I*cos(fi),Forward-I*sin(fi),Backward-
Angle
I*sin(fi),Forward-I*sin(fi+45),Backward-
I*sin(fi+45)
Operating characteristic selection of the TOC51N module
Off,DefiniteTime,IEC Inv,IEC VeryInv,IEC
ExtInv,IEC LongInv,ANSI Inv,ANSI
TOC67N_Oper_EPar_ Operation ModInv,ANSI VeryInv,ANSI ExtInv,ANSI DefiniteTime
LongInv,ANSI LongVeryInv,ANSI
LongExtInv
Table 3-66 The enumerated parameters of the residual directional overcurrent protection
function

Short explanation of the enumerated parameter “Direction”

Selected value Explanation
NonDir, Operation according to non-directional TOC51N
See Figure, set RCA (Characteristic Angle) and ROA (Operating Angle) as
Forward-Angle
required
RCAactual=RCAset+180°, set RCA (Characteristic Angle) and ROA
Backward-Angle
(Operating Angle) as required
Forward-I*cos(fi) RCA=0°fix, ROA=85°fix, the setting values RCA and ROA are not applied
Backward-I*cos(fi) RCA=180°fix, ROA=85°fix, the setting values RCA and ROA are not applied
Forward-I*sin(fi) RCA=90°fix, ROA=85°fix, the setting values RCA and ROA are not applied
Backward-I*sin(fi) RCA=–90°fix, ROA=85°fix, the setting values RCA and ROA are not applied
Forward-I*sin(fi+45) RCA=45°fix, ROA=85°fix, the setting values RCA and ROA are not applied
RCA=–135°fix, ROA=85°fix, the setting values RCA and ROA are not
Backward-I*sin(fi+45)
applied
Table 3-67 The short explanation of the enumerated parameters of the residual directional
overcurrent protection function

Integer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
The threshold value for the 3Uo zero sequence voltage, below which no directionality is possible.
% of the rated voltage of the voltage transformer input
TOC67N_UoMin_IPar_ URes Min % 1 10 1 2
The threshold value for the 3Io zero sequence current, below which no operation is possible.
% of the rated current of the current transformer input
TOC67N_IoMin_IPar_ IRes Min % 1 50 1 5
Operating angle (See Figure)
TOC67N_ROA_IPar_ Operating Angle deg 30 80 1 60
Characteristic angle (See Figure)
TOC67N_RCA_IPar_ Characteristic Angle deg -180 180 1 60
Start current (TOC51N module)
TOC67N_StCurr_IPar_ Start Current % 5 200 1 50
Table 3-68 The integer parameters of the residual directional overcurrent protection function
Float point parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Step Step Default
Time multiplier of the inverse characteristics (TOC51N module)
TOC67N_Multip_FPar_ Time Multiplier 0.05 999 0.01 1.0
Table 3-69 The float point parameter of the residual directional overcurrent protection function

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Timer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Minimal time delay for the inverse characteristics (TOC 51N module):
TOC67N_MinDel_TPar_ Min Time Delay msec 50 60000 1 100
Definite time delay (TOC 51N module):
TOC67N_DefDel_TPar_ Definite Time Delay msec 0 60000 1 100
Reset time delay for the inverse characteristics (TOC 51N module):
TOC67N_Reset_TPar_ Reset Time msec 0 60000 1 100
Table 3-70 The timer parameters of the residual directional overcurrent protection function

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3.1.17 Over-frequency protection function (TOF81)

The deviation of the frequency from the rated system frequency indicates unbalance between
the generated power and the load demand. If the available generation is large compared to the
consumption by the load connected to the power system, then the system frequency is above
the rated value. The over-frequency protection function is usually applied to decrease
generation to control the system frequency.
Another possible application is the detection of unintended island operation of distributed
generation and some consumers. In the island, there is low probability that the power generated
is the same as consumption; accordingly, the detection of high frequency can be one of the
indication of island operation.
Accurate frequency measurement is also the criterion for the synchro-check and synchro-switch
functions.
The accurate frequency measurement is performed by measuring the time period between two
rising edges at zero crossing of a voltage signal. For the acceptance of the measured
frequency, at least four subsequent identical measurements are needed. Similarly, four invalid
measurements are needed to reset the measured frequency to zero. The basic criterion is that
the evaluated voltage should be above 30% of the rated voltage value.
The over-frequency protection function generates a start signal if at least five measured
frequency values are above the preset level.
Time delay can also be set.
The function can be enabled/disabled by a parameter.
The over-frequency protection function has a binary input signal. The conditions of the input
signal are defined by the user, applying the graphic equation editor. The signal can block the
under-frequency protection function.
Technical data
Function Range Accuracy

Operate range 40 - 70 Hz 30 mHz

Effective range 45 - 55 Hz / 55 - 65 Hz 2 mHz
Operate time min 140 ms
Time delay 140 – 60000 ms ± 20 ms
Reset ratio 0,99
Table 3-71 Technical data of the over-frequency protection function
Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Selection of the operating mode
TOF81_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off,On On
Table 3-72 The enumerated parameter of the over-frequency protection function
Boolean parameter
Parameter name Title Default
Enabling start signal only:
TOF81_StOnly_BPar_ Start Signal Only FALSE
Table 3-73 The boolean parameter of the over-frequency protection function
Float point parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Setting value of the comparison
TOF81_St_FPar_ Start Frequency Hz 40 60 0.01 51
Table 3-74 The float point parameter of the over-frequency protection function
Timer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Time delay
TOF81_Del_TPar_ Time Delay msec 100 60000 1 200
Table 3-75 The timer parameter of the over-frequency protection function

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3.1.18 Underfrequency protection function (TUF81)

The deviation of the frequency from the rated system frequency indicates unbalance between
the generated power and the load demand. If the available generation is small compared to the
consumption by the load connected to the power system, then the system frequency is below
the rated value. The under-frequency protection function is usually applied to increase
generation or for load shedding to control the system frequency.
Another possible application is the detection of unintended island operation of distributed
generation and some consumers. In the island, there is low probability that the power generated
is the same as consumption; accordingly, the detection of low frequency can be one of the
indications of island operation.
Accurate frequency measurement is also the criterion for the synchro-check and synchro-switch
functions.
The accurate frequency measurement is performed by measuring the time period between two
rising edges at zero crossing of a voltage signal. For the acceptance of the measured
frequency, at least four subsequent identical measurements are needed. Similarly, four invalid
measurements are needed to reset the measured frequency to zero. The basic criterion is that
the evaluated voltage should be above 30% of the rated voltage value.
The under-frequency protection function generates a start signal if at least five measured
frequency values are below the setting value.
Time delay can also be set.
The function can be enabled/disabled by a parameter.
The under-frequency protection function has a binary input signal. The conditions of the input
signal are defined by the user, applying the graphic equation editor. The signal can block the
under-frequency protection function.
Technical data
Function Range Accuracy

Operate range 40 - 70 Hz 30 mHz

Effective range 45 - 55 Hz / 55 - 65 Hz 2 mHz
Operate time min 140 ms
Time delay 140 – 60000 ms ± 20 ms
Reset ratio 0,99
Table 3-76 Technical data of the under-frequency protection function
Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Selection of the operating mode
TUF81_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off, On On
Table 3-77 The enumerated parameter of the under-frequency protection function
Boolean parameter
Parameter name Title Default
Enabling start signal only:
TUF81_StOnly_BPar_ Start Signal Only FALSE
Table 3-78 The boolean parameter of the under-frequency protection function
Float point parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Digits Default
Preset value of the comparison
TUF81_St_FPar_ Start Frequency Hz 40 60 0.01 49
Table 3-79 The float point parameter of the under-frequency protection function
Timer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Time delay
TUF81_Del_TPar_ Time Delay ms 100 60000 1 200
Table 3-80 The timer parameter of the under-frequency protection function

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3.1.19 Rate of change of frequency protection function (FRC81)

The deviation of the frequency from the rated system frequency indicates unbalance between
the generated power and the load demand. If the available generation is large compared to the
consumption by the load connected to the power system, then the system frequency is above
the rated value, and if it is small, the frequency is below the rated value. If the unbalance is
large, then the frequency changes rapidly. The rate of change of frequency protection function
is usually applied to reset the balance between generation and consumption to control the
system frequency.
Another possible application is the detection of unintended island operation of distributed
generation and some consumers. In the island, there is low probability that the power generated
is the same as consumption; accordingly, the detection of a high rate of change of frequency
can be an indication of island operation.
Accurate frequency measurement is also the criterion for the synchro-switch function.
The source for the rate of change of frequency calculation is an accurate frequency
measurement.
In some applications, the frequency is measured based on the weighted sum of the phase
voltages.
The accurate frequency measurement is performed by measuring the time period between two
rising edges at zero crossing of a voltage signal. For the acceptance of the measured
frequency, at least four subsequent identical measurements are needed. Similarly, four invalid
measurements are needed to reset the measured frequency to zero. The basic criterion is that
the evaluated voltage should be above 30% of the rated voltage value.
The rate of change of frequency protection function generates a start signal if the df/dt value is
above the setting value. The rate of change of frequency is calculated as the difference of the
frequency at the present sampling and at three periods earlier.
Time delay can also be set.
The function can be enabled/disabled by a parameter.
The rate of change of frequency protection function has a binary input signal. The conditions of
the input signal are defined by the user, applying the graphic equation editor. The signal can
block the rate of change of frequency protection function.

Technical data
Function Effective range Accuracy

Operating range -5 - -0.05 and +0.05 - +5 Hz/sec

Pick-up accuracy ±20 mHz/sec
Operate time min 140 ms
Time delay 140 – 60000 ms + 20 ms
Table 3-81 Technical data of the rate of change of frequency protection function

Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Selection of the operating mode
FRC81_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off,On On
Table 3-82 The enumerated parameter of the rate of change of frequency protection function

Boolean parameter
Parameter name Title Default
Enabling start signal only:
FRC81_StOnly_BPar_ Start Signal Only True
Table 3-83 The boolean parameter of the rate of change of frequency protection function

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Float point parameter

Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Setting value of the comparison
FRC81_St_FPar_ Start df/dt Hz/sec -5 5 0.01 0.5
Table 3-84 The float point parameter of the rate of change of frequency protection function

Timer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Time delay
FRC81_Del_TPar_ Time Delay msec 100 60000 1 200
Table 3-85 The timer parameter of the rate of change of frequency protection function

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3.1.20 Directional over-power protection function (DOP32)

The directional over-power protection function can be applied to protect any elements of the
electric power system mainly generators if the active and/or reactive power has to be limited.

Technical data
Function Effective range Accuracy

P,Q measurement I>5% In <3%

Table 3-86 Technical data of the directional over-power protection function

Parameters
Enumerated parameter

Parameter name Title Selection range Default

Switching on/off of the function
DOP32_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off,On On
Table 3-87 The enumerated parameter of the directional over-power protection function
Boolean parameter
Parameter name Title Default
Selection: start signal only or both start signal and trip command
DOP32_StOnly_BPar_ Start Signal Only 0
Table 3-88 The Boolean parameter of the directional over-power protection function

Integer parameter

Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default

Direction angle
DOP32_RCA_IPar_ Direction Angle deg -179 180 1 0
Table 3-89 Integer parameter of the directional over-power protection function

Float parameter

Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default

Minimum power setting
DOP32_StPow_FPar_ Start Power % 1 200 0.1 10
Table 3-90 Float parameter of the directional over-power protection function

Timer parameters

Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default

Definite time delay of the trip command
DOP32_Delay_TPar_ Time Delay msec 0 60000 1 100
Table 3-91 Timer parameter of the directional over-power protection function

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3.1.21 Directional under-power protection function (DUP32)

The directional under-power protection function can be applied mainly to protect any elements
of the electric power system, mainly generators, if the active and/or reactive power has to be
limited in respect of the allowed minimum power.

