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Power Electronics 3140915 Lab Manual

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Power Electronics 3140915 Lab Manual

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POWER ELECTRONICS

(3140915)
B.E. SEM – 4 ELECTRICAL

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, GANDHINAGAR, GUJARAT

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
A Laboratory Manual for

Power Electronics
(3140915)

B.E. Semester 4 (Electrical)

Government Engineering College, Bhuj

Directorate of Technical Education,

Gandhinagar, Gujarat
Government Engineering College, Bhuj

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ___________________________________

Enrollment No. _____________________ of B.E. Semester 4 Electrical
Engineering of this Institute (GTU Code: 015) has satisfactorily
completed the Practical / Tutorial work for the subject Power
Electronics (3140915) for the academic year 2020-21.

Place: __________

Date: __________

Name and Sign of Faculty member

Head of the Department

Power Electronics (3140915)

Preface

Main objective of any laboratory/practical/field work is for enhancing required skills

as well as creating ability amongst students to solve real time problem by developing
relevant competencies in psychomotor domain. By keeping in view, GTU has designed
competency focused outcome-based curriculum for engineering degree programs
where sufficient weightage is given to practical work. It shows importance of
enhancement of skills amongst the students and it pays attention to utilize every
second of time allotted for practical amongst students, instructors and faculty members
to achieve relevant outcomes by performing the experiments rather than having
merely study type experiments. It is must for effective implementation of competency
focused outcome-based curriculum that every practical is keenly designed to serve as
a tool to develop and enhance relevant competency required by the various industry
among every student. These psychomotor skills are very difficult to develop through
traditional chalk and board content delivery method in the classroom. Accordingly, this
lab manual is designed to focus on the industry defined relevant outcomes, rather than
old practice of conducting practical to prove concept and theory.

By using this lab manual students can go through the relevant theory and procedure in
advance before the actual performance which creates an interest and students can have
basic idea prior to performance. This in turn enhances pre-determined outcomes
amongst students. Each experiment in this manual begins with competency, industry
relevant skills, course outcomes as well as practical outcomes (objectives). The
students will also achieve safety and necessary precautions to be taken while
performing practical.

This manual also provides guidelines to faculty members to facilitate student centric
lab activities through each experiment by arranging and managing necessary resources
in order that the students follow the procedures with required safety and necessary
precautions to achieve the outcomes. It also gives an idea that how students will be
assessed by providing rubrics.

Power Electronics includes: Power electronics switches, Rectifiers, inverters, DC-DC

converters, AC voltage controllers and other miscellaneous converters.

Utmost care has been taken while preparing this lab manual. However, there is always
chance of improvement. We welcome constructive suggestions for improvement and
removal of errors if any.
Power Electronics (3140915)

Practical – Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs):

Describe construction, characteristics & operation and protection of power switching
C213.1
devices.
C213.2 Analyze the performance of DC-DC converters for various applications.
C213.3 Analyze the performance of DC-AC converters for various applications.
C213.4 Analyze the performance of AC-DC converters for various applications.
C213.5 Analyze the performance of AC-AC converters for various applications.
Sr. CO CO CO CO CO
Objective(s) of Experiment
No. 1 2 3 4 5
To demonstrate transfer and output
1. Y
characteristics of Power MOSFET, IGBT and SCR.
2. To demonstrate R, RC and UJT triggering of SCR Y
To demonstrate duty ratio control for regulating
3. the output voltage of DC-DC Buck, Boost and Buck- Y
Boost converter.
To demonstrate the DC-DC flyback and forward
4. Y
converter.
To demonstrate performance of unipolar and
5. Y
bipolar single-phase inverter.
To demonstrate performance of 120-degree mode
6. and 180-degree mode 3-phase inverter with Y- Y
connected resistive load.
To demonstrate performance of single-phase half-
7. wave and full-wave AC-DC converter with R and Y
RL load.
To demonstrate performance of three-phase half-
8. wave and full-wave AC-DC converter with R and Y
RL load.
To demonstrate performance of single-phase AC
9. voltage controller with phase voltage control and Y
integral cycle control.
To demonstrate performance of midpoint type
10. Y
cyclo-converter.
Power Electronics (3140915)

Industry Relevant Skills

The following industry relevant competency are expected to be developed in the student
by undertaking the practical work of this laboratory.
1. Design and analyze power electronic circuit for a given application.
2. Develop a good insight about the modelling and control of power electronic
converters.
3. Examine the benefits of soft-switching in power electronics converters.
4. Communicate technical information in a concise and precise fashion in a technical
report.

Guidelines for Faculty members

1. Teacher should provide the guideline with demonstration of practical to the
students with all features.
2. Teacher shall explain basic concepts/theory related to the experiment to the
students before starting of each practical
3. Involve all the students in performance of each experiment.
4. Teacher is expected to share the skills and competencies to be developed in the
students and ensure that the respective skills and competencies are developed in
the students after the completion of the experimentation.
5. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands-on experience after the
demonstration.
6. Teacher may provide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though
not covered in the manual but are expected from the students by concerned
industry.
7. Give practical assignment and assess the performance of students based on task
assigned to check whether it is as per the instructions or not.
8. Teacher is expected to refer complete curriculum of the course and follow the
guidelines for implementation.

Instructions for Students

1. Students are expected to carefully listen to all the theory classes delivered by the
faculty members and understand the COs, content of the course, teaching and
examination scheme, skill set to be developed etc.
2. Students shall organize the work in the group and make record of all observations.
3. Students shall develop maintenance skill as expected by industries.
4. Student shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and build confidence.
5. Student shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc.
apart from those included in scope of manual.
6. Student shall refer technical magazines and data books.
7. Student should develop a habit of submitting the experimentation work as per the
schedule and s/he should be well prepared for the same.
Index
(Progressive Assessment Sheet)

Sign. of
Sr. Page Date of Date of Assessment Teacher
No. Objective(s) of Experiment No. performance submission Marks with
Remarks
date
To demonstrate transfer and
1 output characteristics of Power
MOSFET, IGBT and SCR.
To demonstrate R, RC and UJT
2
triggering of SCR
To demonstrate duty ratio
control for regulating the
3 output voltage of DC-DC Buck,
Boost and Buck-Boost
converter.
To demonstrate the DC-DC
4
flyback and forward converter.
To demonstrate performance
5 of unipolar and bipolar single-
phase inverter.
To demonstrate performance
of 120-degree mode and 180-
6 degree mode 3-phase inverter
with Y-connected resistive
load.
To demonstrate performance
of single-phase half-wave and
7
full-wave AC-DC converter
with R and RL load.
To demonstrate performance
of three-phase half-wave and
8
full-wave AC-DC converter
with R and RL load.
To demonstrate performance
of single-phase AC voltage
9 controller with phase voltage
control and integral cycle
control.
To demonstrate performance
10 of midpoint type cyclo-
converter.
Total

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 4

Vision of DTE

1. To provide globally competitive technical education;

2. Remove geographical imbalances and inconsistencies;
3. Develop student friendly resources with a special focus on girls’ education and
support to weaker sections;
4. Develop programs relevant to industry and create a vibrant pool of technical
professionals.

Vision & Mission of Institute

Vision
To optimize perseverance, quality and ethics in the technical education and research as
can groom the learners into the owners of global trends in engineering.

Mission
1. To facilitate the learners with fundamental and advanced technical knowledge in
theory and practice
2. To facilitate the learning with concerned industrial exposure to the obtaining
technology
3. To help the learners acquire professional ethics, acumen and zeal for research and
entrepreneurship

Core Values
Our core values are quality, equality, morality, environmental sustainability, energy
saving and strong commitment to the cause of technical education and services. We
believe and put efforts towards:
• Equitable and harmonious growth of students, staff, society, industry.
● Quality services and education to train students enlightened with vision to be
committed citizen with strong civic sense and high moral standards having concern
for local and global values.
Vision & Mission of Department
Vision
To empower Electrical Engineers with technical expertise, social responsibility and
adaptability to vibrant industries.
Mission
1. To provide sound fundamental knowledge and skill of electrical engineering field.
2. To provide platform for higher study, entrepreneurship and placement.
3. To produce Electrical Engineers with an attitude to adapt themselves to changing
technological environment.
4. To create lifelong learning environment in department.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 5

Program Outcomes as defined by NBA (PO)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of
data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations,
and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 6

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

The Electrical Engineering Department of Government Engineering College, Bhuj

is committed to shape the students into exceptional professionals in the field of Electrical
Engineering who will apply their knowledge for the benefit of the nation and society.
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) are broad statements which describes the
professionals’ goals that our graduates are expected to achieve within few years after
graduation.
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) of the Electrical Engineering program are
as under:
Within 4-5 years after Graduation, the Student will be able:
PEO1: To implant a strong foundation in the Electrical Engineering fundamentals to
solve and analyze the Electrical Engineering problems.
PEO2: To produce graduates who are well placed in the field of Electrical Engineering and
contributing towards nation development.
PEO3: Building a professional culture within the department community that embodies
the ethics and honesty.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSO)

PSO 1: Graduates will be able to demonstrate fundamental knowledge of Electrical Power

system, Electrical Machines, Power Electronics using appropriate concepts.
PSO 2: Graduates will be able to design Electrical Machines, Transmission lines and
Power apparatus.
PSO 3: Graduates will be able to develop support system based on renewable and
sustainable energy sources.

