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SQL_Examples

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sourav1971sarkar
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SQL (Structured Query Language)

SQL (Structured Query Language) is the language used in RDBMS for


writing queries. Using SQL, a user can create queries to fetch and
manipulate the data of the database.
The SQL commands are of two types (according to syllabus):
1.Data Definition Language (DDL)
2.Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Data Definition Language (DDL)
These commands are used to define and modify the structure of a
database. The commands that fall under this category are listed as
follows:
1. CREATE– It is used to create a new database or table.
CREATE DATABASE
SYNTAX: CREATE DATABASE <DATABASE_NAME>;
EXAMPLE: CREATE DATABASE myschool_db;
USE DATABASE – To create a table USE Database command is required.
SYNTAX: USE <DATABASE_NAME>;
EXAMPLE: USE myschool_db;
CREATE TABLE
SYNTAX: CREATE TABLE table_name(column_definition1, column_definition2, ........
,........);
EXAMPLE: CREATE TABLE employee(e_id int(8), e_name char(30));
Que:Write a command and query to create the structure of a table named
“student1”.
Roll_n Clas Nam
Marks
o s e
Ans:CREATE TABLE Student1 (Roll_No INT, Class CHAR, Name CHAR, Marks INT);
2. ALTER– It is used to modify the structure of an existing database or
table.
TO ADD COLUMN (FIELD)
SYNTAX: ALTER TABLE <Table_Name> ADD COLUMN <Column_Name>
<Data_Type>;
EXAMPLE: ALTER TABLE employee ADD COLUMN e_loc char(50);
TO REMOVE/DROP COLUMN (FIELD)
SYNTAX: ALTER TABLE <Table_Name> DROP COLUMN <Column_Name>;
EXAMPLE: ALTER TABLE employee DROP COLUMN e_loc;
3. DROP – Deletes an existing database or table.
TO DROP TABLE
SYNTAX: DROP TABLE <Table_Name>;
EXAMPLE: DROP TABLE employee;
TO DROP DATABASE
SYNTAX: DROP DATABASE <Database_Name>;
EXAMPLE: DROP DATABASE myschool_db;
4. TRUNCATE – Remove all table records including allocated table spaces,
but not the table itself.
SYNTAX: TRUNCATE TABLE <Table_Name>;
EXAMPLE: TRUNCATE TABLE employee;
5. RENAME – It is used to change the name of existing database or table.
SYNTAX: ALTER TABLE <Table_Name> RENAME TO <New_Table_Name>;
EXAMPLE: ALTER TABLE employee RENAME TO customers;

Data Manipulation Language (DML)


A DML (Data Manipulation Language) is a computer programming
language used for adding (inserting), modifying (updating) and data in
database. The commands that fall under this category are listed as
follows:
1. INSERT – The insert command is used to add one or more records to a
table. There are two methods to use the INSERT command.
Method 1:
SYNTAX: INSERT INTO <Table_Name> (Field 1, Field 2,….) VALUES (Value 1, Value
2,….);
EXAMPLE: INSERT INTO employee (‘e_id’, ‘e_name’,) VALUES (1, “Mukesh”);

Method 2:
SYNTAX: INSERT INTO <Table_Name> VALUES (Value 1, Value 2,….);
EXAMPLE: INSERT INTO employee VALUES (1, “Mukesh”);
2. SELECT – It is used to retrieves or fetch the data from the table.
TO FETCH ENTIRE RECORD OF TABLE [* means ALL records]
SYNTAX: SELECT * FROM <Table_Name>;
EXAMPLE: SELECT * FROM employee;
TO FETCH RECORD OF SELECTED FIELDS FROM TABLE
SYNTAX: SELECT <Field1, Field2,…> FROM <Table_Name>;
EXAMPLE: SELECT e_name, e_id FROM <Table_Name>;

SELECT Command Clauses


•WHERE clause specifies a criteria about the rows to be retrieved.
•ORDER BY clause specifies an order (ascending/descending) in which the
rows (records) are to be retrieved.
To retrieve all records:
SELECT * FROM <Table_Name>;
To retrieved records from specific fields:
SELECT Field1, Field2,… FROM <Table_Name>;
By using WHERE clause:
SELECT * FROM <Table_Name> WHERE condition;
SELECT Field1, Field2,… FROM <Table_Name> WHERE condition;
By using ORDER BY clause:
By default Ascending order
SELECT * FROM <Table_Name> ORDER BY EName;
in Descending order
SELECT * FROM <Table_Name> ORDER BY EName DESC;
3. UPDATE – Sometimes, you need to modify the existing records in the
table. The UPDATE command of the SQL can be used for this purpose.
SYNTAX: UPDATE <Table_Name> SET Column1 = Value1, Column2 = Value2,….
WHERE condition;
EXAMPLE: UPDATE employee SET Last_Name=‘Sharma’ WHERE E_ID=101;
4. DELETE – It is used to remove the existing records from a table.
SYNTAX: DELETE FROM <Table_Name> WHERE condition;
EXAMPLE: DELETE FROM employee WHERE E_ID=101;
Important: CREATE TABLE BY ASSIGNING PRIMARY KEY
EXAMPLE: CREATE TABLE Employee1 (Emp_ID INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, ENAME
VARCHAR(20), AGE INT(5));

MYSQL Functions
MySQL has many built-in functions. Some of them are as: COUNT( ),
SUM( ), AVG( ), MAX( ), MIN( )
COUNT( ) – The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that
matches a specified criterion.
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name WHERE condition;
SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;
SUM( ) – The SUM() function returns the total sum of a numeric column.
SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;
AVG( ) – The AVG() function returns the average value of a numeric
column.
SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;
MAX( ) – The MAX() function returns the largest value of the selected
column.
SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;
MIN( ) – The MIN() function returns the smallest value of the selected
column.
SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;
SQL Queries Examples

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