Technical data
Function Effective range Accuracy

P,Q measurement I>5% In <3%

Table 3-92 Technical data of the directional under-power protection function

Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Switching on/off of the function
DUP32_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off, On On
Table 3-93 The enumerated parameter of the directional under-power protection function
Boolean parameter
Parameter name Title Default
Selection: start signal only or both start signal and trip command
DUP32_StOnly_BPar_ Start Signal Only 0
Table 3-94 The Boolean parameter of the directional under-power protection function

Integer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Direction angle
DUP32_RCA_IPar_ Direction Angle deg -179 180 1 0
Table 3-95 Integer parameter of the directional under-power protection function

Float parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Minimum power setting
DUP32_StPow_FPar_ Start Power % 1 200 0,1 10
Table 3-96 Float parameter of the directional under-power protection function

Timer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Definite time delay of the trip command
DUP32_Delay_TPar_ Time Delay msec 0 60000 1 100
Table 3-97 Timer parameter of the directional under-power protection function

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3.1.22 Rectricted earth fault protection function (DIF87N)

IL1 The restricted earth-fault protection function is

basically a low-impedance differential protection
function based on zero sequence current
IL2
components. It can be applied to protect one
side winding of transformers with grounded
neutral against single-phase-to-earth fault (see
Figure). The function compares the measured
IL3 neutral current at the star point (IN) and the
calculated zero sequence current component of
the phase currents (IL1, IL2, IL3) and generates
a trip command if the difference of these
IN currents is above the characteristics.

The function performs the necessary

Differential Current calculations for the evaluation of the
“percentage differential characteristics”,
and decides to trip if the differential current
is above the characteristic curve of the zero
sequence differential protection function.
This curve is the function of the restraint
(Bias) current, which is the maximum of the
phase currents and the current of the
Bias Current neutral point.

Differential Current = IL1Four + IL2Four + IL3Four + INFour

Bias Current = MAX(IL1Four , IL2Four , IL3Four , INFour)
Note: Four = Fourier

Additionally the function compares the direction of the neutral current and that of the calculated
zero sequence current. In case of small zero sequence component of the high fault currents in
the phases, this decision improves the stability of the function.

blocking In this system, if the angle between the calculated zero

area sequence current 3Io and the measured neutral current
IN is out of the range of ±90 degrees, then the restricted
IN measured 3Io calculated earth fault protection can be blocked (see the Figure).
For the directional decision, the positive directions are
drawn in Figure above. The output signal of the
directional decision module can block the restricted
earth-fault protection function.

A Boolean parameter of the restricted earth-fault protection function serves to enable the
directional checking of the measured and calculated zero sequence currents.

The restricted earth-fault protection function generates a trip signal if the differential current as
the function of the bias current is above the differential characteristic lines and the function is
not blocked by the directional decision. Additionally, the operation of the function is enabled by
parameter setting. The conditions of enabling are defined by the user applying the graphic
equation editor.

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Technical data
Function Value Accuracy
Operating characteristic 1 breakpoint
Reset ratio 0,95
Characteristic accuracy <2%
Operate time, restrained typically 20 ms
Reset time, restrained typically 25 ms
Table 3-98 Technical data of the restricted earth fault protection function

Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Parameter to enable the zero sequence differential protection function:
DIF87N_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off, On On
Table 3-99 The enumerated parameter of the restricted earth fault protection function

Boolean parameter
Parameter name Title Default Explanation
Enabling the directional
checking of the measured
DIF87N_DirCheck_BPar_ Directional check True
and calculated zero
sequence currents
Table 3-100 The boolean parameter of the restricted earth fault protection function

Integer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Parameters for the current magnitude compensation:
DIF87N_TRPri_IPar_ Io Primary Match % 20 500 1 100
DIF87N_TRNeut_IPar_ Neutral Match % 100 1000 1 500
Base sensitivity:
DIF87N_f1_IPar_ Base Sensitivity % 10 50 1 30
Slope of the second section of the characteristics:
DIF87N_f2_IPar_ Slope % 50 100 1 70
Break point of the characteristic line:
Base Sens Bias
DIF87N_f2Brk_IPar_ % 100 200 1 125
Limit
Table 3-101 The integer parameters of the restricted earth fault protection function

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3.1.23 Transformer differential protection function (DIF87_2w)

The differential protection function provides main protection for transformers, generators or
large motors, but it can also be applied for overhead lines and cables of solidly grounded
networks or for the protection of any combination of the aforementioned objects.

Version DIF87_3w can be applied to protect three-winding transformers. The simpler version
DIF87_2w does not process analogue inputs from the tertiary side.

The three-phase power transformers transform the primary current to the secondary side
according to the turns ratio and the vector group of the transformers. The Y (star), D (delta) or
Z (zig-zag) connection of the three phase coils on the primary and secondary sides causes the
vector shift of the currents. The numerical differential protection function applies matrix
transformation of the directly measured currents of one side of the transformer to match them
with the currents of the other side.

In Protecta’s transformer differential protection the target of the matrix transformation is the
delta (D) side. Thus the problem of zero sequence current elimination in case of an external
ground fault is also solved.

The method of the matrix transformation is defined by the „Code” parameter identifying the
transformer vector group connection.

The differential current can be high during the transients of transformer energizing (inrush
current) due to the current distortion caused by the transformer iron core asymmetrical
saturation. In this case, the second harmonic content of the differential current is applied to
disable the false operation of the differential protection function.

The differential current can be high in case of the over-excitation of the transformer due to the
current distortion caused by the transformer iron core symmetrical saturation. In this case, the
fifth harmonic content of the differential current is applied to disable the false operation of the
differential protection function.

The harmonic analysis calculates the basic Fourier components of the three differential
currents. These results are needed for the high-speed differential current decision and for the
second and fifth harmonic restraint calculation.

The software modules evaluate and compare the result with the parameter values set for the
second and fifth harmonic. If the harmonic content relative to the basic harmonic component of
the differential currents is high, a restraint signal is generated immediately, and a timer is started
at the same time. If the duration of the active status is at least 25 ms, then the resetting of the
restraint signal is delayed by an additional 15 ms.

The decision logic module decides if the differential current of the individual phases is above
the characteristic curve of the differential protection function. It compares the magnitudes of the
differential currents and those of the restraint currents for evaluation of the “percentage
differential characteristics”. This curve is the function of the restraint current, which is calculated
based on the sum of the magnitude of the phase-shifted phase currents (see Figure below).

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Id 4th.

3rd

2nd
1st
Ires

Figure 3-3 Differential characteristics

The characteristic curve has four sections. The first section is the base sensitivity, the second
one serves to compensate the turns ratio deviation e.g. due to the operation of the on-load tap
changer, the third is to eliminate false operation caused by the CT saturation and the fourth one
is the unrestricted differential function. The slope of the third section is constant, it is 2.

The differential protection function has a binary input signal, which serves the purpose of
disabling the function. The conditions of disabling are defined by the user applying the graphic
equation editor.

Measured values
Measured value Dim. Explanation
The calculated differential current in phase L1 (after vector group
Idiff. L1 In %
compensation)
The calculated differential current in phase L2 (after vector group
Idiff. L2 In %
compensation)
The calculated differential current in phase L3 (after vector group
Idiff. L3 In %
compensation)
The calculated restraint current in phase L1 (after vector group
Ibias L1 In %
compensation)
The calculated restraint current in phase L2 (after vector group
Ibias L2 In %
compensation)
The calculated restraint current in phase L3 (after vector group
Ibias L3 In %
compensation)
Remark: The evaluated basic harmonic values of the measured input phase currents (without
vector group compensation) help the commissioning of the differential protection function.
These evaluations however are performed by an independent software measuring module, so
this chapter excludes the description of these measurements.
Table 3-102 The measured values of the differential protection function

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Enumerated parameters
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Parameter to enable the differential protection function:
DIF87_Op_EPar_ Operation Off, On On
Parameter to select connection group of the transformer coils in primary-secondary relation:
Dy1,Dy5,Dy7,Dy11,Dd0,Dd6,Dz0,Dz2,Dz4,
Pri-Sec
DIF87_VGrSec_EPar_ Dz6,Dz8,Dz10,Yy0,Yy6,Yd1,Yd5,Yd7,Yd11, Dd0
VGroup*
Yz1,Yz5,Yz7,Yz11
Parameter to select connection group of the transformer coils in primary-tertiary relation:
Dy1,Dy5,Dy7,Dy11,Dd0,Dd6,Dz0,Dz2,Dz4,
Pri-Ter
DIF87_VGrTer_EPar_ Dz6,Dz8,Dz10,Yy0,Yy6,Yd1,Yd5,Yd7,Yd11, Dd0
VGroup*
Yz1,Yz5,Yz7,Yz11
* If the connection of the primary winding in primary-secondary and primary tertiary relation is
selected in contradiction then the protection function is automatically disabled, and the function
generates a warning signal.
Table 3-103 The enumerated parameters of the differential protection function
Boolean parameter
Parameter name Title Default Explanation
DIF87_0Seq_BPar_ Zero Seq True Set this True if there is grounding
Elimination transformer on the delta side
Table 3-104 The boolean parameter of the differential protection function
Integer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Parameters for the current magnitude compensation:
DIF87_TRPr_IPar_ TR Primary Comp % 20 500 1 100
DIF87_TRSec_IPar_ TR Secondary Comp % 20 500 1 100
DIF87_TRTer_IPar_ TR Tertiary Comp % 20 200 1 100
Parameter of the second harmonic restraint:
DIF87_2HRat_IPar_ 2nd Harm Ratio % 5 50 1 15
Parameter of the fifth harmonic restraint:
DIF87_5HRat_IPar_ 5th Harm Ratio % 5 50 1 25
Parameters of the percentage characteristic curve:
Base sensitivity:
DIF87_f1_IPar_ Base Sensitivity % 10 50 1 20
Slope of the second section of the characteristics:
DIF87_f2_IPar_ 1st Slope % 10 50 1 20
Bias limit of the first slope:
DIF87_f3_IPar_ 1st Slope Bias Limit % 200 2000 1 200
Unrestrained differential protection current level:
DIF87_HCurr_IPar_ UnRst Diff Current % 800 2500 1 800
Table 3-105 The integer parameters of the differential protection function
Technical data
Function Value Accuracy
Operating characteristic 2 breakpoints
Reset ratio 0,95
Characteristic accuracy <2%
Operate time, unrestrained Typically 20 ms
Reset time, unrestrained Typically 25 ms
Operate time, restrained Typically 30 ms
Reset time, restrained Typically 25 ms
Table 3-106 Technical data of the differential protection function

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3.1.24 Automatic tap-changer controller function (ATCC)

One criterion for power quality is to keep the voltage of selected points of the networks within
the prescribed limits. The most common mode of voltage regulation is the application of
transformers with on-load tap changers. When the transformer is connected to different taps,
its turns ratio changes and supposing constant primary voltage, the secondary voltage can be
increased or decreased as required.

Voltage control can take the actual load state of the transformer and the network into
consideration. As a result, the voltage of a defined remote point of the network is controlled
assuring that neither consumers near the busbar nor consumers at the far ends of the network
get voltages out of the required range.

The voltage control function can be performed automatically or, in manual mode of operation,
the personnel of the substation can set the network voltage according to special requirements.

The automatic tap changer controller function can be applied to perform this task.

The automatic tap changer controller function receives the following analog inputs:

UL1L2 Line-to-line voltage of the controlled secondary side of the transformer

IL1L2 Difference of the selected line currents of the secondary side of the transformer
for voltage drop compensation
IHV Maximum of the phase currents of the primary side of the transformer for
limitation purposes

The parameter “U Correction” permits fine tuning of the measured voltage.

The function performs the following internal checks before control operation (see Figure below):
• If the voltage of the controlled side UL1L2 is above the value set by the parameter “U
High Limit”, then control to increase the voltage is disabled.
• If the voltage of the controlled side UL1L2 is below the value set by the parameter “U
Low Limit”, then control to decrease the voltage is disabled.
• If the voltage of the controlled side UL1L2 is below the value set by the parameter “U
Low Block”, then the transformer is considered to be de-energized and automatic
control is completely disabled.
• If the current of the supply side IHV is above the limit set by the parameter “I Overload”,
then both automatic and manual controls are completely disabled. This is to protect the
switches inside the tap changer.

Automatic control mode

Voltage compensation in automatic control mode

The function gets the Fourier components of the busbar voltage and those of the current:

• UL1L2Re and UL1L2Im

• IL1L2Re and IL1L2Im

In automatic control mode the voltage of the controlled side UL1L2 is compensated by the
current of the controlled side IL1L2. This means that the voltage of the “load center” of the
network is controlled to be constant, in fact within a narrow range. This assures that neither the
voltage near to the busbar is too high, nor the voltage at far-away points of the network is too
low. The voltage of the “load center”, i.e. the controlled voltage is calculated as:
|𝑈𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙| = |𝑈𝑏𝑢𝑠 − 𝑈𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝|
There are two compensation modes to be selected: “AbsoluteComp” and “ComplexComp”.

