Multimedia

Unit-3
1. What is a pixel, and how does it relate to digital image
resolution?
 A pixel is the smallest unit of a digital image that can be displayed and edited on a digital
display system.

Relationship to Digital Image Resolution

Resolution refers to the number of pixels in an image and is often expressed in terms of width
and height (e.g., 1920x1080 pixels). The resolution determines the amount of detail an image
holds:

 Higher Resolution:

More pixels, finer detail. A higher resolution image has more pixels in a given area,
allowing for more detailed and clearer pictures. For example, a 4K resolution image has
3840x2160 pixels, providing a high level of detail.

 Lower Resolution:

Fewer pixels, less detail. A lower resolution image has fewer pixels, which can result in a
less detailed image. For instance, an image with 640x480 pixels will not be as sharp and
detailed as a higher resolution image.

Pixels are the fundamental building blocks of digital images. The resolution of an image,
determined by the number of pixels, directly impacts the image's clarity and detail.
Understanding the relationship between pixels and resolution is crucial for tasks
involving digital imagery, such as photography, graphic design, and video production.
2. What are the differences between raster and vector images?
 The differences between raster and vector images are given below:-

Feature Raster Images Vector Images

Definition Made up of a grid of individual Made up of paths defined by
pixels. mathematical equations.
Scalability Loses quality when scaled up Infinitely scalable without loss of
(becomes pixelated). quality.
File Size Can be large, especially at high Generally smaller, except for very
resolutions. complex designs.
Best For Photographs and detailed images. Logos, icons, and illustrations.
Common Formats JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP, TIFF. SVG, AI, EPS, PDF.
Editing Editing can affect quality (lossy). Easily editable without loss of
quality.
Detail Representation Captures fine details and complex Best for clean lines and shapes, not
color variations. for detailed textures.
Resolution Resolution-dependent (fixed number Resolution-independent (based on
of pixels). paths, not pixels).

3. What is the difference between grayscale and color images?

 The differences between grayscale and color images are as follows:-

Feature Grayscale Images Color Images

Images that contain shades of gray
Definition Images that contain multiple colors.
only.
Typically 8 bits per pixel (256 shades Typically 24 bits per pixel (16.7
Color Depth
of gray). million colors).
Three channels (red, green, blue-
Components Single channel (luminance).
RGB).
Larger file size due to multiple
File Size Smaller file size due to single channel.
channels.
Simple images, documents, and Photographs, realistic images, and
Best For
artistic effects. detailed graphics.
Visual Less visual information (no color More visual information (rich color
Information details). details).
Simpler to edit due to lack of color More complex to edit due to color
Editing
complexity. variations.
Scanned documents, medical imaging Photography, digital art, and web
Common Uses
(e.g., X-rays). graphics.
4. What is computer graphics?

 Computer graphics is the field of computer science that deals with creating and
manipulating images and visual content using computers. This includes everything from
designing simple 2D images to creating complex 3D animations and interactive graphics.

5. What is edge detection, and why is it important in image

analysis?
 Edge detection is a technique used in image processing and computer vision to identify
the boundaries or edges within an image. These edges represent significant transitions
in intensity or color, which often correspond to the boundaries of objects within the
image.

Importance in Image Analysis:

a) Object Detection:
o Edges often correspond to the boundaries of objects. Detecting these edges helps
in identifying and segmenting objects within an image.
b) Feature Extraction:
o Edges are considered fundamental features in an image. They provide important
information about the shape, size, and structure of objects.
c) Image Segmentation:
o Edge detection is a crucial step in dividing an image into meaningful regions or
segments. It helps in distinguishing different parts of an image based on the
presence of edges.
d) Image Recognition:
o By identifying edges, it becomes easier to recognize patterns, shapes, and objects
within an image, aiding in tasks like face recognition, character recognition, and
other forms of visual identification.
e) Simplifying Images:
o Edge detection reduces the amount of data to be processed by focusing only on
significant changes in the image, thus simplifying further analysis and processing.