Course Outcome (COs):

After learning the course, the students should be able to:

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 7

Experiment No: 01

To demonstrate transfer and output characteristics of Power MOSFET,

IGBT and SCR

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

1) Students will be able to understand basics of MOSFET, IGBT and SCR such as
construction and characteristics.
2) Students will be able to learn how to work with electronics circuit kits.

Relevant CO:
CO-1 Describe construction, characteristics & operation and protection of power
switching devices.

Equipment/Instruments: Experiment Kit

Objective: To Study Output characteristics and transfer characteristics of Power

MOSFET.

Theory: The construction and symbol of N channel MOSFET is shown in fig (a).

Figure (a)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 8

Circuit diagram: The basic circuit diagram for n-channel power MOSFET is shown in
Fig(b), where voltages and currents are as indicated.

Figure (b)
(a) Transfer characteristics: This characteristic shows the variation of drain
current ID as a function of gate-source voltage V0. Fig (c) shows typical transfer
characteristic for n-channel power MOSFET. It is seen that there is threshold
voltage VGST below which the device is off. The magnitude of VGST is of the order of 2
to 3 V.

Figure (c)

(b) Output characteristics: Power MOSFET output characteristics shown in Fig (d)
indicate the variation of drain current ID as a function of drain-source voltage VGS as
a parameter. For low values of VDS, the graph between ID−VDS is almost linear; this
indicates a constant value of on-resistance RDS=VDS/ID. For given VGS, if VDS is
increased, output characteristic is relatively flat indicating that drain current is
nearly constant.

Figure (d)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 9

Procedure:

A) The transfer characteristic of MOSFET.

• Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram in MATLAB-SIMULINK or as per the
experiment kit available.
• Run the Simulink model or run the experiment kit after suggested settings.
• Take readings as per the observation table.
• Draw graph if required and carry out required calculations.
• Observe the graph/calculation and conclude the findings based on your observation.

B) The output characteristic of MOSFET.

Observations:

VGS (Volt) VDD (Volt) VDS (Volt) ID (mA)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 10

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 11
Objective: To Study Output characteristics and transfer characteristics of Power IGBT.

Theory: The construction and symbol of IGBT is shown in fig (a).

Figure (a)

Circuit diagram: The basic circuit diagram for IGBT is shown in Fig(b), where voltages
and currents are as indicated.

Figure (b)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 12

(a) Transfer characteristics: This characteristic shows the variation of collector
current IC as a function of Gate-Emitter voltage VGE. Fig (c) shows typical transfer
characteristic for power IGBT. It is seen that there is threshold voltage VGETh below
which the device is off. The magnitude of VGETh is of the order of 3 to 4 V.

Figure (c)

(b) Output characteristics: IGBT output characteristics shown in Fig (d) indicate the
variation of collector current IC as a function of collector-emitter voltage VCE as a
parameter. For low values of VCE, the graph between IC− VCE is almost linear; this
indicates a constant value of on-resistance RCE = VCE/IC. For given VGE, if VCE is
increased, output characteristic is relatively flat indicating that collector current is
nearly constant.

Figure (d)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 13

Procedure:

A) The transfer characteristic of MOSFET.

B) The output characteristic of MOSFET.

Observations:

VGE (Volt) VCC (Volt) VCE (Volt) IC (mA)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 14

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 15
Objective: To Study the V-I characteristic of SCR.

Theory:
The construction and symbol of SCR is shown in fig (a). SCR works in three modes:
(1) Forward blocking mode, (2) Forward conducting mode and (3) Reverse blocking
mode.
a) Forward blocking mode: When anode is positive w.r.t cathode and the gate circuit is
open the SCR is forward biased. A small forward leakage current flow. If the voltage is
increased the break down occurs at a voltage called forward break-over voltage VBO,
SCR offers high input therefore it is treated as open, The SCR is in OFF state.
b) Forward conducting mode: In this mode the conduction takes place from anode to
cathode with the gate pulse is applied between gate and cathode, the SCR is turned
ON. This is the ON state in which it behaves as a closed switch. The voltage drop across
the device is due to resistive drop in the four layers.
c) Reverse blocking mode: When cathode is positive with respect to anode with gate
terminal open the device is in reverse blocking mode. This is the OFF state. If the
reverse voltage is increased, the brake down occurs at VBR (brake down voltage). The
reverse current increases causing avalanche The SCR is treated as open switch – OFF
state.

Figure (a)

Circuit diagram: The basic circuit diagram for SCR is shown in Fig(b), where voltages
and currents are as indicated. And VI characteristics of SCR is shown in Fig(c).

Figure (b)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 16

Figure (c)

Procedure:
• Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram in MATLAB-SIMULINK or as per the
experiment kit available.
• Run the Simulink model or run the experiment kit after suggested settings.
• Take readings as per the observation table.
• Draw graph if required and carry out required calculations.
• Observe the graph/calculation and conclude the findings based on your observation.

Observations:

Operating IG (mA) VA (Volt) VAK (Volt) IA (mA)

Mode
Reverse
blocking mode

Forward
blocking mode

Forward
conducting
mode

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 17

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 18
Conclusion:

Quiz:

1. Mentions the real-world application of SCR, MOSFET and IGBT.

2. Power MOSFET is voltage-controlled device. WHY?

3. Define holding current, latching current, on state resistance and breakdown voltage
in case of SCR.
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GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 19

4. Compare MOSFET and IGBT.

Suggested Reference:
1. M. H. Rashid, “Power electronics: circuits, devices, and applications”, Pearson
Education India, 2009.
2. N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, W.M. Robbins, “Power Electronics: Converters, Applications
and Design”, Wiley India Edition, 2007.
3. R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, “Fundamentals of Power Electronics”, Springer
Science & Business Media, 2007.
4. P.S. Bimbhra, “Power Electronics”, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2012.
5. L. Umanand, “Power Electronics: Essentials and Applications”, Wiley India, 2009.

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Total
No. (3 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks)
Rubrics Building a Data Communication Results Report
model and Recording/ & Team work and Writing
performance Observation Conclusion
Marks

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 20

Experiment No: 02

To demonstrate R, RC and UJT triggering of SCR

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

1) Students will be able to explain operating principle of R, RC and UJT triggering circuit.
2) Students will be able to model R, RC and UJT triggering converter circuit in MATLAB.
3) Students will be able to work with experimental kits/ hardware.
4) Students will be able to analyze the performance of R, RC and UJT triggering with
loading condition.

Relevant CO:
CO-1 Describe construction, characteristics & operation and protection of power
switching devices.

Objective: To study R, RC and UJT triggering circuit of an SCR.

Equipment/Instruments: MATLAB Software / Experiment Kit

Theory:

1. RESISTANCE TRIGGERING:
Resistance triggering circuits are most economical and simplest but the triggering
angle in this circuit can’t be achieved beyond 90° and this is the main disadvantage of this
circuit. Resistance triggering circuit is shown in the fig. (a). In this circuit R1 is variable
resistance and R2 is stabilizing resistance. In case R1 is zero, gate current may flow from
source, through load, R1, D1 and gate to cathode. This current should not turn on the
thyristor unnecessarily, so it should not exceed maximum permissible gate current Igm.
So, R1 needs to obey the following relation,

Figure (a)

When thyristor is not triggered:

The potentiometer setting R1 determines the gate voltage amplitude. When R1 is
kept in its highest position current ‘i’ is small and voltage across R2, i.e. Vg=i×R2 is also
small as shown in the fig. (b), which is not sufficient to turn on the thyristor that means
Vgp (peak of gate voltage Vg) is less than Vgt (minimum gate trigger voltage), so thyristor
will not turn on. Therefore, load voltage and current are zero and supply voltage Vs

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 21

appears as VT across the thyristor. This is a purely resistive circuit so Vg is always in phase
with Vs.

When thyristor is triggered at triggering angle = 90°:

To trigger the thyristor at 90° angle, R1 is adjusted such that Vgp=Vgt. This gives
the firing angle 90° as shown in the fig (b). The output current and voltage waveforms
will be in same phase due to the purely resistive circuit.

When thyristor is triggered at triggering angle < 90

To trigger the thyristor at < 90° angle Vgp should be greater than Vgt. As soon as
Vg becomes equal to Vgt for the first-time thyristor is turned on and Vgis reduced to
almost zero (about 1v). The waveforms for this stage are shown in the following fig (b).