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• If the parameter “Compensation” is set to “AbsoluteComp”, the calculation method is

as follows:

In this simplified method the vector positions are not considered correctly, the formula above is
approximated with the magnitudes only:

|𝑈𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙| = |𝑈𝑏𝑢𝑠 − 𝑈𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝| ≈ |𝑈𝑏𝑢𝑠| − |𝑈𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝|

≈ |𝑈𝑏𝑢𝑠| − |𝐼| ∗ (𝑅)𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
where
(R) Compound Factor is a parameter value.

If the current is above the value defined by the parameter “I Comp Limit”, then in the formulas
above this preset value is considered instead of the higher values measured.

The method is based on the experiences of the network operator. Information is needed: how
much is the voltage drop between the busbar and the “load center” if the load of the network is
the rated load. The parameter “(R) Compound Factor” means in this case the voltage drop in
percent.

• If the parameter “Compensation” is set to “ComplexComp”, the calculation method is

as follows:

In this simplified method the vector positions are partly considered. In the formula above the
voltage drop is approximated with the component of the voltage drop, the direction of which is
the same as the direction of the bus voltage vector. (This is “length component” of the voltage
drop; the “perpendicular component” of the voltage drop is neglected.)

|𝑈𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙| = |𝑈𝑏𝑢𝑠
− [𝐼𝐿1𝐿2𝑅𝑒 ∗ (𝑅)𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐼𝐿1𝐿2𝐼𝑚
∗ 𝑋𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟]|
where
(R) Compound Factor is a parameter value
X Compound Factor is a parameter value

The voltage of the “load center” of the network is controlled to be within a narrow range. This
assures that neither the voltage near to the busbar is too high, nor the voltage at far-away points
of the network is too low.

The method is based on the estimated complex impedance between the busbar and the “load
center”.

The parameter “(R) Compound Factor” means in this case the voltage drop in percent,
caused by the real component of the rated current.

The parameter “X Compound Factor” means in this case the voltage drop in percent, caused
by the imaginary component of the rated current.

NOTE: if the active power flows from the network to the busbar then in “AbsoluteComp” mode
no compounding is performed.

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U
U HighLimit
Deadband Hysteresis

U Deadband
U Set
U Deadband

Deadband Hysteresis
U Low Limit

U Low Block

Figure 3-4 Voltage settings for the automatic tap changer function

Voltage checking in automatic control mode

In automatic control mode the calculated | Ucontrol | voltage is checked to see if it is outside
the limits. The limits are defined by parameter values:

U Set is the setting value defining the centre of the permitted range
U Deadband is the width of the permitted range in both + and – directions
Deadband Hysteresis is the hysteresis decreasing the permitted range of the „U
Deadband” after the generation of the control command.

If the calculated | Ucontrol | voltage is outside the limits, then timers are started.

In an emergency state of the network, when the network elements are overloaded, the Uset
value can be driven to two lower values defined by the parameters “Voltage Reduction 1” and
“Voltage Reduction 2”. “U Set” is decreased by the parameter values if the binary inputs “VRed
1” or “VRed 2” enter into active state. These inputs must be programmed graphically by the
user.

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Time delay in automatic control mode

In automatic control mode the first and every subsequent control command is processed
separately.

For the first control command:

The voltage difference is calculated:

Udiff= |Ucontrol- Uset|

If this difference is above the U Deadband value, and depending on the setting of parameter
“T1 Delay Type”, three different timing modes can be selected:
• “Definite” this definite time delay is defined by parameter T1
• “Inverse” standard IDMT characteristic defined by the parameters:
o T1 maximum delay defined by the parameter
o U Deadband is the width of the permitted range in both + and – directions
o Min Delay minimum time delay

• “2powerN”

The binary parameters “Fast Lower Enable” and/or “Fast Higher Enable” enable fast command
generation if the voltage is above the parameter value “U High Limit” or below the “U Low Limit”.
In this case, the time delay is a definite time delay defined by parameter “T2”.

For subsequent control commands:

In this case, the time delay is always a definite time delay defined by parameter “T2” if the
subsequent command is generated within the „Reclaim time” defined by a parameter.

The automatic control mode can be blocked by a binary signal received via binary input
„AutoBlk” and generates a binary output signal “AutoBlocked (ext)”

Manual control mode

In manual mode, the automatic control is blocked. The manual mode can be “Local” or
“Remote”. For this mode, the input “Manual” needs to be in active state (as programmed by the
user).

In the local mode, the input “Local” needs to be in active state. The binary inputs “ManHigher”
or “ManLower” must be programmed graphically by the user.

In the remote mode, the input “Remote” needs to be in active state as programmed by the user.
In this case manual commands are received via the communication interface.

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Command generation and tap changer supervision

The software module “CMD&TC SUPERV” is responsible for the generation of the “HigherCmd”
and “LowerCmd” command pulses, the duration of which is defined by the parameter “Pulse
Duration”. This is valid both for manual and automatic operation.

The tap changer supervision function receives the information about the tap changer position
in six bits of the binary inputs “Bit0 to Bit5”. The value is decoded according to the enumerated
parameter “CodeType”, the values of which can be: Binary, BCD or Gray. During switchover,
for the transient time defined by the parameter “Position Filter”, the position is not evaluated.

The parameters “Min Position” and “Max Position” define the upper and lower limits. In the
upper position, no further increasing command is generated and the output “Max Pos Reached”
becomes active. Similarly, in the lower position, no further decreasing command is generated
and the output “Min Pos Reached” becomes active.

The function also supervises the operation of the tap changer. Depending on the setting of
parameter “TC Supervision”, three different modes can be selected:
• TCDrive the supervision is based on the input “TCRun”. In this case, after command
generation the drive is expected to start operation within one quarter of
the value defined by the parameter “Max Operating Time” and it is
expected to perform the command within “Max Operating Time”
• Position the supervision is based on the tap changer position in six bits of the binary
inputs “Bit0 to Bit5”. It is checked if the tap position is incremented in
case of a voltage increase, or the tap position is decremented in case of
a voltage decrease, within the “Max Operating Time”.
• Both in this mode the previous two modes are combined.

In case of an error detected in the operation of the tap changer, the “Locked” input becomes
active and no further commands are performed. To enable further operation, the input “Reset”
must be programmed for an active state by the user.

Technical data
Function Range Accuracy
Voltage measurement 50 % < U < 130 % <1%
Definite time delay <2% or ±20 ms, whichever is greater
Inverse and “2powerN” time delay 12 % < U < 25% <5%
25 % < U < 50% <2% or ±20 ms, whichever is greater
Table 3-107 Technical data of the automatic tap changer controller function

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Parameters
Enumerated parameters
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Control model, according to IEC 61850
ATCC_ctlMod_EPar_ ControlModel Direct normal, Direct enhanced, Direct normal
SBO enhanced
Select before operate class, according to IEC 61850
ATCC_sboClass_EPar_ sboClass Operate-once, Operate-many Operate-once
Parameter for general blocking of the function
ATCC_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off,On Off
Parameter for time delay mode selection
ATCC_T1Type_EPar_ T1 Delay Type Definite, Inverse, 2powerN Definite
Selection for compensation mode
ATCC_Comp_EPar_ Compensation Off, AbsoluteComp, ComplexComp Off
Tap changed supervision mode selection
ATCC_TCSuper_EPar_ TC Supervision Off, TCDrive, Position, Both Off
Decoding of the position indicator bits
ATCC_CodeType_EPar CodeType Binary, BCD, Gray Binary
Table 3-108 The enumerated parameters of the automatic tap changer controller function

Boolean parameters
Parameter name Title Explanation Default
ATCC_FastHigh_BPar_ Fast Higher Enable Enabling fast higher control command 0
ATCC_FastLow_BPar_ Fast Lower Enable Enabling fast lower control command 0
Table 3-109 The boolean parameters of the automatic tap changer controller function

Integer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Code value of the minimum position
ATCC_MinPos_Ipar_ Min Position 1 32 1 1
Code value of the maximum position
ATCC_MaxPos_Ipar_ Max Position 1 32 1 32
Table 3-110 The integer parameters of the automatic tap changer controller function

Timer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Time limit for tap-change operation
ATCC_TimOut_TPar_ Max Operating Time msec 1000 30000 1 5000
Command impulse duration
ATCC_Pulse_TPar_ Pulse Duration msec 100 10000 1 1000
Time overbridging the transient state of the tap changer status signals
ATCC_MidPos_TPar_ Position Filter msec 1000 30000 1 3000
Select before operate timeout, according to IEC 61850
ATCC_SBOTimeout_TPar_ SBO Timeout msec 1000 20000 1 5000
Table 3-111 The timer parameters of the automatic tap changer controller function

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Float point parameters

Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Digits Default
Factor for fine tuning the measured voltage:
ATCC_Ubias_FPar_ U Correction - 0.950 1.050 3 1.000
Set-point for voltage regulation, related to the rated voltage (valid at I=0):
ATCC_USet_FPar_ U Set % 80.0 115.0 1 100.0
Dead band for voltage regulation, related to the rated voltage:
ATCC_UDead_FPar_ U Deadband % 0.5 9.0 1 3.0
Hysteresis value for the dead band, related to the dead band:
ATCC_DeadHyst_FPar_ Deadband Hysteresis % 60 90 0 85
Parameter for the current compensation:
ATCC_URinc_FPar_ (R) Compound Factor % 0.0 15.0 1 5.0
Parameter for the current compensation:
ATCC_UXinc_FPar_ X Compound Factor % 0.0 15.0 1 5.0
Reduced set-point 1 for voltage regulation (priority), related to the rated voltage:
ATCC_VRed1_FPar_ Voltage Reduction 1 % 0.0 10.0 1 5.0
Reduced set-point 2 for voltage regulation, related to the rated voltage:
ATCC_VRed2_FPar_ Voltage Reduction 2 % 0.0 10.0 1 5.0
Maximum current value to be considered in current compensation formulas:
ATCC_ICompLim_FPar_ I Comp Limit % 0.00 150 0 1
Current upper limit to disable all operation:
ATCC_IHVOC_FPar_ I Overload % 50 150 0 100
Voltage upper limit to disable step up:.
ATCC_UHigh_FPar_ U High Limit % 90.0 120.0 1 110.0
Voltage lower limit to disable step down:
ATCC_ULow_FPar_ U Low Limit % 70.0 110.0 1 90.0
Voltage lower limit to disable all operation:
ATCC_UBlock_FPar_ U Low Block % 50.0 100.0 1 70.0
Time delay for the first control command generation:
ATCC_T1_FPar_ T1 sec 1.0 600.0 1 10.0
Definite time delay for subsequent control command generation or fast operation (if it is enabled):
ATCC_T2_FPar_ T2 sec 1.0 100.0 1 10.0
In case of dependent time characteristics, this is the minimum time delay
ATCC_MinDel_FPar_ Min Delay sec 1.0 100.0 1 10.0
After a control command, if the voltage is out of the range within the reclaim time, then the command
is generated after T2 time delay
ATCC_Recl_FPar_ Reclaim Time sec 1.0 100.0 1 10.0
Table 3-112 The float parameters of the automatic tap changer controller function

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3.2 Control & supervision functions

3.2.1 Phase-selective trip logic (TRC94_PhS)

The phase-selective trip logic function operates according to the functionality required by the
IEC 61850 standard for the “Trip logic logical node”.

The function receives the trip requirements of the protective functions implemented in the
device and combines the parameters and the binary signals into the outputs of the device.

The trip requirements are programmed by the user, using the graphic equation editor. The
decision logic has the following aims:

• define a minimal impulse duration even if the protection functions detect a very short
time fault,
• in case of phase-to-phase faults, involve the third phase in the trip command,
• fulfill the requirements of the automatic reclosing function to generate a three-phase
trip command even in case of single-phase faults,
• in case of an evolving fault, during the evolving fault waiting time include all three
phases into the trip command.

The decision logic module combines the status signals and enumerated parameters to generate
the trip commands on the output module of the device.