6. How can you represent a digital image? Difference between

captured image and stored image format?
 A digital image can be represented in several ways, typically through a matrix or grid of
pixels. Each pixel in the grid has values that represent its color and intensity. Here are
 some key points about representing a digital image and the difference between a captured
image and a stored image format:

Representation of a Digital Image

a) Pixel Grid:
o A digital image is composed of a grid of pixels. Each pixel has values that
determine its color and brightness.
o For grayscale images, each pixel value represents the intensity of light, typically
ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white) in an 8-bit image.
o For color images, each pixel usually consists of three values corresponding to the
Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) color channels. Each channel typically has a value
range from 0 to 255.

b) Image Matrix:
o The pixel grid can be represented as a matrix or array. In a grayscale image, this is
a 2D matrix where each element represents a pixel's intensity.
o In an RGB color image, this is a 3D matrix where the first two dimensions
represent the pixel's position, and the third dimension represents the color
channels.

Difference between Captured Image and Stored Image Format

Feature Captured Image Stored Image

Data Raw data from the camera sensor Processed and compressed data
Size Usually larger Usually smaller due to compression
Processing Minimal, contains raw pixel data Processed for quality and compression
Format Sensor-specific raw formats Standard formats (e.g., JPEG, PNG, TIFF)
(e.g., .NEF, .CR2)
Quality High potential quality, may need Quality may be reduced in lossy formats like
processing JPEG
Use Case Professional editing and scientific General viewing, sharing, and printing
analysis

7. Explain different types of graphics format?

 The different types of graphic format are as follows:-

Raster Formats

a) JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)

 o File Extension: .jpg, .jpeg
o Characteristics:
 Lossy compression, which reduces file size by discarding some image data.
 Good for photographs and complex images.
 Not suitable for images with text, sharp edges, or requiring repeated editing.
o Use Case: Web images, digital photography.

b) PNG (Portable Network Graphics)

o File Extension: .png
o Characteristics:
 Lossless compression, preserves all image data.
 Supports transparency (alpha channel).
 Larger file sizes compared to JPEG.
o Use Case: Web graphics, images with transparency, and images requiring high quality.

c) GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)

o File Extension: .gif
o Characteristics:
 Supports animation and transparency.
 Limited to 256 colors (8-bit color).
 Lossless for images with fewer than 256 colors.
o Use Case: Simple web animations, icons, and low-color images.

d) BMP (Bitmap)
o File Extension: .bmp
o Characteristics:
 Uncompressed or minimally compressed.
 Large file sizes.
 High-quality images.
o Use Case: Windows-based applications, image editing, and storage where file size is not
a concern.

e) TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)

o File Extension: .tif, .tiff
o Characteristics:
 Supports both lossless and lossy compression.
 High-quality image format.
 Often used for professional photography and printing.
o Use Case: Desktop publishing, high-quality image archiving, and professional
photography.

Vector Formats

a) SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)

o File Extension: .svg
o Characteristics:
 XML-based format for 2D graphics.
  Infinitely scalable without loss of quality.
 Supports interactivity and animation.
o Use Case: Web graphics, logos, and icons.

b) EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)

o File Extension: .eps
o Characteristics:
 Used for vector graphics and text.
 Can contain raster images.
 Widely supported by graphics software.
o Use Case: Printing, desktop publishing, and graphic design.

c) PDF (Portable Document Format)

o File Extension: .pdf
o Characteristics:
 Can contain both vector and raster images.
 Preserves layout and formatting.
 Widely used for document exchange.
o Use Case: Document sharing, print publishing, and digital forms.

Specialized Formats

a) RAW
o File Extension: Varies by manufacturer (e.g., .nef for Nikon, .cr2 for Canon)
o Characteristics:
 Uncompressed or minimally processed data from camera sensors.
 High-quality images, large file sizes.
 Requires special software to view and edit.
o Use Case: Professional photography and image editing.

b) HEIF (High Efficiency Image Format)

o File Extension: .heif, .heic
o Characteristics:
 Uses advanced compression techniques for high-quality images at smaller sizes.
 Supports multiple images, transparency, and metadata.
o Use Case: Modern smartphones and devices, especially for photos and live images.