Figure (b)

2. R-C TRIGGERING:

Figure (c)

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In RC triggering circuit by varying the resistance R, firing angle can be controlled from
0° to 180°. RC triggering circuit of SCR is shown in fig (c). In the negative half cycle,
capacitor C charges through D2 with lower plate positive to the peak supply voltage Vm
at wt = -90°. After wt = 90°, source voltage Vs decreases from –Vm at wt = - 90° to zero at
wt = 0°. During this period, capacitor voltage Vc may fall from –Vm at wt = -90° to some
lower value –oa at wt = 0° as shown in the fig (d). Now as SCR anode voltage passes
through zero and becomes positive, C begins to charge through variable resistance R from
the initial voltage –oa. When capacitor charges to positive voltage equal to gate trigger
voltage Vgt, SCR is fired and after this, capacitor holds to a small positive voltage, diode
D1 is used to prevent the breakdown of cathode to gate junction through D2 during
negative half cycle. From the figure we can examine that firing angle can never be
zero and 180°.

When thyristor is not triggered:

The value of resistance Rv is so small that the time constant (=RvC) is so small but
the capacitor plates can’t be fully charged in such small or ‘No Time’ and hence the
thyristor is not triggered. We won’t get any output load voltage waveform.

When thyristor is triggered at triggering angle < 180° with lower value of R:
To trigger the thyristor at < 180° angle, the adjustable resistance is adjusted such
that Vgp is greater than Vgt. As soon as Vgp becomes equal to Vgt for the first-time
thyristor is turned on. the value of R is not very high and hence lower time constant with
faster triggering. The output load waveforms are shown in the second figure of the
theoretical waveforms.

When thyristor is triggered at triggering angle < 180° with higher value of R:
To trigger the thyristor at < 180° angle, the adjustable resistance is adjusted such
that Vgp is greater than Vgt. As soon as Vgp becomes equal to Vgt for the first-time
thyristor is turned on. The value of R is very high and due to large time constant, the
thyristor gets triggered lately as compared to the previous case. The output load
waveforms are shown in the first figure of the theoretical waveforms.

Figure (d)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 23

3. UJT TRIGGERING
A synchronized UJT triggered circuit using an UJT is shown in the fig (e). Diodes
‘D1’ to ‘D4’ rectify ac to dc. Resistor Rs lowers Vdc to a suitable value for the zener diode
and UJT. Zener diode ‘DZ’ functions to clip the rectified voltage to a standard level, ‘Vz’
which remains constant except near the Vdc zero. The voltage Vz is applied to the charging
circuit RC. Current ‘I’, charges capacitor ‘c’ at a rate determined by ‘R’ voltage across
capacitor is marked by ‘Vc’ as shown. When ‘Vc’ reaches the unijunction threshold voltage
Vz, the t-B1 junction of UJT breaks down and the capacitor ‘c’ discharges through the
primary of pulse transformer.
As the current ‘i2’ is in the form of pulse, windings of the pulse transformer have
pulse voltages at their secondary terminals. Pulse at the two secondary windings feeds
the same in phase pulse to two SCRs of a full wave circuits. SCR with positive anode
voltage would turn ON. As soon as the capacitor discharges, it starts to recharge as shown.
Rate of rise of capacitor voltage can be controlled by varying ‘R’. The firing angle can be
controlled up to above 150°. This method of controlling the output power by varying the
charging resistor ‘R’ is called ramp control, open loop control (or) manual control.

Figure (e)

Figure (f)

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OBSERVATION TABLE FOR R FIRING: -

Sr. No. Vin (rms) α (Firing Angle) Vo (Measured)
1
2
3
4
5

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR RC FIRING: -

Sr. No. Vin (rms) α (Firing Angle) Vo (Measured)
1
2
3
4
5
6

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR UJT FIRING: -

Sr. No. Vin (rms) α (Firing Angle) Vo (Measured)
1
2
3
4
5
6

Quiz:

1. Elaborate the advantage of RC -firing circuit over R-firing circuit

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 25

2. Write applications of R and RC firing circuit.

3. What values of R and RC components in R and RC firing circuit can be used?

Suggested Reference:

1. M. H. Rashid, “Power electronics: circuits, devices, and applications”, Pearson

Education India, 2009.
2. N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, W.M. Robbins, “Power Electronics: Converters, Applications
and Design”, Wiley India Edition, 2007.
3. R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, “Fundamentals of Power Electronics”, Springer
Science & Business Media, 2007.
4. P.S. Bimbhra, “Power Electronics”, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2012..
5. L. Umanand, “Power Electronics: Essentials and Applications”, Wiley India, 2009.

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 26

Experiment No: 03

To demonstrate duty ratio control for regulating the output voltage of

DC-DC Buck, Boost and Buck-Boost converter.

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

1) Students will be able to develop a Simulink model of DC-DC Buck, Boost and Buck-
Boost converter.
2) Students will be able to work with experimental kit/ hardware.
3) Students will be able to compare various DC-DC converters.

Relevant CO:
CO-2 Analyze the performance of DC-DC converters for various applications.

Objective: To Study and demonstrate (using simulation platform like PSIM

Simulink/Experiment Kit) DC-DC Buck, Boost and Buck-Boost converter circuit.
.
Equipment/Instruments: PSIM Software / Experiment Kit

Theory:

1) Buck Converter
Buck Converter is a type of chopper circuit that is designed to perform step-down
conversion of the applied dc input signal. It is sometimes called Step-down DC to DC
Converter or Step-down Chopper or Buck Regulator. Fig (a) shows circuit diagram of
buck converter.

Figure (a)

The whole operation of the circuit takes place in two modes.

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MODE 1: Switch S1 is closed.
When Switch S1 is closed, current flows in the circuit in the manner shown above.
Due to this flowing current, the inductor in the path stores energy in the form of a
magnetic field. Also, there is a capacitor in the circuit and current flows through it also,
therefore, it will store the charge and the voltage across it will appear across the load.

MODE 2: Switch S1 is open

The inductor in the circuit will store the energy so, once S1 will get open the
inductor in the circuit will start acting as the source and releases its energy which is
stored in the previous mode of operation. The polarity of the inductor will get reversed
therefore this causes the freewheeling diode to come in a forward-biased state which was
earlier present in a reverse-biased state due to the applied dc input. This flow of current
will take place till the time the stored energy within the inductor gets completely
collapsed. As once the inductor gets completely discharged, the diode comes in reverse
biased condition leading to cause opening of switch S2, and instantly switch S1 will get
closed and the cycle continues.

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

Sr. Parameters
Elements
No. Name of Parameters Value of Parameters
1 Input DC Source VDC Amplitude = 50 V
2 Load R Resistance = 5 ohm
Capacitance = 47 uF
3 Filter Capacitor C
Initial capacitor voltage = 0 V
4 Filter Inductor L Inductance = 1 mH
Switching Frequency (f) = 20 kHz
5 Gate Gate No of Points = 2
Points = 0 180 (Duty Cycle = 50%)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 28

Vk
60
40
20
0

I(L)
5.33333
5.06667
4.8
4.53333
I(D)
6
4
2
0

I(K)
6
4
2
0

Vin
60
40
20
0

Vo
25.04
25
24.96
0.008 0.0081 0.0082 0.0083 0.0084
Time (s)

2) Boost Converter
Boost Converters sometimes, also known as step-up choppers are the type of chopper
circuits that provides such an output voltage that is more than the supplied input voltage.
Fig (b) shows circuit diagram of boost converter.

Figure (b)

The whole operation of the circuit takes place in two modes.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 29

MODE 1: Switch S is closed.
In this mode of operation, switch S is in closed condition i.e. ON state, and diode D
is in open condition i.e. OFF state. Thus, switch S allows the flow of current through it. All
the current will flow through the closed path including inductor L, switch S, and back to
the dc input source. Inductor L, stores the energy in the form of a magnetic field.

MODE 2: Switch S1 is open

In this mode of operation, switch S is in open condition i.e. OFF state. Due to stored
energy in inductor, it acts as the source and the polarity of the inductor gets reversed
which causes the diode D to come in forward biased condition. Inductor release its stored
energy and it ultimately dissipated in the load resistance which helps to maintain the flow
of current in the same direction through the load and also steps up the output voltage.
The current through the inductor is of decreasing nature and will die out after the point
in time.

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

Sr. Parameters
Elements
No. Name of Parameters Value of Parameters
1 Input DC Source Vdc Amplitude = 10 V
2 Load R Resistance = 5 ohm
Capacitance = 5 mF
3 Filter Capacitor C
Initial capacitor voltage = 0 V
4 Filter Inductor L Inductance = 1 mH
Switching Frequency (f) = 500 Hz
5 Gate Gate No of Points = 2
Points = 0 270 (Duty Cycle = 75%)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 30

Vk
40
20
0

I(L)

40
30
20
I(MOS)
40
20
0

I(D)
40
20
0

Vs
15
10
5
0
Vo
42
40.8333
39.6667
38.5
0.2 0.202 0.204 0.206 0.208 0.21
Time (s)

3) Buck-Boost Converter
The buck–boost converter is a type of DC-to-DC converter (also known as a chopper)
that has an output voltage magnitude that is either greater than or less than the input
voltage magnitude. Fig (c) shows circuit diagram of buck-boost converter.