Blk
OR NOT OR GenTr
Off

AND TrL1
OR
AND OR
StL1 OR

AND TrL2
OR
AND OR
StL2 OR

AND TrL3
OR
AND OR
StL3 OR

TrPu
Tr3ph

Tr1ph OR AND
Fin3ph AND AND
Oper=
3ph trip OR
AND

AND OR AND 3F TRIP

OR

NOT AND

AND
NOT AND t Evo
OR
50m AND
s
NOT

Figure 3-5 Decision logic of the phase-selective trip logic

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Technical data
Function Accuracy
Timer accuracy ±5% or ±15 ms, whichever is greater
Table 3-113 Technical data of the phase-selective trip logic function

Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Selection of the operating mode
TRC94_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off, 3ph trip, 1ph/3ph trip 3ph trip
Tables 3-114 The enumerated parameter of the phase-selective trip logic function

Timer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Minimum duration of the generated impulse
TRC94_TrPu_TPar_ Min Pulse Duration msec 50 60000 1 150
Waiting time for evolving fault
TRC94_Evo_TPar_ Evolving Fault Time msec 50 60000 1 1000
Table 3-115 Timer parameter of the phase-selective trip logic function

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3.2.2 Circuit breaker wear monitoring function (CBWear)

If a circuit breaker interrupts a current, the electric arc between the contacts results some metal
loss. If the metal loss due to the burning of the electric arc becomes substantial, the contacts
must be replaced.

Manufacturers define the permitted number of short circuits by formulas such as:
𝑛

∑ 𝐼𝑖𝑘 = 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑁𝑢𝑚
𝑖=1
where
n = number of short circuits
k = exponent, calculated by the algorithm, based on the parameters
I = short-circuit current, kA (RMS)
CycNum = total value of weighted breaking currents.

Similar information is conveyed by the diagram below. This shows the number of permitted
interruptions (logarithmic scaling) versus short-circuit current (logarithmic scaling).

Example: Number of permitted interruptions as the function of the interrupted current

The straight line of the curve is defined by two points:

• The number of permitted interruptions of 1 kA current, by parameter “CycNum - 1kA”
• The permitted number of interruptions of the rated breaking current of the circuit
breaker by parameter “CycNum – I Rated Trip”. The rated breaking current of the circuit
breaker is set by parameter “Rated Trip Current”

The circuit breaker wear monitoring function processes the Fourier basic harmonic component
of the three phase currents.

The circuit breaker wear monitoring function finds the maximum value of the phase current of
each interruption and calculates the wear caused by the operation performed. If the sum of the
calculated wear reaches the limit, a warning signal is generated. This indicates the time of the
required preventive maintenance of the circuit breaker.

The procedure of monitoring starts at the receipt of a trip command on the dedicated input
(Trip). For the start of this procedure, the circuit breaker also needs to be in closed state. This
signal is received on the dedicated binary input (CB Closed).

The procedure of identifying the maximum phase current value terminates when the current
falls below the minimum current defined by the parameter Min Current AND the circuit breaker
gets in open position. This signal is received on the dedicated binary input (CB Open).

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The procedure also stops if the time elapsed since its start exceeds 1 s. In this case no CB
wear is calculated.

Based on the characteristic defined above, the function calculates the wear caused by the
operation performed. If the sum of the calculated wear reaches the limit defined by the
parameter “CycNum – Alarm”, a warning signal is generated (Alarm). This indicates the
advised time of the preventive maintenance of the circuit breaker.

The accumulated “wear” of the circuit breaker is stored on non-volatile memory; therefore, the
value is not lost even if the power supply of the devices is switched off.

This information is displayed among the on-line data as “Actual wear”. This counter indicates
how many 1 kA equivalent switches were performed since the last maintenance (reset).

When preventive maintenance is performed, the accumulated “wear” of the circuit breaker
must be reset to 0 to start a new maintenance cycle. The circuit breaker wear monitoring
function offers two ways of resetting:
• Binary True signal programmed to the “Reset” input of the function
• Performing a direct command via the Commands menu of the supervising WEB
browser (for details, see the “Europrot+ manual”, “Remote user interface description”
document).

The inputs of the circuit breaker wear monitoring function are

• the Fourier components of three phase currents,
• binary inputs,
• parameters.

The output of the circuit breaker wear monitoring function is

• the Alarm binary output status signal.

Technical data
Function Range Accuracy
Current accuracy 20 – 2000% of In ±1% of In
Accuracy in tracking the theoretical wear characteristics 5%
Table 3-116 Technical data of the circuit breaker wear monitoring function

Parameters
Enumerated parameters
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Disabling or enabling the operation of the function
CBWear_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off, On Off
Table 3-117 Enumerated parameter of the circuit breaker wear monitoring function

Integer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Permitted number of trip operation if the breaking current is 1kA
CBWear_CycNumIn_IPar_ CycNum - 1kA 1 100000 1 50000
Permitted number of trip operation if the breaking current is InTrip (see floating parameter
“Rated Trip Current”)
CycNum –
CBWear_CycNumInTrip_IPar_ 1 100000 1 100
I Rated Trip
Permitted level of the weighted sum of the breaking currents
CBWear_CycNumAlm_IPar_ CycNum - Alarm 1 100000 1 50000
Table 3-118 Integer parameters of the circuit breaker wear monitoring function

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Float point parameter

Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Rated breaking current of the circuit breaker
CBWear_InTrCB_FPar_ Rated Trip Current kA 10 100 0.01 10
Minimum level of the current below which the procedure to find the highest breaking current is
stopped
CBWear_Imin_FPar_ Min Current kA 0.10 0.50 0.01 0.10
Table 3-119 Float parameter of the circuit breaker wear monitoring function

Binary output status signal

Binary output status signal Signal title Explanation
Alarm signal of the function block
Alarm signal is generated if the weighted
CBWear_Alarm_GrI_ Alarm sum of the breaking currents is above the
permitted level
Table 3-120 Binary output status signal of the circuit breaker wear monitoring function

Binary input status signals

The binary inputs are signals influencing the operation of the circuit breaker wear monitoring
function. These signals are the results of logic equations graphically edited by the user.
Binary input status signals Signal title Explanation
Disabling the function
The programmed True state of this input
CBWear_Blk_GrO_ Blk
disables the operation of the function
Open state of the circuit breaker
The open state of the circuit breaker is
CBWear_Open_GrO_ Open needed to stop the procedure to find the
maximum breaking current
Closed state of the circuit breaker
The closed state of the circuit breaker is
CBWear_Closed_GrO_ Closed needed to perform the procedure to find
the maximum breaking current
Trip command to the circuit breaker
This signal starts the procedure to find the
CBWear_Trip_GrO_ Trip
highest breaking current
Reset command
If this input is programmed to logic True, at
CBWear_Reset_GrO_ Reset maintenance the weighted sum of the
breaking currents can be set to 0
Table 3-121 Binary input status signals of the circuit breaker wear monitoring function

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3.2.3 Circuit breaker control function block (CB1Pol)

The Circuit breaker control function block can be used to integrate the circuit breaker control of
the EuroProt+ device into the station control system and to apply active scheme screens of the
local LCD of the device.

The Circuit breaker control function block receives remote commands from the SCADA system
and local commands from the local LCD of the device, performs the prescribed checking and
transmits the commands to the circuit breaker. It processes the status signals received from
the circuit breaker and offers them to the status display of the local LCD and to the SCADA
system.

Main features:
• Local (LCD of the device) and Remote (SCADA) operation modes can be enabled or
disabled individually.
• The signals and commands of the synchro check / synchro switch function block can
be integrated into the operation of the function block.
• Interlocking functions can be programmed by the user applying the inputs “EnaOff”
(enabled trip command) and “EnaOn” (enabled close command), using the graphic
equation editor.
• Programmed conditions can be used to temporarily disable the operation of the function
block using the graphic equation editor.
• The function block supports the control models prescribed by the IEC 61850 standard.
• All necessary timing tasks are performed within the function block:
o Time limitation to execute a command
o Command pulse duration
o Filtering the intermediate state of the circuit breaker
o Checking the synchro check and synchro switch times
o Controlling the individual steps of the manual commands
• Sending trip and close commands to the circuit breaker (to be combined with the trip
commands of the protection functions and with the close command of the automatic
reclosing function; the protection functions and the automatic reclosing function directly
gives commands to the CB). The combination is made graphically using the graphic
equation editor
• Operation counter
• Event reporting

The Circuit breaker control function block has binary input signals. The conditions are defined
by the user applying the graphic equation editor. The signals of the circuit breaker control are
seen in the binary input status list.

Technical data
Function Accuracy
Operate time accuracy ±5% or ±15 ms, whichever is greater
Table 3-122 Technical data of the circuit breaker control function

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Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
The control model of the circuit breaker node according to the IEC 61850 standard
Direct normal, Direct enhanced,
CB1Pol_ctlMod_EPar_ ControlModel* Direct normal
SBO enhanced
*ControlModel
• Direct normal: only command transmission
• Direct enhanced: command transmission with status check and command
supervision
• SBO enhanced: Select Before Operate mode with status check and command
supervision
Table 3-123 Enumerated parameter of the circuit breaker control function

Boolean parameter
Boolean parameter Title Explanation
If true, then the check function cannot be neglected
CB1Pol_DisOverR_BPar_ Forced check by the check attribute defined by the IEC 61850
standard
Table 3-124 Boolean parameter of the circuit breaker control function

Timer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Timeout for signaling failed operation
CB1Pol_TimOut_TPar_ Max.Operating time msec 10 1000 1 200
Duration of the generated On and Off impulse
CB1Pol_Pulse_TPar_, Pulse length msec 50 500 1 100
Waiting time, at expiry intermediate state of the CB is reported
Max.Intermediate
CB1Pol_MidPos_TPar_ msec 20 30000 1 100
time
Length of the time period to wait for the conditions of the synchron state. After expiry of this time, the
synchro switch procedure is initiated (see synchro check/ synchro switch function block description)
CB1Pol_SynTimOut_TPar_ Max.SynChk time msec 10 5000 1 1000
Length of the time period to wait for the synchro switch impulse (see synchro check/ synchro switch
function block description). After this time the function resets, no switching is performed
CB1Pol_SynSWTimOut_TPar_ Max.SynSW time* msec 0 60000 1 0
Duration of the waiting time between object selection and command selection. At timeout no command
is performed
CB1Pol_SBOTimeout_TPar_ SBO Timeout msec 1000 20000 1 5000
* If this parameter is set to 0, then the “StartSW” output is not activated
Table 3-125 Timer parameters of the circuit breaker control function

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Available internal status variable and command channel

To generate an active scheme on the local LCD, there is an internal status variable indicating
the state of the circuit breaker. Different graphic symbols can be assigned to the values. (See
Chapter 3.2 of the document “EuroCAP configuration tool for EuroProt+ devices”).

Status variable Title Explanation

Can be:
0: Intermediate
CB1Pol_stVal_Ist_ Status 1: Off
2: On
3: Bad

The available control channel to be selected is:

Command channel Title Explanation
Can be:
CB1Pol_Oper_Con_ Operation On
Off

Using this channel, the pushbuttons on the front panel of the device can be assigned to close
or open the circuit breaker. These are the “Local commands”.

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3.2.5 Disconnector control function (DisConn)

The Disconnector control function block can be used to integrate the disconnector control of
the EuroProt+ device into the station control system and to apply active scheme screens of the
local LCD of the device.

The Disconnector control function block receives remote commands from the SCADA system
and local commands from the local LCD of the device, performs the prescribed checking and
transmits the commands to the disconnector. It processes the status signals received from the
disconnector and offers them to the status display of the local LCD and to the SCADA system.

Main features:
• Local (LCD of the device) and Remote (SCADA) operation modes can be enabled or
disabled individually.
• Interlocking functions can be programmed by the user applying the inputs “EnaOff”
(enabled trip command) and “EnaOn” (enabled close command), using the graphic
equation editor.
• Programmed conditions can be used to temporarily disable the operation of the function
block using the graphic equation editor.
• The function block supports the control models prescribed by the IEC 61850 standard.
• All necessary timing tasks are performed within the function block:
o Time limitation to execute a command
o Command pulse duration
o Filtering the intermediate state of the disconnector
o Controlling the individual steps of the manual commands
• Sending trip and close commands to the disconnector
• Operation counter
• Event reporting

The Disconnector control function block has binary input signals. The conditions are defined by
the user applying the graphic equation editor. The signals of the disconnector control are seen
in the binary input status list.