8. What are different possibilities of image transmission?

Image transmission involves sending images from one location to another through various means
and technologies. Different possibilities of image transmission include:

a) Wired Transmission

i) Ethernet
 o Description: Uses Ethernet cables (e.g., Cat5e, Cat6) to transmit images over local area
networks (LAN).
o Applications: Office networks, data centers, and home networks.

ii) Fiber Optic

o Description: Uses light to transmit data over fiber optic cables, offering high-speed and
long-distance transmission.
o Applications: Backbone networks, internet service providers, and high-speed data
transfer scenarios.

b) Wireless Transmission

i) Wi-Fi
o Description: Transmits images wirelessly over local networks using Wi-Fi routers.
o Applications: Home and office environments, public hotspots.

ii) Bluetooth
o Description: Short-range wireless technology for transmitting images between devices.
o Applications: Mobile phones, cameras, and other personal devices.

iii) Cellular Networks

o Description: Uses mobile data networks (3G, 4G, 5G) to transmit images.
o Applications: Smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices.

iv) Satellite
o Description: Uses satellites to transmit images, especially in remote areas.
o Applications: Remote sensing, broadcasting, and internet services in remote areas.

c) Internet-Based Transmission

i) Email
o Description: Attaching and sending images via email.
o Applications: Personal and business communications.

ii) Cloud Services

o Description: Uploading images to cloud storage services (e.g., Google Drive, Dropbox)
and sharing links.
o Applications: Backup, sharing, and collaborative work.

iii) Social Media and Messaging Apps

o Description: Sharing images through platforms like Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp,
and Telegram.
 o Applications: Personal sharing, marketing, and communication.

iv) File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

o Description: Transmitting images through FTP servers.
o Applications: Web development, data transfer, and archiving.

d) Specialized Transmission

i) Digital Broadcasting
o Description: Broadcasting images over digital TV and radio signals.
o Applications: Television broadcasting, news dissemination.

ii) Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV)

o Description: Transmitting images from security cameras to monitors and recording
devices.
o Applications: Security and surveillance.

iii) Remote Sensing

o Description: Transmitting satellite or aerial imagery for earth observation.
o Applications: Environmental monitoring, military reconnaissance, and mapping.

9. Why image recognition is required? Explain different steps used

in image recognition system?

 Image recognition is essential for a variety of applications across different fields due to
its ability to automatically identify and classify objects, scenes, and patterns within
images. Here are some key reasons why image recognition is required:

a) Automation and Efficiency

b) Enhanced Accuracy
c) Real-Time Processing
d) Scalability
e) Improved User Experience

Different Steps Used in Image Recognition System

Image recognition systems typically involve a series of steps to process and analyze images.
Here are the main steps:

a) Image Acquisition:
o Description: Capturing or collecting images using cameras, scanners, or other devices.
o Purpose: To obtain raw image data for further processing.

b) Preprocessing:
 o Description: Enhancing image quality and preparing it for analysis.
o Common Techniques:
 Noise Reduction: Removing unwanted noise using filters.
 Normalization: Adjusting the intensity values to a standard range.
 Resizing: Changing the image dimensions to a standard size.
 Grayscale Conversion: Converting color images to grayscale to simplify
processing.

c) Segmentation:
o Description: Dividing the image into regions or segments to isolate objects of interest.
o Common Techniques:
 Thresholding: Separating objects from the background based on intensity
values.
 Edge Detection: Identifying boundaries using algorithms like Canny, Sobel, and
Prewitt.
 Region-Based Methods: Grouping pixels based on similarity criteria.

d) Feature Extraction:
o Description: Identifying and extracting relevant features or patterns from the image.
o Common Techniques:
 Key-points and Descriptors: Detecting and describing points of interest (e.g.,
SIFT, SURF).
 Shape Features: Analyzing contours and shapes within the image.
 Texture Features: Capturing patterns and surface properties.

10. Difference between sound and speech?

 The differences between sound and speech are given below:-

Feature Sound Speech

Definition General vibrations that travel through air A specific type of sound that conveys
or another medium. language.
Nature Can be anything: noise, music, Structured and meaningful, following
environmental sounds, etc. linguistic rules.
Components Frequency, amplitude, waveform. Phonemes, syllables, words, sentences.
Purpose Can be for various purposes: warning, Primarily for communication between
entertainment, etc. humans.
Complexity Can range from simple (a single tone) to More complex due to linguistic structure
complex (a symphony). and meaning.
Examples Birds chirping, car engines, musical notes. Conversations, speeches, announcements.
Measurement Measured in decibels (dB), hertz (Hz). Analyzed using linguistic metrics
(phonetics, syntax).