Figure (c)

The whole operation of the circuit takes place in two modes.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 31

MODE 1: Switch S is closed.
When the switch is ON all the current will flow through the switch and the inductor
and back to the DC input source. Diode D is reverse biased condition i.e. OFF state.
Inductor L, stores the energy in the form of a magnetic field. And output capacitor
maintain the output voltage constant.

MODE 2: Switch S1 is open

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

Parameters
Sr.
Elements Name of
No. Value of Parameters
Parameters
1 Input DC Source Vdc Amplitude = 12 V
2 Load R Resistance = 3.2 ohm
Capacitance = 220 uF
3 Filter Capacitor C
Initial capacitor voltage = 0 V
4 Filter Inductor L Inductance =150 uF
Switching Frequency (f) = 25 kHz
No of Points = 2
Points = 0 90 – for Buck Conversion
5 Gate Gate
(Duty Cycle = 25%)
Points = 0 270 – For Boost conversion
(Duty Cycle = 75%)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 32

For Buck Conversion
Vk
20

1.6

1.2
0.8

Id
2
1

0
Vo
-3.26667
-3.28
-3.29333
-3.30667

1 1.0001 1.0002 1.0003 1.0004 1.0005

Time (s)

For Boost Conversion

20
0

45
44
43

40
20
0

12
8
4
0
Vo
-34
-35
-36

1 1.0001 1.0002 1.0003 1.0004 1.0005

Time (s)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 33

Procedure:

• Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram in MATLAB-SIMULINK or as per the

experiment kit available.
• Run the Simulink model or run the experiment kit after suggested settings.
• Take readings as per the observation table.
• Draw graph if required and carry out required calculations.
• Observe the graph/calculation and conclude the findings based on your observation.

Observations:

Buck Converter

Sr. Supply Voltage Duty cycle Theoretical result Practical Result

No. Vs (Volt) K (%) Output Voltage (Volt) Output Voltage
Vo = K × Vs (Volt)
1
2
3

Boost Converter

Sr. Supply Voltage Duty cycle Theoretical result Practical Result

No. Vs (Volt) K Output Voltage (Volt) Output Voltage
Vo = Vs / (1-K) (Volt)
1
2
3

Buck-boost Converter

Sr. Supply Voltage Duty cycle Theoretical result Practical Result

No. Vs (Volt) K Output Voltage (Volt) Output Voltage
Vo = - Vs × (K/(1-K)) (Volt)
1
2
3

Conclusion:
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GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 34

Quiz:

1. Which switch you will prefer as an engineering student for chopper circuit and why?
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2. What are the applications of chopper?
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is Duty cycle?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Suggested Reference:
1) M. H. Rashid, “Power electronics: circuits, devices, and applications”, Pearson
Education India, 2009.
2) N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, W.M. Robbins, “Power Electronics: Converters, Applications
and Design”, Wiley India Edition, 2007.
3) R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, “Fundamentals of Power Electronics”, Springer
Science & Business Media, 2007.
4) P.S. Bimbhra, “Power Electronics”, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2012..
5) L. Umanand, “Power Electronics: Essentials and Applications”, Wiley India, 2009.

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 35

Experiment No: 04

To demonstrate the DC-DC flyback and forward converter

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

1) Students will be able to develop a Simulink model of DC-DC flyback and forward
converter.
2) Students will be able to work with experimental kit/ hardware.
3) Students will be able to compare various DC-DC converters.

Relevant CO:
CO-2 Analyze the performance of DC-DC converters for various applications.

Objective: To Study and demonstrate (using simulation platform like PSIM

Simulink/Experiment Kit) DC-DC flyback and forward converter circuit.
.
Equipment/Instruments: PSIM Software / Experiment Kit

Theory:

1) Flyback Converter
The flyback converter is used in both AC/DC, and DC/DC conversion with galvanic
isolation between the input and any outputs. The flyback converter is a buck-boost
converter with the inductor split to form a transformer, so that the voltage ratios are
multiplied with an additional advantage of isolation. Fig (a) shows circuit diagram of
flyback converter.

Figure (a)

Figure (b)

The whole operation of the circuit takes place in two modes as shown in fig (b).

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 36

MODE 1: Switch S is closed.
When the switch is closed (top of Fig. 2), the primary of the transformer is directly
connected to the input voltage source. The primary current and magnetic flux in the
transformer increases, storing energy in the transformer. The voltage induced in the
secondary winding is negative, so the diode is reverse-biased (i.e., blocked). The output
capacitor supplies energy to the output load.

MODE 2: Switch S is open

When the switch is opened (bottom of Fig. 2), the primary current and magnetic
flux drops. The secondary voltage is positive, forward-biasing the diode, allowing current
to flow from the transformer. The energy from the transformer core recharges the
capacitor and supplies the load. This flow of current will take place till the time the stored
energy within the transformer core gets completely collapsed.

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

Flyback converter with discontinuous mode of conduction

Parameters
Sr.
Elements Name of
No. Value of Parameters
Parameters
1 DC Source Vdc Amplitude = 100 V
2 Load RL Resistance = 5 Ω
Filter Capacitance = 70 µF,
3 C
Capacitor Initial capacitor voltage = 10 Volt
Primary resistance (RP) = 0.001 Ω
Secondary resistance (RS) = 0.001 Ω
Primary leakage inductance (LP) = 0.0001H
4 Transformer T1 secondary leakage inductance (LS) = 0.000001H
Magnetizing inductance (LM) = 0.0001H
Primary turns (NP) = 100
Secondary turns (NS) = 8
Switching Frequency (f) = 100 kHz
5 Gate Q No of Points = 2
Points = 0 240

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 37

Fly back converter with discontinuous mode of conduction

Flyback converter with continuous mode of conduction

Parameters
Sr.
Elements Name of
No. Value of Parameters
Parameters
Input DC
1 Vdc Amplitude = 100 V
Source
2 Load RL Resistance = 5 Ω
Filter Capacitance = 70µF,
3 C
Capacitor Initial capacitor voltage = 10 Volt
Primary resistance (RP) = 0.001 Ω
Secondary resistance (RS) = 0.001 Ω
Primary leakage inductance (LP) = 0.0001H
4 Transformer T1 secondary leakage inductance (LS) = 0.0001 H
Magnetizing inductance (LM) = 0.0025 H
Primary turns (NP) = 100
Secondary turns (NS) = 8
Switching Frequency (f) = 100 kHz
5 Gate Q No of Points = 2
Points = 0 240

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 38

Fly back converter with continuous mode of conduction

2) Forward Converter
Basically, when a transformer is inserted at the middle of a buck converter, a forward
converter is produced. The transformer isolates the source side from the load side and
mostly has a unity turns ratio. Fig (a) shows circuit diagram of forward converter.

Figure (a)

The whole operation of the circuit takes place in two modes as shown in fig (b).

MODE 1: Switch is closed.

When switch Q is turn on, the current flows through the transformer primary, and
the induced voltage is produced on the secondary side. In this situation, the diode D1 will

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 39

be in forwarding bias, and the energy is stored in the inductor (inductor charging), and
the required current for load is supplied, as shown in the part a of fig. (b). The diode D2
is turned off at this stage, and there is no current in the parallel diode.

Figure (b)

MODE 2: Switch is open

In this step, the switch Q and diode D1 are off, and the energy stored in the
inductor L1 is discharged to the circuit as shown in part b of Fig. (b). Due to stored energy
in inductor, it acts as the source and the polarity of the inductor gets reversed which
causes the diode D2 to come in forward biased condition. Inductor release its stored
energy and it ultimately dissipated in the load resistance which helps to maintain the flow
of current in the same direction through the load and also steps up the output voltage.