Technical data
Function Accuracy
Operate time accuracy ±5% or ±15 ms, whichever is greater
Table 3-126 Technical data of the disconnector control function

Parameters
Enumerated parameters
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
The control model of the disconnector node according to the IEC 61850 standard
Direct normal, Direct enhanced,
DisConn_ctlMod_EPar_ ControlModel* Direct normal
SBO enhanced
Type of switch
N/A,Load break, Disconnector,
DisConn_SwTyp_EPar_ Type of Switch Disconnector
Earthing Switch, HS Earthing Switch
*ControlModel
• Direct normal: only command transmission
• Direct enhanced: command transmission with status check and command supervision
• SBO enhanced: Select Before Operate mode with status check and command
supervision
Table 3-127 Enumerated parameters of the disconnector control function

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Boolean parameter
Boolean parameter Title Explanation
If true, then the check function cannot be
DisConn_DisOverR_BPar_ Forced check neglected by the check attribute defined
by the IEC 61850 standard
Table 3-128 Boolean parameter of the disconnector control function
Timer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Timeout for signaling failed operation
DisConn_TimOut_TPar_ Max.Operating time msec 10 20000 1 1000
Duration of the generated On and Off impulse
DisConn_Pulse_TPar_ Pulse length msec 50 30000 1 100
Waiting time, at expiry intermediate state of the disconnector is reported
Max.Intermediate
DisConn_MidPos_TPar_ msec 20 30000 1 100
time
Duration of the waiting time between object selection and command selection. At timeout no
command is performed
DisConn_SBOTimeout_
SBO Timeout msec 1000 20000 1 5000
TPar_

Table 3-129 Timer parameters of the disconnector control function

Available internal status variable and command channel

To generate an active scheme on the local LCD, there is an internal status variable indicating
the state of the disconnector. Different graphic symbols can be assigned to the values. (See
Chapter 3.2 of the document “EuroCAP configuration tool for EuroProt+ devices”).

Status variable Title Explanation

Can be:
0: Intermediate
DisConn l_stVal_Ist_ Status 1: Off
2: On
3:Bad

The available control channel to be selected is:

Command channel Title Explanation
Can be:
DisConn _Oper_Con_ Operation On
Off

Using this channel, the pushbuttons on the front panel of the device can be assigned to close
or open the disconnector. These are the “Local commands”.

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3.2.6 Ethernet Links function (EthLinks)

The EuroProt+ device constantly checks the statuses of its connections to the outside world
(wherever possible). These statuses can be seen on the status/log page in the advanced menu
on the web page of the device.

When further indications are needed or the signals of the statuses (such as events, logic signals
for the user logic, LEDs etc.), the Ethernet Links function block makes these available for the
user.

Ports
The function can check the following types of communication ports:
• Fiber Optic (MM – multi mode)
• Fiber Optic (SM – single mode)
• RJ45
• PRP/HSR
• EOB (Ethernet On Board on the front HMI of the device)

See the EuroProt+ Hardware Description (different document) for the list of the CPU modules
that contain any of these ports.

Ethernet Links function overview

The graphic appearance of the function block is shown on Figure 3-6. These blocks show all
binary input and output status signals, which are applicable in the graphic equation editor.

Figure 3-6 Graphic appearance of the function block of the ethernet links function

Function I/O
This section describes briefly the analogue and digital inputs and outputs of the function block.

This function block owns only binary output signals.

Binary output signals (graphed input statuses)

The binary output status signals of the Ethernet Links function. Parts written in bold are seen
on the function block in the logic editor.

BINARY OUTPUT SIGNAL SIGNAL TITLE EXPLANATION

Active if the first (upper) fiber optic port of the
EthLnk_SB1_GrI_ Station Bus1
CPU module has an active connection.
Active if the second (middle) fiber optic port of
EthLnk_SB2F_GrI_ Station Bus2 – Fiber
the CPU module has an active connection.
Active if the RJ45 port of the CPU module has
EthLnk_SB2RJ_GrI_ Station Bus2 –RJ4
an active connection.
Active if the third (lower) fiber optic port of the
EthLnk_PB_GrI_ Process Bus
CPU module has an active connection
Active if the front RJ45 port (or EOB) has an
EthLnk_Front_GrI_ RJ45/EOB on front panel
active connection
Table 3-130 The binary output status signals of the ethernet links function

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On-line data
Visible values on the on-line data page:

SIGNAL TITLE DIMENSION EXPLANATION

Active if the first (upper) fiber optic port of the CPU
Station Bus1 -
module has an active connection.
Active if the second (middle) fiber optic port of the
Station Bus2 – Fiber -
CPU module has an active connection.
Active if the RJ45 port of the CPU module has an
Station Bus2 –RJ4 -
active connection.
Active if the third (lower) fiber optic port of the CPU
Process Bus -
module has an active connection
Active if the front RJ45 port (or EOB) has an active
RJ45/EOB on front panel -
connection
Table 3-131 The measured analogue values of the ethernet links function

Events
The following events are generated in the event list, as well as sent to SCADA according to the
configuration.

EVENT VALUE EXPLANATION

Active if the first (upper) fiber optic port of the
Station Bus1 off, on
CPU module has an active connection.
Active if the second (middle) fiber optic port of
Station Bus2 – Fiber off, on
the CPU module has an active connection.
Active if the RJ45 port of the CPU module has
Station Bus2 –RJ4 off, on
an active connection.
Active if the third (lower) fiber optic port of the
Process Bus off, on
CPU module has an active connection
Active if the front RJ45 port (or EOB) has an
RJ45/EOB on front panel off, on
active connection
Table 3-132 Events of the ethernet links function

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3.2.7 Trip Circuit Supervision (TCS)

The trip circuit supervision is utilized for checking the integrity of the circuit between the trip coil
and the tripping output of the protection device.

It is realized by injecting a small DC current (around 1-5 mA) into the trip circuit. If the circuit is
intact, the current flows, which lights up a LED that provides an active signal to the opto coupler
input of the trip contact.

The state of the input is shown on the devices’ binary input listing among the other binary inputs,
and it can be handled like any other of them (it can be added to the user logic, etc.)

This document describes the applicable hardware and provides guidelines for usage in the
device configuration.

Hardware application

Applicable modules
The following modules contain trip outputs with trip circuit supervision. The information here is
restricted to the trip circuit supervision only. For more details please refer to the EuroProt+
Hardware description from which these were extracted. Note that there are other modules
without trip circuit supervision, those are not listed here.

MODULE TYPE TRIP+4201 TRIP+2101 TRIP+2201 PSTP+4201 PSTP+2101

CHANNEL NUMBER 4 4 4 2 2

24 V DC and
24 V DC and 110 V DC and
RATED VOLTAGE 110 V DC 220 V DC 48 V DC and
48 V DC 220 V DC
60 V DC
THERMAL
WITHSTAND 72 V DC 132 V DC 242 V DC 72 V DC 242 V DC
VOLTAGE

Table 3-133 Modules with Trip Circuit Supervision

Figure 3-7 I/O arrangement of the modules with TCS

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Wiring
The wiring of these modules can be 2-wire or 3-wire. (TCS function is active for both methods.)
The voltage of the "No" contact is maximized at 15 V by a zener-diode. Make sure that the
voltage caused by the resistance of the circuit breaker and the injected current from the TRIP+
module does not reach 10 V.
Our TRIP+ modules are made to switch DC circuits. Using reversed polarity or AC voltage
can cause the damage of the internal circuits.

3-wire TRIP+ wiring methods

TRIP+ module + +

Circuit breaker
TCS – –
(TRIP Circuit
Supervision)

No –

Figure 3-8 3-wire TRIP+ wiring

It is possible to use parallel connected TRIP+ modules. In this case the negative contacts must
be common.

+ A+
TRIP+ module

Circuit breaker
TCS –
–
(TRIP Circuit
Supervision)

No –

+ B+
TRIP+ module

TCS
–
(TRIP Circuit
Supervision)

No

Figure 3-9 3-wire TRIP+ wiring using parallel connected TRIP+ modules

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2-wire TRIP+ wiring methods

If it is necessary, you can also wire the TRIP+ modules using only the “+” and the “No” contacts.
+ +
TRIP+ module

Circuit breaker
TCS
(TRIP Circuit
Supervision)

No –

Figure 3-10 2-wire TRIP+ wiring

It is possible to use parallel connected TRIP+ modules.

+ A+
TRIP+ module

Circuit breaker
TCS
(TRIP Circuit
Supervision)

No –

+ B+
TRIP+ module

TCS
(TRIP Circuit
Supervision)

No

Figure 3-11 2-wire TRIP+ wiring using parallel connected TRIP+ modules

If the circuit breaker needs two-pole switching TRIP+ modules can be connected series as you
can see in Figure 3-12.

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+ +
TRIP+ module

Circuit breaker
TCS
(TRIP Circuit
Supervision)

No

TRIP+ module +

TCS
(TRIP Circuit
Supervision)

No –

Figure 3-12 2-wire TRIP+ wiring using series connected TRIP+ modules

MODULE TYPE TRIP+4201 TRIP+2101 TRIP+2201

VALUE OF R
10 kΩ 73 kΩ 130 kΩ
RESISTOR (± 10 %)

INJECTED
2.4 mA @ 24 V DC
CURRENT AT "NO" 1.5 mA @ 110 V DC 1.7 mA @ 220 V DC
4.8 mA @ 48 V DC
CONTACT

Figure 3-13 Technical data for the TRIP modules

Software application

Binary inputs
The TCS input is active if the trip circuit is OK, so the logical ‘0’ or FALSE signal of the input
means that either the trip circuit is broken (see Chapter 0 for the case when this is mandatory
with the CB trip), or it connects to a high-resistance part.

The TCS signals are shown the same way as other binary inputs are in the device: they can be
seen in the on-line data menu on the local HMI or the device web page, and they can be
utilized just like any other binary input when editing the device configuration with EuroCAP
software.

The names/titles of the inputs might be a bit different: it may be according to the corresponding
TRIP outputs (if the TRIP module is in Slot N, the TCS contact is named BIn_N##), or if there
is only one module with TRIP outputs, the TCS inputs might be named as TCS1, TCS2 etc.
These can be checked (and the titles can be modified) in the devices’ configuration file using
the EuroCAP software.

The TCS macro

In several cases the trip circuit is tripped along with the circuit breaker as well. In situations like
this the TCS input would signal a broken trip circuit (logical ‘0’ or FALSE) unnecessarily. To
avoid this, the status signals of the CB are to be used combined with the TCS input signal so
that it will be evaluated only when the CB is closed.

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The TCS macro incorporates this logic for two separate TCS inputs for one CB (see Figure 3-15
for the two TCS inputs and the CB status signal inputs). The outputs are the failure signals for
each connected TCS input.

Figure 3-14 Graphic appearance of the Trip Circuit Supervision macro

The internal logic of the macro can be seen on Figure 3-15 below. Both outputs have a fixed
pick delay of 1000 ms. Note that here the outputs are active if the trip circuit is broken (or
there is a failure in it). For a CB with only 1 trip circuit it is enough to simply leave the TCS2
input open.

Figure 3-15 Internal logic of the Trip Circuit Supervision macro

Binary input signals

The following table explains the binary input signals of the macro.

BINARY INPUT SIGNAL EXPLANATION

TCS1 Connect here the first TCS binary input
TCS2 Connect here the second TCS binary input
stValOff CB Off/Open signal
stValOn CB On/Closed signal
Table 3-134 Binary input signals of the Trip Circuit Supervision macro

Binary output signals

The following table explains the binary output signals of the macro.

BINARY OUTPUT SIGNAL EXPLANATION

TC_Failure1 Failure on the first circuit
TC_Failure2 Failure on the second circuit
Table 3-135 Binary output signals of the Trip Circuit Supervision macro

Note that these are the outputs of a macro, and not a function block, so they must be connected
to a physical or a logical output (ConnOut, create status) to make them usable in other parts of
the configuration. For further information please refer to the EuroCAP software description.

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3.2.8 Dead line detection function (DLD)

The “Dead Line Detection” (DLD) function generates a signal indicating the dead or live state
of the line. Additional signals are generated to indicate if the phase voltages and phase
currents are above the pre-defined limits.

The task of the “Dead Line Detection” (DLD) function is to decide the Dead line/Live line state.

Criteria of “Dead line” state: all three phase voltages are below the voltage setting
value AND all three currents are below the current setting value.

Criteria of “Live line” state: all three phase voltages are above the voltage setting value.

The details are described in the document Dead line detection protection function block
description.

Technical data
Function Value Accuracy
Pick-up voltage 1%
Operation time <20ms
Reset ratio 0.95
Table 3-136 Technical data of the dead line detection function

Parameters
Integer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Integer parameters of the dead line detection function
DLD_ULev_IPar_ Min. Operate Voltage % 10 100 1 60
DLD_ILev_IPar_ Min. Operate Current % 2 100 1 10
Table 3-137 The integer parameters of the dead line detection function

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3.2.9 Voltage transformer supervision function (VTS60)

The voltage transformer supervision function generates a signal to indicate an error in the
voltage transformer secondary circuit. This signal can serve, for example, as a warning,
indicating disturbances in the measurement, or it can disable the operation of the distance
protection function if appropriate measured voltage signals are not available for a distance
decision.

The voltage transformer supervision function is designed to detect faulty asymmetrical states
of the voltage transformer circuit caused, for example, by a broken conductor in the
secondary circuit.

(Another method for detecting voltage disturbances is the supervision of the auxiliary contacts
of the miniature circuit breakers in the voltage transformer secondary circuits. This function is
not described here.)

The user has to generate graphic equations for the application of the signal of this voltage
transformer supervision function.

This function is interconnected with the “dead line detection function”. Although the dead line
detection function is described fully in a separate document, the explanation necessary to
understand the operation of the VT supervision function is repeated also in this document.

The voltage transformer supervision function can be used in three different modes of
application:
Zero sequence detection (for typical applications in systems with grounded neutral):
“VT failure” signal is generated if the residual voltage (3Uo) is above the preset voltage
value AND the residual current (3Io) is below the preset current value.

Negative sequence detection (for typical applications in systems with isolated or

resonant grounded (Petersen) neutral): “VT failure” signal is generated if the negative
sequence voltage component (U2) is above the preset voltage value AND the negative
sequence current component (I2) is below the preset current value.

Special application: “VT failure” signal is generated if the residual voltage (3Uo) is
above the preset voltage value AND the residual current (3Io) AND the negative
sequence current component (I2) are below the preset current values.

The voltage transformer supervision function can be activated if “Live line” status is detected
for at least 200 ms. This delay avoids mal-operation at line energizing if the poles of the circuit
breaker make contact with a time delay. The function is set to be inactive if “Dead line” status
is detected.

If the conditions specified by the selected mode of operation are fulfilled (for at least 4
milliseconds) then the voltage transformer supervision function is activated and the operation
signal is generated. (When evaluating this time delay, the natural operating time of the
applied Fourier algorithm must also be considered.)

NOTE: For the operation of the voltage transformer supervision function the “ Dead line
detection function” must be operable as well: it must be enabled by binary parameter setting,
and its blocking signal may not be active.

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If, in the active state, the conditions for operation are no longer fulfilled, the resetting of the
function depends on the mode of operation of the primary circuit:
• If the “Live line” state is valid, then the function resets after approx. 200 ms of time
delay. (When evaluating this time delay, the natural operating time of the applied
Fourier algorithm must also be considered.)
• If the “Dead line” state is started and the “VTS Failure” signal has been continuous
for at least 100 ms, then the “VTS failure” signal does not reset; it is generated
continuously even when the line is in a disconnected state. Thus, the “VTS Failure”
signal remains active at reclosing.
• If the “Dead line” state is started and the “VTS Failure” signal has not been
continuous for at least 100 ms, then the “VTS failure” signal resets.

Technical data
Function Value Accuracy
Pick-up voltage
Io=0A <1%
I2=0A <1%
Operation time <20ms
Reset ratio 0.95
Table 3-138 Technical data of the voltage transformer supervision function

Parameters
Integer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Integer parameters of the dead line detection function
DLD_ULev_IPar_ Min Operate Voltage % 10 100 1 60
DLD_ILev_IPar_ Min Operate Current % 2 100 1 10
Starting voltage and current parameter for residual and negative sequence detection:
VTS_Uo_IPar_ Start URes % 5 50 1 30
VTS_Io_IPar_ Start IRes % 10 50 1 10
VTS_Uneg_IPar_ Start UNeg % 5 50 1 10
VTS_Ineg_IPar_ Start INeg % 10 50 1 10
Table 3-139 The integer parameters of the voltage transformer supervision function

Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Parameter for type selection
Off, Zero sequence, Neg. sequence, Zero
VTS_Oper_EPar_ Operation
Special sequence
Table 3-140 The enumerated parameter of the voltage transformer supervision function

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3.2.10 Current unbalance function (VCB60)

The current unbalance protection function (VCB60) can be applied to detect unexpected
asymmetry in current measurement.

The applied method selects maximum and minimum phase currents (RMS value of the
fundamental Fourier components). If the difference between them is above the setting limit, the
function generates a start signal. It is a necessary precondition of start signal generation that
the maximum of the currents be above 10 % of the rated current and below 150% of the rated
current.

The Fourier calculation modules calculate the RMS value of the basic Fourier current
components of the phase currents individually. They are not part of the VCB60 function; they
belong to the preparatory phase.

The analog signal processing module processes the RMS value of the basic Fourier current
components of the phase currents to prepare the signals for the decision. It calculates the
maximum and the minimum value of the RMS values and the difference between the maximum
and minimum of the RMS values of the fundamental Fourier components of the phase currents
as a percentage of the maximum of these values (ΔI>). If the maximum of the currents is above
10 % of the rated current and below 150% of the rated current and the ΔI> value is above the
limit defined by the preset parameter (Start Current Diff) an output is generated to the decision
module.

The decision logic module combines the status signals to generate the starting signal and the
trip command of the function.

The trip command is generated after the defined time delay if trip command is enabled by the
Boolean parameter setting.

The function can be disabled by parameter setting, and by an input signal programmed by the
user with the graphic programming tool.

Technical data
Function Value Accuracy
Pick-up starting accuracy at In <2%
Reset ratio 0.95
Operate time 70 ms
Table 3-141 Technical data of the current unbalance function

Parameters
Enumerated parameter
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Selection of the operating mode
VCB60_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off, On On
Table 3-142 The enumerated parameter of the current unbalance function

Boolean parameter
Parameter name Title Explanation Default
Selection for trip command
VCB60_StOnly_BPar_ Start Signal Only 0 to generate trip command 0
Table 3-143 The boolean parameter of the current unbalance function

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Integer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Phase difference current setting
VCB60_StCurr_IPar_ Start Current Diff % 10 90 1 50
Table 3-144 The integer parameter of the current unbalance function
Timer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Time delay
VCB60_Del_TPar_ Time Delay msec 100 60000 100 1000
Table 3-145 The timer parameter of the current unbalance function

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3.3 Measuring functions

The measured values can be checked on the touch-screen of the device in the “On-line
functions” page, or using an Internet browser of a connected computer. The displayed values
are secondary voltages and currents, except the block “Line measurement”. This specific block
displays the measured values in primary units, using VT and CT primary value settings.

Analog value Explanation

VT4 module
Voltage Ch – U1 RMS value of the Fourier fundamental harmonic voltage component
in phase L1
Angle Ch – U1 Phase angle of the Fourier fundamental harmonic voltage
component in phase L1*
Voltage Ch – U2 RMS value of the Fourier fundamental harmonic voltage component
in phase L2
Angle Ch – U2 Phase angle of the Fourier fundamental harmonic voltage
component in phase L2*
Voltage Ch – U3 RMS value of the Fourier fundamental harmonic voltage component
in phase L3
Angle Ch – U3 Phase angle of the Fourier fundamental harmonic voltage
component in phase L3*
Voltage Ch – U4 RMS value of the Fourier fundamental harmonic voltage component
in Channel U4
Angle Ch – U4 Phase angle of the Fourier fundamental harmonic voltage
component in Channel U4*
CT4 module
Current Ch - I1 RMS value of the Fourier fundamental harmonic current component
in phase L1
Angle Ch - I1 Phase angle of the Fourier fundamental harmonic current component
in phase L1*
Current Ch - I2 RMS value of the Fourier fundamental harmonic current component
in phase L2
Angle Ch - I2 Phase angle of the Fourier fundamental harmonic current component
in phase L2*
Current Ch - I3 RMS value of the Fourier fundamental harmonic current component
in phase L3
Angle Ch - I3 Phase angle of the Fourier fundamental harmonic current component
in phase L3*
Current Ch - I4 RMS value of the Fourier fundamental harmonic current component
in Channel I4
Angle Ch - I4 Phase angle of the Fourier fundamental harmonic current component
in Channel I4*
Distance protection function (DIS21_HV)
Fault location Measured distance to fault
Fault react. Measured reactance in the fault loop
L1N loop R Resistive component value of impedance in L1-N loop
L1N loop X Reactive component value of impedance in L1-N loop
L2N loop R Resistive component value of impedance in L2-N loop
L2N loop X Reactive component value of impedance in L2-N loop
L3N loop R Resistive component value of impedance in L3-N loop
L3N loop X Reactive component value of impedance in L3-N loop
L12 loop R Resistive component value of impedance in L12 loop
L12 loop X Reactive component value of impedance in L12 loop
L23 loop R Resistive component value of impedance in L23 loop
L23 loop X Reactive component value of impedance in L23 loop
L31 loop R Resistive component value of impedance in L31 loop
L31 loop X Reactive component value of impedance in L31 loop

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Synchrocheck function (SYN25)

Voltage Diff Voltage different value
Frequency Diff Frequency different value
Angle Diff Angle different value
Line measurement (MXU_L) (here the displayed information means primary value)
Active Power – P Three-phase active power
Reactive Power – Q Three-phase reactive power
Apparent Power – S Three-phase power based on true RMS voltage and current
measurement
Current L1 True RMS value of the current in phase L1
Current L2 True RMS value of the current in phase L2
Current L3 True RMS value of the current in phase L3
Voltage L1 True RMS value of the voltage in phase L1
Voltage L2 True RMS value of the voltage in phase L2
Voltage L3 True RMS value of the voltage in phase L3
Voltage L12 True RMS value of the voltage between phases L1 L2
Voltage L23 True RMS value of the voltage between phases L2 L3
Voltage L31 True RMS value of the voltage between phases L3 L1
Frequency Frequency
Metering (MTR)
Forward MWh Forward MWh
Backward MWh Backward MWh
Forward MVArh Forward MVArh
Backward MVArh Backward MVArh
Line thermal protection (TTR49L)
Calc. Temperature Calculated line temperature
* The reference angle is the phase angle of “Voltage Ch - U1”
Table 3-146 Measured analog values

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3.3.1 Current input function (CT4)

If the factory configuration includes a current transformer hardware module, the current input
function block is automatically configured among the software function blocks. Separate current
input function blocks are assigned to each current transformer hardware module.

A current transformer hardware module is equipped with four special intermediate current
transformers. (See Chapter 5 of the EuroProt+ hardware description document.) As usual, the
first three current inputs receive the three phase currents (IL1, IL2, IL3), the fourth input is
reserved for zero sequence current, for the zero sequence current of the parallel line or for any
additional current. Accordingly, the first three inputs have common parameters while the fourth
current input needs individual setting.

The role of the current input function block is to

• set the required parameters associated to the current inputs,
• deliver the sampled current values for disturbance recording,
• perform the basic calculations
o Fourier basic harmonic magnitude and angle,
o True RMS value;
• provide the pre-calculated current values to the subsequent software modules,
• deliver the basic calculated values for on-line displaying.

Operation of the current input algorithm

The current input function block receives the sampled current values from the internal operating
system. The scaling (even hardware scaling) depends on parameter setting. See parameters
CT4_Ch13Nom_EPar_ (Rated Secondary I1-3) and CT4_Ch4Nom_EPar_ (Rated Secondary
I4). The options to choose from are 1A or 5A (in special applications, 0.2A or 1A). This
parameter influences the internal number format and, naturally, accuracy. (A small current is
processed with finer resolution if 1A is selected.)