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 40

Parameters
Sr. Name of
Elements
No. Parameter Value of Parameters
s
Input DC
1 Vdc Amplitude = 100 V
Source
2 Load RL Resistance = 5 Ω
Capacitance = 100µF,
Filter C
3 Initial capacitor voltage = 10 Volt
Circuit
L Inductance = 100mH
Primary winding resistance (RP) = 0.0001 Ω
Secondary winding resistance (RS) = 0.0001 Ω
Tertiary winding resistance (RT) = 0.0001 Ω
Primary winding leakage inductance (LP) = 1e-9 H
Transforme Secondary winding leakage inductance (LS) = 1e-9 H
4 T1
r Tertiary winding leakage inductance (LT) = 1e-9 H
Magnetizing inductance (LM) = 0.005 H
Primary turns (NP) = 5
Secondary turns (NS) = 10
Tertiary winding turns (NT) = 10
Switching Frequency (f) = 50 kHz
5 Gate G1 No of Points = 2
Points = 0 120

Vp
100
0
-100
Vs
48
0
-48
Vq
200
100
0

Ip
2
1
0

Is
4
2
0

I(L)

3.334
3.332

Vo
16.66548
16.66544
16.6654
0.1999 0.19992 0.19994 0.19996 0.19998 0.2
Time (s)

Waveform of forward converter

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 41

Procedure:

• Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram in MATLAB-SIMULINK or as per the

Quiz:

1. What is the power limit of a flyback converter? What is the maximum duty cycle of a
flyback converter?
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2. Is forward converter buck or boost?
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3. What is the difference between flyback and forward converter?
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 42

Suggested Reference:

1) M. H. Rashid, “Power electronics: circuits, devices, and applications”, Pearson

Education India, 2009.
2) N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, W.M. Robbins, “Power Electronics: Converters, Applications
and Design”, Wiley India Edition, 2007.
3) R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, “Fundamentals of Power Electronics”, Springer
Science & Business Media, 2007.
4) P.S. Bimbhra, “Power Electronics”, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2012..
5) L. Umanand, “Power Electronics: Essentials and Applications”, Wiley India, 2009.

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 43

Experiment No: 05

To demonstrate performance of unipolar and bipolar single-phase

inverter

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

1) Students will be able to develop a Simulink model of single-phase H-bridge inverter
circuit.
2) Students will be able to work with experimental kits/ hardware.
3) Students will be able to compare various dc-ac converters.

Relevant CO:
CO-3 Analyze the performance of DC-AC converters for various applications

Objective: To demonstrate performance of single-phase inverter. (using simulation

platform like MATLAB-Simulink/Experiment Kit)

Equipment/Instruments: MATLAB Software / Experiment Kit

Theory:
The basic inverter circuits perform the task of converting DC input power to AC
output power. Inverter can be widely classified based on many parameters but
considering one of them based on the arrangement of the power electronic switches are
– Half Bridge Inverter and Full bridge inverter. A Full bridge inverter has two legs
consisting of two semiconductor switches in each of them with the load connected at the
center points of the two legs.

Figure (a)

As seen in Fig (a) 1 four semiconductor switches S1, S2, S3, S4 are arranged with
the load connected at the midpoints of the two legs hence forming the letter H, so is the
name H-Bridge inverter. Feedback diodes are provided for all the switches. DC source Vs
is supplied to H-Bridge. The switches S1, S2, S3, S4 can be switched in three different
sequences
• When S1 and S2 are turned on +Vd is obtained at the output
• When S3 and S4 are turned on –Vd is obtained at the output
• When S1 and S4 or S2 and S3 are turned on together zero voltage is obtained at
the output

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 44

In SPWM (Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation) two signals are compared. The
Modulating reference signal is sinusoidal and the carrier wave is triangular. Gating pulses
are produce by comparing the two signals and the width of each pulse is varied is
proportion to the amplitude of the sine wave. The frequency of the reference signal
determines the inverter output frequency and the reference peak amplitude controls the
modulation index and the RMS value of the output voltage.

1) BIPOLAR PWM INVERTER

The upper and the lower switches in the same inverter leg work in a
complementary manner with one switch turned on and other turned off. Thus, we need
to consider only two independent gating signals Vg1 and Vg3 which are generated by
comparing sinusoidal modulating wave Vm and triangular carrier wave Vcr. The inverter
terminal voltages are obtained denoted by VAN and VBN and the inverter output voltage
VAB = VAN - VBN. Since the waveform of VAB switches between positive and negative dc
voltages this scheme is called bipolar PWM.

Waveforms of Bipolar Modulation Scheme

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

The carrier frequency is 11Hz and the reference wave frequency is 1Hz. The
modulation index can be varied by changing the amplitude of sinusoidal modulating
wave. The waveforms are for modulation index of 1.0. Supply Voltage Vd = 5 Volt.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 45

Simulink Model of Bipolar Inverter

Bipolar PWM Waveforms, Gating Signals and Output Voltage

FFT Analysis of Bipolar Inverter with Modulation Index 1.0 (Without Filter Circuit)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 46

FFT Analysis of Bipolar Inverter with Modulation Index 1.2 (Without Filter Circuit)

2) UNIPOLAR PWM INVERTER

The unipolar modulation normally requires two sinusoidal modulating waves Vm
and -Vm which are of same magnitude and frequency but 180° out of phase. The two
modulating waves are compared with a common triangular carrier wave Vcr generating
two gating signals Vg1 and Vg3 for the upper two switches S1 and S3. It can be observed
that the upper two devices do not switch simultaneously, which is distinguished from the
bipolar PWM where all the four devices are switched at the same time. The inverter
output voltage switches between either between zero and +Vd during positive half cycle
or between zero and –Vd during negative half cycle of the fundamental frequency thus
this scheme is called unipolar modulation. The unipolar switched inverter offers reduced
switching losses and generates less EMI. On efficiency grounds, it appears that the
unipolar switched inverter has an advantage.

Waveforms of Unipolar Modulation Scheme

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 47

Overmodulation occurs when amplitude modulation index (ma) is greater than
unity. It causes a reduction in number of pulses in the line-to-line voltage waveform
leading to emergence of lower order harmonics. Moreover, the notch and pulse widths
near the center of positive and negative half cycle tend to vanish. To complete the
switching operations of the device, minimum notch and pulse widths must be maintained.
When minimum width notches and pulses are dropped, there will be some transient jump
of load current.

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

Simulink Model of Unipolar PWM Inverter

Unipolar PWM Waveforms, Gating Signals and Output Voltage

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 48

FFT Analysis of Unipolar Inverter with Modulation Index 1.0 (Without Filter Circuit)

FFT Analysis of Unipolar Inverter with Modulation Index 1.2 (Without Filter Circuit)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 49

Quiz:

1) Which switch you will prefer as an engineering student for H-bridge inverter circuit.
Why?
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2) What are the applications of H-bridge inverter?

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3) If you want to purchase the switches decided by you for H-bridge inverter, what rating
switches you will prefer buying?
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Suggested Reference:
1. N. Mohan, T. Undeland, and W. Robbins, Power Electronics, Converters, Applications,
and Design, New York: John Wiley, 1995.
2. M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics, Circuits, Devices, and Applications, Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice Hall, 1993.
3. P.C.Sen, “Modern Power Electronics”, S. Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.
4. https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-full-bridge-DC-DC-converter
5. https://www.ti.com/lit/pdf/sprabw0

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 50

References used by the students:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Rubric wise marks obtained:

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 51

Experiment No: 06

To demonstrate performance of 120-degree mode and 180-degree

mode 3-phase inverter with Y-connected resistive load

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

1) Students will be able to develop a Simulink model 120-degree and 180-degree mode
3- phase inverter circuit with R load.
2) Students will be able to work with experimental kits/ hardware.
3) Students will be able to compare various dc-ac converters.

Relevant CO:
CO-3 Analyze the performance of DC-AC converters for various applications

Objective: To demonstrate performance of 120-degree and 180-degree mode 3-phase

inverter with Y-connected resistive load. (using simulation platform like MATLAB
Simulink/Experiment Kit)

Equipment/Instruments: MATLAB Software / Experiment Kit

Theory:

Figure (a) Three-phase inverter

1) 180-degree mode of conduction

Three phase inverters are primarily used in medium to high power applications.
Modern three phase inverters are used for precise control of industrial drives,
photovoltaic power generation, and motor drives, to name a few. These inverters also
offer additional features such as voltage control and frequency control.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 52

The three phase inverters employ at least six thyristor switches with a star
connected load and a neutral (n) at the center, as shown in Fig. (a). Such a power
electronics converter transforms a dc input into a three-phase ac output.
The inverter has three legs, and each leg has two thyristors. The thyristors in the
upper leg are odd numbered while the ones in the lower leg are even numbered. The star
connected load is tapped at the midpoint of each leg, where the two thyristors meet.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 53

Mode 1 Operation - 0 to 60 Degree [M1]
Mode 1 corresponds to a 0-to-60-degree period. During this period, the thyristors
T1, T5, and T6 are turned on. On the load side, the current enters phase a and phase c and
leaves via phase b.
Mode 2 Operation - 60 to 120 Degree [M2]
Mode 2 corresponds to a 60-to-120-degree period. During this period, the
thyristors T1, T2, and T6 are turned on. On the load side, the current enters phase a and
leaves via phase b and phase c.
Mode 3 Operation - 120 to 180 Degree [M3]
Mode 3 corresponds to a 120-to-180-degree period. During this period, the
thyristors T1, T2, and T3 are turned on. On the load side, the current enters phase a and
phase b and leaves via phase c.
Mode 4 Operation - 180 to 240 Degree [M4]
Mode 4 corresponds to a 180-to-240-degree period. During this period, the
thyristors T2, T3, and T4 are turned on. On the load side, the current enters phase b and
leaves via phase a and phase c.
Mode 5 Operation - 240 to 300 Degree [M5]
Mode 5 corresponds to a 240-to-300-degree period. During this period, the
thyristors T3, T4, and T5 are turned on. On the load side, the current enters phase b, and
phase c leaves via phase a.
Mode 6 Operation - 300 to 360 Degree [M6]
Mode 6 corresponds to a 300-to-360-degree period. During this period, the
thyristors T4, T5, and T6 are turned on. On the load side, the current enters phase c and
leaves via phase a and phase b.

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 54

GATE VOLTAGES

POLE VOLTAGE

COMMON MODE VOLTAGE

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 55

PHASE VOLTAGE

LINE VOLTAGE

Calculations:

• RMS value of Line voltage VL = 0.8165 × Vs

• RMS Value of phase voltage Vp = 0.4714 × Vs
• RMS value of fundamental line voltage VL1 = 0.7797 × Vs
• RMS value of fundamental phase voltage Vp1 = 0.4502 × Vs

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 56

2) 120-degree mode of conduction

In 120-degree mode VSI, each thyristor conducts for 120° of a cycle. Like 180°
mode, 120° mode inverter also requires six steps, each of 60° duration, for completing
one cycle of the output ac voltage. Tl conducts for 120° and for the next 60°, neither T1
nor T4 conducts. Now T4 is turned on at wt =180 ° and it further conducts for 120°, i.e.
from wt =180° to wt =300°. This means that for 60° interval from wt =120° to wt = 180°,
series connected SCRs T1, T4 do not conduct.
At wt = 300°, T4 is turned off, then 60° interval elapses before T1 is turned on
again at wt =360°. In the second row, T3 is turned on at wt =120° as in 180° mode
inverter. Now T3 conducts for 120°, then 60° interval elapses during which neither T3
nor T6 conducts. At wt =300°, T6 is turned on, it conducts for 120° and then 60° interval
elapses after which T3 is turned on again. The third row- is also completed similarly. This
table shows that T6, Tl should be gated for step I; T1, T2 for step II; T2, T3 for step III and
so on. The sequence of firing the six thyristors is the same as for the 180° mode inverter.

During each step, only two thyristors conduct for this inverter - one from the
upper group and one from the lower group; but in 180° mode inverter, three thyristors
conduct in each step. Load is assumed to be resistive and star connected. During step I,

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 57

thyristors 6, 1 are conducting and as such load terminal a is connected to the positive bus
of dc source whereas terminal b is connected to negative bus of dc source, Fig. 8.23 (a).
Load terminal c is not c connected to dc bus. It is seen from Figure that phase voltages
have one positive pulse and one negative pulse (each of 120° duration) for one cycle of
output alternating voltage. The line voltages, however, if, have six steps per cycle of
output alternating voltage.

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

GATE VOLTAGES

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POLE VOLTAGES

COMMON MODE VOLTAGE

PHASE VOLTAGE

LINE VOLTAGE

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 59

Calculation:

1) RMS Value of Phase Voltage = 0.4082 × Vs

2) RMS Value of Line Voltage = 0.7071 × Vs
3) RMS Value of fundamental phase voltage = 0.3898 × Vs
4) RMS value of fundamental line voltage = 0.6752 × Vs

Quiz:

1) Compare 180-degree and 120-degree mode of conduction.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 60

2) List applications of 180 mode inverter.
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3) List applications of 180 mode inverter.

Suggested Reference:
1. N. Mohan, T. Undeland, and W. Robbins, Power Electronics, Converters, Applications,
and Design, New York: John Wiley, 1995.
2. M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics, Circuits, Devices, and Applications, Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice Hall, 1993.
3. P.C.Sen, “Modern Power Electronics”, S. Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.
4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280245031_Simulation_and_Implemen
tation_of_FC-TCR
5. K R Padiyarr, “HVDC Power Transmission Systems”, New Age Techno Press, Third
Edition: 2015

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 61

Experiment No: 07

To demonstrate performance of single-phase half-wave and full-wave

AC-DC converter with R and RL load

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

1) Students will be able to develop a Simulink model of single phase half wave and full
wave rectifier with R and RL load.
2) Students will be able to work with experimental kit/ hardware.
3) Students will be able to compare various ac-dc converters.

Relevant CO:
CO-4 Analyze the performance of AC-DC converters for various applications.

Objective: To study single phase half and full wave rectifier with R and RL load.

Equipment/Instruments: PSIM Software / Experiment Kit

Theory:

1) Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with Resistive Load:

Figure (a) depicts the circuit diagram of a Single-Phase Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier with resistive load. The circuit is energized by ν = Vmax sin (ωt). The various
voltage and current waveforms for the Single-Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with
resistive load circuit are shown in Fig. (b).

During the positive half cycle of the supply voltage, the thyristor anode is positive
w.r.t, its cathode and until the thyristor is triggered by a proper gate pulse, it blocks the
flow of load current in the forward direction. When the thyristor is fired at an angle α, full
supply voltage is applied to the load. Due to purely resistive load, the current waveform
will be identical to the applied voltage wave and of a magnitude dependent on the
amplitude of the applied voltage and the value of the load resistance R.
At zero crossing, the thyristor is turned off by natural commutation thereby
switching off the power to the load. The angle (π – α) during which the thyristor conducts
is called the conduction angle. By varying the firing angle α, the output voltage can be
controlled. During the period of conduction, voltage drop across the thyristor is of the
order of one volt. The load voltage varies with firing angle α having extremes values for
α = 0 and α = π or 180°.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 62

During the negative half cycle of the supply voltage, the thyristor blocks the flow
of load current and no voltage is applied to the load R.
Average load voltage is,

RMS value of load voltage is,

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

Single phase half wave rectifier with R load

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 63

Waveform for R Load at α = 30°

2) Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with Inductive Load

The circuit diagram for a Single-Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with R-L
load is shown in Fig. (a). The waveforms for voltage and current of Single-Phase Half
Wave Controlled Rectifier with an inductive load are shown in Fig. (b).
At the instant t01, when the thyristor is triggered, the load current will increase
gradually, due to inductive nature of load. The supply voltage from this instant appears
across the load. Energy is stored in inductor during time interval from t01 to π. At the time
instant π, the supply voltage reverses, but the thyristor keeps conducting. This is due to
the fact that current through the inductance cannot be suddenly reduced to zero.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 64

During negative voltage half cycle, current continues to flow till the energy stored
in the inductance is dissipated in the load resistor and a part of energy is supplied back
to the source. As the current reaches zero, the thyristor is turned off automatically and
regains its blocking capability. Thus, due to energy stored in inductor, current continues
to flow up to instant t11. At time instant t11, the load current become zero and the thyristor
turns off.
At the time instant t02, when again pulse is applied, the above cycle repeats. Hence
the effect of the inductive load is increase in the conduction period of the SCR.
Average load voltage is

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

Single phase half wave rectifier with RL load

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 65

Waveform for RL Load at α = 30°

3) Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with Inductive Load with Effect of
Freewheeling Diode

Figure (a) depicts a freewheeling diode DFW connected across a load.

Freewheeling diode, also sometimes known as bypass diode or commutating diode, is
used to improve the waveshape of the load current and power factor. Freewheeling diode
DFW allows for dissipation of energy stored in the inductance of the load and provide for
continuity of load current when the thyristor is blocked. With flywheel diode, thyristor
will not be able to conduct beyond 180°.

Figure (a)

The freewheeling diode serves main two functions:

• It prevents reversal of load voltage except for small diode voltage drop.
• It transfers the load current away from the main rectifier, when input voltage
reverses the cycle.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 66

The load voltage and current waveforms are depicted in Fig. (B).

Figure (b)

The voltage induced in the inductance, during the positive half cycle, will change
its polarity as the di/dt changes its sign and freewheeling diode DFW will start conducting
as soon as the induced voltage is of sufficient magnitude, thereby enabling the inductance
to discharge its stored energy into the resistance.
Operation of half wave-controlled rectifier with R load, RL load and RL load with
freewheeling diode is also applicable to full wave-controlled rectifier with R load, RL load
and RL load with freewheeling diode.

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

Single phase half wave rectifier with RL load with FWD

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 67

Waveform for RL Load with FWD at α = 30°

4) Single-Phase Bridge Converter with R load (B-2 Connection)

A single-phase bridge converter needs 4 thyristors. This configuration leads to two

quadrant operation. Such a converter is called the two-quadrant converter or fully
controlled converter.