If needed, the phase currents can be inverted by setting the parameter CT4_Ch13Dir_EPar_
(Starpoint I1-3). This selection applies to each of the channels IL1, IL2 and IL3. The fourth
current channel can be inverted by setting the parameter CT4_Ch4Dir_EPar (Direction I4). This
inversion may be needed in protection functions such as distance protection, differential
protection or for any functions with directional decision.

These sampled values are available for further processing and for disturbance recording.

The performed basic calculation results the Fourier basic harmonic magnitude and angle and
the true RMS value. These results are processed by subsequent protection function blocks and
they are available for on-line displaying as well.

The function block also provides parameters for setting the primary rated currents of the main
current transformer. This function block does not need that parameter setting. These values
are passed on to function blocks such as displaying primary measured values, primary power
calculation, etc.

Technical data
Function Range Accuracy
Current accuracy 20 – 2000% of In ±1% of In
Table 3-147 Technical data of the current input

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Parameters
Enumerated parameters
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Rated secondary current of the first three input channels. 1A or 5A is selected by parameter
setting, no hardware modification is needed.
CT4_Ch13Nom_EPar_ Rated Secondary I1-3 1A,5A 1A
Rated secondary current of the fourth input channel. 1A or 5A is selected by parameter setting,
no hardware modification is needed.
1A,5A
CT4_Ch4Nom_EPar_ Rated Secondary I4 1A
(0.2A or 1A)
Definition of the positive direction of the first three currents, given by location of the secondary
star connection point
CT4_Ch13Dir_EPar_ Starpoint I1-3 Line,Bus Line
Definition of the positive direction of the fourth current, given as normal or inverted
CT4_Ch4Dir_EPar_ Direction I4 Normal,Inverted Normal
Table 3-148 The enumerated parameters of the current input function

Floating point parameters

Parameter name Title Dim. Min Max Default
Rated primary current of channel1
CT4_PriI1_FPar_ Rated Primary I1 A 100 4000 1000
Rated primary current of channel2
CT4_PriI2_FPar Rated Primary I2 A 100 4000 1000
Rated primary current of channel3
CT4_PriI3_FPar_ Rated Primary I3 A 100 4000 1000
Rated primary current of channel4
CT4_PriI4_FPar_ Rated Primary I4 A 100 4000 1000
Table 3-149 The floating point parameters of the current input function
NOTE: The rated primary current of the channels is not needed for the current input function
block itself. These values are passed on to the subsequent function blocks.

The measured values of the current input function block.

Measured value Dim. Explanation
Current Ch - I1 A(secondary) Fourier basic component of the current in channel IL1
Angle Ch - I1 degree Vector position of the current in channel IL1
Current Ch – I2 A(secondary) Fourier basic component of the current in channel IL2
Angle Ch – I2 degree Vector position of the current in channel IL2
Current Ch – I3 A(secondary) Fourier basic component of the current in channel IL3
Angle Ch – I3 degree Vector position of the current in channel IL3
Current Ch – I4 A(secondary) Fourier basic component of the current in channel I4
Angle Ch – I4 degree Vector position of the current in channel I4
Table 3-150 The measured analogue values of the current input function
NOTE1: The scaling of the Fourier basic component is such that if pure sinusoid 1A RMS of
the rated frequency is injected, the displayed value is 1A. (The displayed value does not depend
on the parameter setting values “Rated Secondary”.)

NOTE2: The reference of the vector position depends on the device configuration. If a voltage
input module is included, then the reference vector (vector with angle 0 degree) is the vector
calculated for the first voltage input channel of the first applied voltage input module. If no
voltage input module is configured, then the reference vector (vector with angle 0 degree) is
the vector calculated for the first current input channel of the first applied current input module.

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Figure 3-16 shows an example of how the calculated Fourier components are displayed in the
on-line block. (See the document “EuroProt+ Remote user interface description”.)

Figure 3-16 Example: On-line displayed values for the current input module

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3.3.2 Voltage input function (VT4)

If the factory configuration includes a voltage transformer hardware module, the voltage input
function block is automatically configured among the software function blocks. Separate voltage
input function blocks are assigned to each voltage transformer hardware module.

A voltage transformer hardware module is equipped with four special intermediate voltage
transformers. (See Chapter 6 of the EuroProt+ hardware description document.) As usual, the
first three voltage inputs receive the three phase voltages (UL1, UL2, UL3), the fourth input is
reserved for zero sequence voltage or for a voltage from the other side of the circuit breaker for
synchron switching. All inputs have a common parameter for type selection: 100V or 200V.

Additionally, there is a correction factor available if the rated secondary voltage of the main
voltage transformer (e.g. 110V) does not match the rated input of the device.

The role of the voltage input function block is to

• set the required parameters associated to the voltage inputs,
• deliver the sampled voltage values for disturbance recording,
• perform the basic calculations
o Fourier basic harmonic magnitude and angle,
o True RMS value;
• provide the pre-calculated voltage values to the subsequent software modules,
• deliver the basic calculated values for on-line displaying.

Operation of the voltage input algorithm

The voltage input function block receives the sampled voltage values from the internal operating
system. The scaling (even hardware scaling) depends on parameter setting. See the parameter
VT4_Type_EPar_ (Range). The options to choose from are 100V or 200V. This parameter
influences the internal number format and, naturally, accuracy. (A small voltage is processed
with finer resolution if 100V is selected.)

The connection of the first three VT secondary winding must be set to reflect actual physical
connection. The associated parameter is VT4_Ch13Nom_EPar_ (Connection U1-3). The
selection can be: Ph-N, Ph-Ph or Ph-N-Isolated.

The Ph-N option is applied in solidly grounded networks, where the measured phase voltage
is never above 1.5-Un. In this case the primary rated voltage of the VT must be the value of
the rated PHASE-TO-NEUTRAL voltage.

The Ph-N option is applied in compensated or isolated networks, where the measured phase
voltage can be above 1.5-Un even in normal operation. In this case the primary rated voltage
of the VT must be the value of the rated PHASE-TO-PHASE voltage.

If phase-to-phase voltage is connected to the VT input of the device, then the Ph-Ph option is
to be selected. Here, the primary rated voltage of the VT must be the value of the rated
PHASE-TO-PHASE voltage. This option must not be selected if the distance protection
function is supplied from the VT input.

The fourth input is reserved for zero sequence voltage or for a voltage from the other side of
the circuit breaker for synchron switching. Accordingly, the connected voltage must be
identified with parameter setting VT4_Ch4Nom_EPar_ (Connection U4). Here, phase-to-
neutral or phase-to-phase voltage can be selected: Ph-N,Ph-Ph

If needed, the phase voltages can be inverted by setting the parameter VT4_Ch13Dir_EPar_
(Direction U1-3). This selection applies to each of the channels UL1, UL2 and UL3. The fourth
voltage channel can be inverted by setting the parameter VT4_Ch4Dir_EPar_ (Direction U4).
This inversion may be needed in protection functions such as distance protection, differential
protection or for any functions with directional decision, or for checking the voltage vector
positions.

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Additionally, there is a correction factor available if the rated secondary voltage of the main
voltage transformer (e.g. 110V) does not match the rated input of the device. The related
parameter is VT4_CorrFact_IPar_ (VT correction). As an example: if the rated secondary
voltage of the main voltage transformer is 110V, then select Type 100 for the parameter
“Range” and the required value to set here is 110%.

These sampled values are available for further processing and for disturbance recording.

The performed basic calculation results the Fourier basic harmonic magnitude and angle and
the true RMS value of the voltages. These results are processed by subsequent protection
function blocks and they are available for on-line displaying as well.

The function block also provides parameters for setting the primary rated voltages of the main
voltage transformer. This function block does not need that parameter setting. These values
are passed on to function blocks such as displaying primary measured values, primary power
calculation, etc. Concerning the rated voltage, see the instructions related to the parameter for
the connection of the first three VT secondary winding.

Parameters
Enumerated parameters
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Rated secondary voltage of the input channels. 100 V or 200V is selected by parameter
setting, no hardware modification is needed.
VT4_Type_EPar_ Range Type 100,Type 200 Type 100
Connection of the first three voltage inputs (main VT secondary)
Ph-N, Ph-Ph,
VT4_Ch13Nom_EPar_ Connection U1-3 Ph-N
Ph-N-Isolated
Selection of the fourth channel input: phase-to-neutral or phase-to-phase voltage
VT4_Ch4Nom_EPar_ Connection U4 Ph-N,Ph-Ph Ph-Ph
Definition of the positive direction of the first three input channels, given as normal or inverted
VT4_Ch13Dir_EPar_ Direction U1-3 Normal,Inverted Normal
Definition of the positive direction of the fourth voltage, given as normal or inverted
VT4_Ch4Dir_EPar_ Direction U4 Normal,Inverted Normal
Table 3-151 The enumerated parameters of the voltage input function

Integer parameter
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Voltage correction
VT4_CorrFact_IPar_ VT correction % 100 115 1 100
Table 3-152 The integer parameter of the voltage input function

Floating point parameters

Parameter name Title Dim. Min Max Default
Rated primary voltage of channel1
VT4_PriU1_FPar Rated Primary U1 kV 1 1000 100
Rated primary voltage of channel2
VT4_PriU2_FPar Rated Primary U2 kV 1 1000 100
Rated primary voltage of channel3
VT4_PriU3_FPar Rated Primary U3 kV 1 1000 100
Rated primary voltage of channel4
VT4_PriU4_FPar Rated Primary U4 kV 1 1000 100
Table 3-153 The floating point parameters of the voltage input function

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NOTE: The rated primary voltage of the channels is not needed for the voltage input function
block itself. These values are passed on to the subsequent function blocks.

Function Range Accuracy

Voltage accuracy 30% … 130% < 0.5 %
Table 3-154 Technical data of the voltage input

Measured values
Measured value Dim. Explanation
Voltage Ch - U1 V(secondary) Fourier basic component of the voltage in channel UL1
Angle Ch - U1 degree Vector position of the voltage in channel UL1
Voltage Ch – U2 V(secondary) Fourier basic component of the voltage in channel UL2
Angle Ch – U2 degree Vector position of the voltage in channel UL2
Voltage Ch – U3 V(secondary) Fourier basic component of the voltage in channel UL3
Angle Ch – U3 degree Vector position of the voltage in channel UL3
Voltage Ch – U4 V(secondary) Fourier basic component of the voltage in channel U4
Angle Ch – U4 degree Vector position of the voltage in channel U4
Table 3-155 The measured analogue values of the voltage input function

NOTE1: The scaling of the Fourier basic component is such if pure sinusoid 57V RMS of the
rated frequency is injected, the displayed value is 57V. (The displayed value does not depend
on the parameter setting values “Rated Secondary”.)

NOTE2: The reference vector (vector with angle 0 degree) is the vector calculated for the first
voltage input channel of the first applied voltage input module.

The figure below shows an example of how the calculated Fourier components are displayed
in the on-line block. (See the document EuroProt+ “Remote user interface description”.)

Figure 3-17 Example: On-line displayed values for the voltage input module

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3.3.3 Line measurement function (MXU)

The measurement
The input values of the EuroProt+ devices are the secondary signals of the voltage transformers
and those of the current transformers.

These signals are pre-processed by the “Voltage transformer input” function block and by the
“Current transformer input” function block. These function blocks are described in separate
documents. The pre-processed values include the Fourier basic harmonic phasors of the
voltages and currents and the true RMS values. Additionally, it is in these function blocks that
parameters are set concerning the voltage ratio of the primary voltage transformers and current
ratio of the current transformers.

Based on the pre-processed values and the measured transformer parameters, the “Line
measurement” function block calculates - depending on the hardware and software
configuration - the primary RMS values of the voltages and currents and some additional values
such as active and reactive power, symmetrical components of voltages and currents. These
values are available as primary quantities and they can be displayed on the on-line screen of
the device or on the remote user interface of the computers connected to the communication
network and they are available for the SCADA system using the configured communication
system.

Reporting the measured values and the changes

It is usual for the SCADA systems that they sample the measured and calculated values in
regular time periods and additionally they receive the changed values as reports at the moment
when any significant change is detected in the primary system. The “Line measurement”
function block is able to perform such reporting for the SCADA system.