A fully controlled full-wave bridge rectifier is shown in above Fig. All the four
devices used in the circuit are thyristors TH1-TH4 for control of output power. During
the first positive half cycle, thyristors TH1 and TH3 are forward biased and the current
flows through the load via thyristor TH1--load-TH3-source. During the negative half cycle
of the ac input, thyristors TH2 and TH4 are forward biased and the current flows through
the load via thyristor TH2-load-TH4-source. Thyristors TH1, TH3 and TH2, TH4 are
triggered at the same firing angle α in each positive and negative half cycles of the supply
voltage respectively. When the supply voltage falls to zero, the current also becomes zero.
Thus, thyristors TH1, TH3 in positive half cycle and TH2 and TH4 in negative half cycle
turn off by natural commutation. The related voltage and current waveforms for this
circuit are depicted in below Fig.

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Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

Single phase Full wave rectifier with R load

Waveform for R Load at α = 30°

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5) Single-Phase Bridge Converter with RL load (B-2 Connection)

Above figure shows a single phase fully controlled bridge rectifier with R-L load.
Firing angles for both the thyristor pairs are assumed to be equal. A large value of L will
result in a continuous steady current in the load. A small value of L will produce a
discontinuous load current for large firing angles. The waveforms with two different
firing angles are depicted in below fig.

As illustrated in Fig. (a), thyristors TH1 and TH3 are triggered in positive half
cycle. Supply voltage from this instant appears across the output terminals and forces the
current through the load. The load current Idc is assumed to be constant. This current also
flows through the supply and the direction is from line to neutral, which is taken positive
as depicted in Fig. (a) along with the applied voltage. At instant π, the supply voltage
reverses but because of very large inductance L, the current keeps flowing in the same
direction at constant magnitude Idc. Thus, the thyristors TH1 and TH3 remain in
conducting state and therefore, the negative supply voltage appears across the output
terminals. At an angle π + α, thyristors TH2 and TH4 are triggered. With this, negative
supply voltage reverse biases thyristor TH1 through thyristor TH2 and thyristor TH3
through thyristor TH4 of commutating thyristor TH1 and TH3. The current continues
flowing in every half cycle and output voltage is obtained as depicted in the figure. As
illustrated the current is positive when TH1 and TH3 are conducting and negative when
TH2 and TH4 are conducting.

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The average output dc voltage is given by

The average value of output dc voltage can be varied, by varying firing angle α,
continuously from positive maximum to negative maximum, assuming continuous
current flow at the dc terminals. Because the average dc voltage is reversible even though
the current flow in the load is unidirectional, the power flow in the convener can be in
either direction.

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

Single phase Full wave rectifier with RL load

Waveform for RL Load at α = 30°

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 71

Procedure:

• Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram in PSIM-SIMULINK or as per the

Observations:

For Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier

Sr. Supply Firing angle Load voltage Load voltage Load voltage Vo rms
No. Voltage α in degrees Vo rms (Volt) Vo rms (Volt) (Volt)
Vs rms (Volt) With R Load With RL Load With RL Load + FWD
1
2
3
4

For Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier

Sr. Supply Voltage Firing angle Load voltage Vo rms Load voltage Vo rms
No. Vs rms (Volt) α in degrees (Volt) With R Load (Volt) With RL Load
1
2
3
4

Quiz:

1. How input power factor is improved with the use of freewheeling diode in single
phase half wave-controlled rectifier with RL load?
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GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 72

2. Elaborate the advantage of Controlled converter over uncontrolled converter.
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3. Write applications of controlled and uncontrolled converters.
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Suggested Reference:
1. N. Mohan, T. Undeland, and W. Robbins, Power Electronics, Converters, Applications,
and Design, New York: John Wiley, 1995.
2. M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics, Circuits, Devices, and Applications, Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice Hall, 1993.
3. P.C.Sen, “Modern Power Electronics”, S. Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.
4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280245031_Simulation_and_Implemen
tation_of_FC-TCR
5. K R Padiyarr, “HVDC Power Transmission Systems”, New Age Techno Press, Third
Edition: 2015

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 73

Experiment No: 08

To demonstrate performance of three-phase half-wave and full-wave

AC-DC converter with R and RL load.

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

1) Students will be able to develop a Simulink model of three phase half wave and full
wave rectifier with R and RL load.
2) Students will be able to work with experimental kit/ hardware.
3) Students will be able to compare various ac-dc converters.

Relevant CO:
CO-4 Analyze the performance of AC-DC converters for various applications.

Objective: To study three phase half and full wave rectifier with R and RL load.

Equipment/Instruments: PSIM Software / Experiment Kit

Theory:

1) Three Phase Half Wave Rectifier

The 3-phase half wave converter combines three single phase half wave controlled
rectifiers in one single circuit feeding a common load. The thyristor T1 in series with one
of the supply phase windings 'a-n' acts as one half wave-controlled rectifier. The second
thyristor T2 in series with the supply phase winding 'b-n' acts as the second half wave-
controlled rectifier. The third thyristor T3 in series with the supply phase winding acts
as the third half wave-controlled rectifier.
The 3-phase input supply is applied through the star connected supply
transformer as shown in the above figure. The common neutral point of the supply is
connected to one end of the load while the other end of the load connected to the common
cathode point.
When the thyristor T1 is triggered at ωt = (30° + α), the phase voltage Van appears
across the load when T1 conducts. The load current flows through the supply phase
winding 'an' and through thyristor T1 as long as T1 conducts.
When thyristor T2 is triggered at ωt = (150° + α), T1 becomes reverse biased and
turns-off. The load current flows through the thyristor T2 and through the supply phase

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 74

winding 'b-n’. When T2 conducts the phase voltage Vbn appears across the load until the
thyristor T2 is triggered.
When the thyristor T3 is triggered at ωt = (270°+α), T2 is reversed biased and
hence T2 turns-off. The phase voltage Vcn appears across the load when T3 conducts.
When T1 is triggered again at the beginning of the next input cycle the thyristor T3 turns
off as it is reverse biased naturally as soon as T3 is triggered.
The below figure shows the 3-phase input supply voltages, the output voltage
which appears across the load, and the load current assuming a constant and ripple free
load current for a highly inductive load and the current through the thyristor T1.
For a purely resistive load where the load inductance ‘L = 0’ and the trigger angle
α > 30°, the load current appears as discontinuous load current and each thyristor is
naturally commutated when the polarity of the corresponding phase supply voltage
reverses. The frequency of output ripple frequency for a 3-phase half wave converter is
fs, where fs is the input supply frequency.
The 3-phase half wave converter is not normally used in practical converter
systems because of the disadvantage that the supply current waveforms contain dc
components (i.e., the supply current waveforms have an average or dc value).

Waveform with inductive load

Average output voltage is

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Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

Three-phase half wave rectifier with RL load

Waveform for R Load at α = 0°

Waveform for R Load at α = 60°

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Waveform for R Load at α = 90°

Three phase half wave rectifier with RL load

Waveform for RL Load at α = 0°

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Waveform for RL Load at α = 30°

Waveform for RL Load at α = 90°

2) Three Phase Full Wave Rectifier

Three phase full converter is a fully controlled bridge-controlled rectifier using six
thyristors connected in the form of a full wave bridge configuration. All the six thyristors
are controlled switches which are turned on at a appropriate times by applying suitable
gate trigger signals. The three-phase full converter is extensively used in industrial power
applications upto about 120kW output power level, where two quadrant operation is
required. The figure shows a three-phase full converter with highly inductive load. This
circuit is also known as three phase full wave bridge or as a six-pulse converter. The
thyristors are triggered at an interval of 60°. The frequency of output ripple voltage is 6fs
and the filtering requirement is less than that of three phase semi and half wave
converters.

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At wt = (30° + α), the thyristor T6 is already conducting when the thyristor T1 is
turned on by applying the gating signal to the gate of T1. During the time period to wt =
(30° + α) to (90° + α), thyristors T1 and T6 conduct together and the line-to-line supply
voltage Vab appears across the load. At wt = (90° + α), the thyristor T2 is triggered and
T6 is reverse biased immediately and T6 turns off due to natural commutation. During
the time period wt = (90° + α) to (150° + α), thyristor T1 and T2 conduct together and the
line-to-line supply voltage Vac appears across the load. The thyristors are numbered in
the circuit diagram corresponding to the order in which they are triggered. The trigger
sequence (firing sequence) of the thyristors is 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 61, 12 and so on. The
figure shows the waveforms of three phase input supply voltages, output voltage, the
thyristor current through T1 and T4, the supply current through the line ‘a’.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 79

Average output voltage is calculated as

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

Single phase full wave rectifier with R load

Waveform for R Load at α = 0°

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 80

Waveform for R Load at α = 30°

Single phase full wave rectifier with RL load

Waveform for RL Load at α = 0°

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 81

Waveform for RL Load at α = 30°
Procedure:

• Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram in PSIM-SIMULINK or as per the

Observations:

For three phase half-wave rectifier

Sr. Supply Voltage Firing angle Average load voltage Average load voltage
No. Vs rms (Volt) α in degrees Vo (Volt) with R Load Vo (Volt) with RL Load
1
2
3
4

For three phase full wave rectifier

Sr. Line to Line Firing angle Average load voltage Average load voltage
No. Supply Voltage α in degrees Vo (Volt) with R Load Vo (Volt) with RL Load
VLL (Volt)
1
2
3
4

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 82

Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. What is meant by overlapping period in phase-controlled converters?
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2. What is meant by input power factor in controlled rectifier?
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3. What are the applications of dual converters?
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GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 83

Suggested Reference:

1. N. Mohan, T. Undeland, and W. Robbins, Power Electronics, Converters, Applications,

and Design, New York: John Wiley, 1995.
2. M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics, Circuits, Devices, and Applications, Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice Hall, 1993.
3. P.C.Sen, “Modern Power Electronics”, S. Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.
4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280245031_Simulation_and_Implemen
tation_of_FC-TCR
5. K R Padiyarr, “HVDC Power Transmission Systems”, New Age Techno Press, Third
Edition: 2015

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 84

Experiment No: 09

To demonstrate performance of single-phase AC voltage controller

with phase voltage control and integral cycle control

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

1. Students will be able to develop a Simulink model of single-phase AC voltage

controller with R load.
2. Students will be able to work with experimental kits/ hardware.
3. Students will be able to compare various ac-ac converters.

Relevant CO:
CO-5 Analyze the performance of AC-AC converters for various applications.

Objective: To demonstrate performance of single-phase AC voltage controller with phase

voltage control Analyze the performance of AC-AC converters for various applications.

Equipment/Instruments: PSIM Software /Experiment kit

Theory:

1) Single phase AC voltage controller with phase angle control

The power circuit diagram for a single-phase ac voltage controller with a resistive
load is shown in the above figure. The power delivered to the load flows through thyristor
T1 during the positive half-cycle and through thyristor T2 during the negative half-cycle.
During the positive half cycle of the source voltage VS, SCR T1 is forward biased
and SCR T2 is reverse biased. No conduction of load current takes place until thyristor
T1 is triggered at some firing angle α. So, the entire supply voltage VS appears across
thyristor T1 with the same polarity and across T2 with the reversed polarity. As soon as
the thyristor T1 is triggered at the instant ωt = α, T1 starts conducting and the entire
supply voltage VS, except the drop across T1, appears across the load resistance.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 85

The above shows the waveforms for source voltage, gating signals, output voltage,
output current, and the voltage across the SCRs. At ωt = π, the load voltage, the load
current falls to zero and therefore T1 stops conducting. Thereafter thyristor T2 will be
forward biased and T1 will be reverse biased and of course, there will be no conduction
until T2 is triggered i.e., until (π + α).
As long as thyristor T1 in ON state, i.e., from α < ωt < π, voltage across T2 will be
VT2 = – VT1 = - (ON-state voltage drop of T1). At ωt = (π + α), thyristor T2 is triggered and
it starts conducting. Except for the small voltage drop across T2, the entire supply voltage
appears across the load resistance and the load current flows. As long as T2 is in ON state,
i.e., from (π + α) < ωt < 2π, voltage across T1 will be VT1 = -VT2 = -(ON-state voltage drop
of T2).
This process goes on and continues for every cycle as shown in the waveform. For
resistance load, the source current waveform will follow the source voltage waveform i.e.,
both the voltage and current of the source will be in phase with each other.
RMS value of load voltage is

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 86

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

Waveform for at α = 30°

2) Single phase AC voltage controller with integral cycle control

The basic principle of on-off control technique is explained with reference to a

single-phase full wave ac voltage controller circuit shown below. The thyristor switches
T1 and T2 are turned on by applying appropriate gate trigger pulses to connect the input
ac supply to the load for ‘n’ number of input cycles during the time interval t ON. The
thyristor switches T1 and T2 are turned off by blocking the gate trigger pulses for ‘m’
number of input cycles during the time interval tOFF. The ac controller ON time tON usually
consists of an integral number of input cycles. Thyristors are turned ON precisely at the
zero voltage crossings of the input supply.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 87

Mode-1
The thyristor T1 is turned on at the beginning of each positive half cycle by
applying the gate trigger pulses to T1 as shown, during the ON time tON. The load current
flows in the positive direction, which is the downward direction as shown in the circuit
diagram when T1 conducts.

Mode-2
The thyristor T2 is turned on at the beginning of each negative half cycle, by
applying gating signal to the gate of T2, during tON. The load current flows in the reverse
direction, which is the upward direction when T2 conducts. Thus, we obtain a bi-
directional load current flow (alternating load current flow) in a ac voltage controller
circuit, by triggering the thyristors alternately.
RMS value of output voltage is

Circuit diagram / Simulink model:

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 88

Procedure:

• Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram in PSIM-SIMULINK or as per the

Observations:

Phase angle control

Sr. Supply Voltage Vin Firing Voltage across load Vo (Volt)

No. (Volt) Angle Measured Calculated
1
2
3
4
5

Integral cycle control

Sr. Supply Voltage N = On M = Off Voltage across load Vo (Volt)

No. Vin (Volt) cycles cycles Measured Calculated
1
2
3
4
5
6

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 89

Quiz:

1) What are the applications of Phase angle control in AC voltage (Phase angle control)
controller?
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2) What are the applications of Integral cycle control type AC voltage controller?
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3) Derive the equation of RMS value of output voltage of Integral cycle control type AC
voltage controller

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 90

Suggested Reference:

1. N. Mohan, T. Undeland, and W. Robbins, Power Electronics, Converters, Applications,

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 91

Experiment No: 10

To demonstrate performance of midpoint type cyclo-converter

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

1) Students will be able to develop a Simulink model midpoint type cyclo-converter

circuit with R load.
2) Students will be able to work with experimental kits/ hardware.
3) Students will be able to compare various ac-ac converters.

Relevant CO:
CO-5 Analyze the performance of AC-AC converters for various applications.

Objective: To demonstrate performance of midpoint type cyclo-converter. (using

simulation platform like PSIM-Simulink/Experiment Kit).

Equipment/Instruments: PSIM Software

Theory:
The circuit diagram of a center-tapped cycloconverter is shown in the figure (a).

Figure (a)

To understand the operation of the circuit, here we assumed purely resistive load.
As shown in the above figure, four SCRs (S1, S2, S3, S4) are connected with a load. The
SCRs S1, S2, and S3, S4 are connected in anti-parallel.
The SCRs configuration is connected with the secondary winding of a center-
tapped transformer. And the load is connected with the center (mid-point) of a
transformer. An inductor L is connected to the circuit which is known as an intergroup
reactor. The figure (b) shows an output waveform of a center-tapped cycloconverter
having an output frequency is one-third of the input frequency.
fout = (1/3) fin
The figure (c) shows an output waveform of a center-tapped cycloconverter
having an output frequency is half and one-fourth of the input frequency.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 92

Figure (b)

Figure (c)

First Half Cycle:

Here, we consider the first half cycle is positive. Hence, the secondary induced
voltage is that point A is positive with respect to center tap O and Point B is negative with
respect to center point O. In this condition, the SCR S1 and S4 are in forward bias. But,
only SCR S1 is turned ON at an angle α.
The load voltage is positive and equal to VAO. The SCR S1 will be turned OFF by
natural commutation at the end of the first half cycle (ωt=π).

Second Half Cycle:

The second half cycle is negative half cycle means VAO is negative and VBO is
positive. Therefore, the SCR S2 and S3 are forward biased. But, only SCR S3 will turn ON
at an instant (π+α). In this cycle, the load voltage is positive and equal to VBO from the
cycle (π+α) to 2π.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 93

The direction of the current flowing through the load is the same as the direction
in the first half cycle. SCR S3 will turn OFF due to natural commutation at 2π.

Third Half Cycle:

A third half cycle is a positive half cycle. In this cycle, the polarities are the same
as in the first half cycle. In this condition, the SCR S1 is turned ON and makes positive load
voltage equal to VAO.

Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Half Cycle:

In these half-cycles, the SCR S2, S4, and S2 will turn ON respectively. And during
these cycles, the load voltage is negative as shown in the waveform. The firing angle of
SCR S2 and S4 is identical to SCR S1 and S3.

Circuit diagram:

Waveform for the fout = (1/2) fin

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 94

Waveform for the fout = (1/3) fin

Waveform for the fout = (1/4) fin

Waveform for the fout = (1/5) f

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 95

Procedure:

• Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram in PSIM-SIMULINK or as per the

Observations:

Sr. Supply AC Input RMS Output Output

No. voltage Vs (Volt) Frequency (Hz) Voltage Vo (Volt) Frequency (Hz)
1 /
2
3
4

Conclusion:

Quiz:

1. Write applications of midpoint type cyclo-converter.

Suggested Reference:

1. N. Mohan, T. Undeland, and W. Robbins, Power Electronics, Converters, Applications,

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 96

Rubric wise marks obtained:

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ 97

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