Operation of the line measurement function block

The inputs of the line measurement function are
• the Fourier components and true RMS values of the measured voltages and currents,
• frequency measurement,
• parameters.

The outputs of the line measurement function are

• displayed measured values,
• reports to the SCADA system.

NOTE: the scaling values are entered as parameter setting for the “Voltage transformer input”
function block and for the “Current transformer input” function block.

The measured values

The measured values of the line measurement function depend on the hardware configuration.
As an example, Table 3-156 shows the list of the measured values available in a configuration
for solidly grounded networks.

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Measured value Explanation

MXU_P_OLM_ Active Power – P (Fourier base harmonic value)
MXU_Q_OLM_ Reactive Power – Q (Fourier base harmonic value)
MXU_S_OLM_ Apparent Power – S (Fourier base harmonic value)
MXU_I1_OLM_ Current L1
MXU_I2_OLM_ Current L2
MXU_I3_OLM_ Current L3
MXU_U1_OLM_ Voltage L1
MXU_U2_OLM_ Voltage L2
MXU_U3_OLM_ Voltage L3
MXU_U12_OLM_ Voltage L12
MXU_U23_OLM_ Voltage L23
MXU_U31_OLM_ Voltage L31
MXU_f_OLM_ Frequency
Table 3-156 Example: Measured values in a configuration for solidly grounded networks

Another example is Figure 3-18, where the measured values available are shown as on-line
information in a configuration for compensated networks.

Figure 3-18 Example: Measured values in a configuration for compensated networks

The available quantities are described in the configuration description documents.

Reporting the measured values and the changes

For reporting, additional information is needed, which is defined in parameter setting.

As an example, in a configuration for solidly grounded networks the following parameters are
available:

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Enumerated parameters
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Selection of the reporting mode for active power measurement
Off, Amplitude,
MXU_PRepMode_EPar_ Operation ActivePower Amplitude
Integrated
Selection of the reporting mode for reactive power measurement
Off, Amplitude,
MXU_QRepMode_EPar_ Operation ActivePower Amplitude
Integrated
Selection of the reporting mode for apparent power measurement
Off, Amplitude,
MXU_SRepMode_EPar_ Operation ApparPower Amplitude
Integrated
Selection of the reporting mode for current measurement
Off, Amplitude,
MXU_IRepMode_EPar_ Operation Current Amplitude
Integrated
Selection of the reporting mode for voltage measurement
Off, Amplitude,
MXU_URepMode_EPar_ Operation Voltage Amplitude
Integrated
Selection of the reporting mode for frequency measurement
Off, Amplitude,
MXU_fRepMode_EPar_ Operation Frequency Amplitude
Integrated
Table 3-157 The enumerated parameters of the line measurement function

The selection of the reporting mode items is explained in Figure 3-19 and in Figure 3-20.

“Amplitude” mode of reporting

If the “Amplitude” mode is selected for reporting, a report is generated if the measured value
leaves the deadband around the previously reported value. As an example, Figure 3-19 shows
that the current becomes higher than the value reported in “report1” PLUS the Deadband value,
this results “report2”, etc.

For this mode of operation, the Deadband parameters are explained in Table 3-158.

The “Range” parameters in Table 3-158 are needed to evaluate a measurement as “out-of-
range”.

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Floating point parameters

Parameter name Title Dim. Min Max Step Default
Deadband value for the active power
MXU_PDeadB_FPar_ Deadband value - P MW 0.1 100000 0.01 10
Range value for the active power
MXU_PRange_FPar_ Range value - P MW 1 100000 0.01 500
Deadband value for the reactive power
Deadband value -
MXU_QDeadB_FPar_ MVAr 0.1 100000 0.01 10
Q
Range value for the reactive power
MXU_QRange_FPar_ Range value - Q MVAr 1 100000 0.01 500
Deadband value for the apparent power
MXU_SDeadB_FPar_ Deadband value - S MVA 0.1 100000 0.01 10
Range value for the apparent power
MXU_SRange_FPar_ Range value - S MVA 1 100000 0.01 500
Deadband value for the current
MXU_IDeadB_FPar_ Deadband value - I A 1 2000 1 10
Range value for the current
MXU_IRange_FPar_ Range value - I A 1 5000 1 500
Deadband value for the phase-to-neutral voltage
MXU_UPhDeadB_ Deadband value –
kV 0.1 100 0.01 1
FPar_ U ph-N
Range value for the phase-to-neutral voltage
MXU_UPhRange_ Range value –
kV 1 1000 0.1 231
FPar_ U ph-N
Deadband value for the phase-to-phase voltage
MXU_UPPDeadB_ Deadband value –
kV 0.1 100 0.01 1
FPar_ U ph-ph
Range value for the phase-to-phase voltage
MXU_UPPRange_ Range value –
kV 1 1000 0.1 400
FPar_ U ph-ph
Deadband value for the current
MXU_fDeadB_FPar_ Deadband value - f Hz 0.01 1 0.01 0.02
Range value for the current
MXU_fRange_FPar_ Range value - f Hz 0.05 10 0.01 5
Table 3-158 The floating-point parameters of the line measurement function

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Amplitude

Deadband(pl.A)
Value

report1 report2 report3

Figure 3-19 Reporting if “Amplitude” mode is selected

“Integral” mode of reporting

If the “Integrated” mode is selected for reporting, a report is generated if the time integral of the
measured value since the last report gets becomes larger, in the positive or negative direction,
then the (deadband*1sec) area. As an example, Figure 3-20 shows that the integral of the
current in time becomes higher than the Deadband value multiplied by 1sec, this results
“report2”, etc.

Integrated

Deadband(pl.A sec)
Value

- +

report1 report2 report3 report4

Figure 3-20 Reporting if “Integrated” mode is selected

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Periodic reporting
Periodic reporting is generated independently of the changes of the measured values when the
defined time period elapses. The required parameter setting is shown in Table 3-159.
Integer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Reporting time period for the active power
Report period
MXU_PIntPer_IPar_ sec 0 3600 1 0
P
Reporting time period for the reactive power
Report period
MXU_QIntPer_IPar_ sec 0 3600 1 0
Q
Reporting time period for the apparent power
Report period
MXU_SIntPer_IPar_ sec 0 3600 1 0
S
Reporting time period for the voltage
Report period
MXU_UIntPer_IPar_ sec 0 3600 1 0
U
Reporting time period for the current
MXU_IIntPer_IPar_ Report period I sec 0 3600 1 0
Reporting time period for the frequency
MXU_fIntPer_IPar_ Report period f sec 0 3600 1 0
Table 3-159 The integer parameters of the line measurement function

If the reporting time period is set to 0, then no periodic reporting is performed for this quantity.

All reports can be disabled for a quantity if the reporting mode is set to “Off”. See Table 3-157.

Technical data
Function Range Accuracy
Current accuracy
0,2 In – 0,5 In ±2%, ±1 digit
with CT/5151 or CT/5102 modules
0,5 In – 20 In ±1%, ±1 digit
with CT/1500 module 0,03 In – 2 In ±0,5%, ±1 digit
Voltage accuracy 5 – 150% of Un ±0.5% of Un, ±1 digit
Power accuracy I>5% In ±3%, ±1 digit
U>3.5%Un
Frequency accuracy 2mHz
45Hz – 55Hz
Table 3-160 Technical data of line measurement

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3.4 Disturbance recorder

The disturbance recorder function can record analog signals and binary status signals. These
signals are configured using the EuroCAP software tool.

The disturbance recorder function has a binary input signal, which serves the purpose of
starting the function. The conditions of starting are defined by the user, applying the
graphic equation editor. The disturbance recorder function keeps on recording during the
active state of this signal but the total recording time is limited by the timer parameter setting.

The pre-fault time, max recording time and post-fault time can be defined by parameters.

Mode of recording
If the triggering conditions defined by the user - using the graphic equation editor – are satisfied
and the function is enabled by parameter setting, then the disturbance recorder starts recording
the sampled values of configured analog signals and binary signals.

The analog signals can be sampled values (voltages and currents) received via input modules
or they can be calculated analog values (such as negative sequence components, etc.)

The number of the configured binary signals for recording is limited to 64, and up to 32 analog
channels can be recorded.

The available memory for disturbance records is 12 MB.

There are two function blocks available. The first function (DRE) applies 20 sampling in a
network period. Accordingly for 50 Hz, the sampling frequency is 1 kHz. (For 60 Hz the sampling
frequency is 1.2 kHz). This is used in all configurations by default.

The second function (DRE2) is capable to be set by parameter to apply 20 or 40 sampling in a

network period. This way accordingly for 50 Hz, the sampling frequency is 1 kHz or 2 kHz (and
for 60 Hz the sampling frequency is 1.2 kHz or 2.4 kHz). Except for this, the two function blocks
are the same.

As an example, for 50 Hz, if the duration of the record is 1000 ms then one analog channel
needs about 7 kB and a binary channel needs 2 kB, Using the following formula the memory
size can be estimated:

Memory size of a record = (n*7 kB+ m*2 kB)*record duration(s)

Here n,m: are the number of analog and binary channels respectively.

During the operation of the function, the pre-fault signals are preserved for the time duration as
defined by the parameter “PreFault”.

The recording duration is limited by the parameter “Max Recording Time” but if the triggering
signal resets earlier, this section is shorter.

The post-fault signals are preserved for the time duration as defined by the parameter
“PostFault”.

During or after the running of the recording, the triggering condition must be reset for a new
recording procedure to start.

Format of recording
The records are stored in standard COMTRADE format.
• The configuration is defined by the file .cfg,
• The data are stored in the file .dat,
• Plain text comments can be written in the file .inf.

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Downloading and evaluating the disturbance records

The procedure for downloading the records is described in detail in the EuroProt+ manual
“Remote user interface description”, Chapter 4.7. The three files are zipped in a file .zip. This
procedure assures that the three component files (.cfg, .dat and .inf) are stored in the same
location.

The evaluation can be performed using any COMTRADE evaluator software. Protecta offers
the “srEval” software for this purpose. The application of this software is described in detail in
the “srEval manual”. This manual can be downloaded from the following Internet address:
http://www.softreal.hu/product/sreval_en.shtml.

Parameters
Enumerated parameters
Parameter name Title Selection range Default
Parameter for activation
DRE_Oper_EPar_ Operation Off, On Off
DRE_Resolution_EPar_ Resolution * 1/1.2kHz, 2/2.4kHz 1/1.2kHz
*only on the optional 2/2.4 kHz disturbance recorder function
Table 3-161 The enumerated parameter of the disturbance recorder functions

Timer parameters
Parameter name Title Unit Min Max Step Default
Pre-fault time:
DRE_PreFault_TPar_ PreFault msec 100 1000 1 200
Post-fault time:
DRE_PostFault_TPar_ PostFault msec 100 1000 1 200
Overall-fault time limit:
DRE_MaxFault_TPar_ Max Recording Time msec 500 10000 1 1000
Table 3-162 The timer parameters of the disturbance recorder functions
NOTE: The device goes automatically in “Warning” state and sends a warning message (see
below) if the sum of the pre-fault time and post-fault time is longer than the overall-fault time.
The corresponding message in the RDSP log file is: „Wrong DR settings. PreFault + PostFault
must be less than MaxFault. Check the parameters.”

Figure 3-21 Checking the warning message on the status/log page

Binary output status signals

Binary status signal Explanation
Output status of a graphic equation defined by the user to
DRE_Start_GrO_
start the disturbance recorder function.
Table 3-163 The binary input signal of the disturbance recorder functions

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The recording is performed if the function is enabled by the parameter setting AND the
triggering condition as defined by the user is “True” as well.

The function blocks

The two function blocks of the disturbance recorder function is shown below. The block shows
the binary input status signal, which serves the purpose of triggering the record. It is defined by
the user in the graphic equation editor.

Figure 3-22 Graphic representations of the disturbance recorder functions

The recorded signals

The analog and binary signals to be recorded are configured using the EuroCAP software tool
in the menu item “Software configuration/Disturbance recorder”. (The access level of the user
must be at least “Master”.) The application of this software is described in detail in the EuroCAP
manual.

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3.5 Event recorder

The events of the device and those of the protection functions are recorded with a time stamp
of 1 ms time resolution. This information with indication of the generating function can be
checked on the touch-screen of the device in the “Events” page, or using an Internet browser
of a connected computer.

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