MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT

MATH 2
DGE306/EGE306 DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
APPLIED CALCULUS Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
TITLE MODULE
ISSUE NO. 0 REV. 0 DATE EFFECTIVE: JANUARY 1, 2024 PAGE 1 OF 7
Course: Applied Calculus
Module Number: 4-5
Topic: Limit of a function
Derivative of an Algebraic Function
Learning Outcomes: The students should be able to:
LO 1.7. determine the limit of a function.
LO 1.8 differentiate algebraic functions.

Keywords and Concepts:

A. Limit of a function B. Derivative of a function
One-sided limit Power formula
Function—value Derivative of a sum or difference
Limit at Infinity Derivative of a product
Derivative of a quotient,
Chain rule
Implicit differentiation
Lecture
A: Limits
1. Definition: Lim f(x) = L (L = constant) if and only if
x →a
i . lim f(x) = L and ii . lim f(x) = L
x→a+ x→a−

A limit does not exist w hen:

i . lim f(x) lim f(x) ii . lim f(x)=  ( or −  )
x →a − x →a + x →a

2. Directional limits and function value:

i. Left-hand limit: lim f(x) = C1 is the limit of the function as x approaches the value a from the left.
x →a −
ii. Right-hand limit: lim f(x) = C2 is the limit of the function as x approaches the value a from the right.
x →a +
Function-value at a: F(a) refers to the value of the function when a is substituted into the variable.

Example: Given: 𝑓( 𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1
a. lim f(x) = lim x − 1 does not exist because x <1 do not belong to the domain of the function.
x →1 − x →1 −

b. lim f(x) = lim x− 1 = 0

x →1 + x →1 +

c. lim f(x) = lim √x − 1 does not exist because lim− √𝑥 − 1 ≠ lim+ √𝑥 − 1

x→1 x→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1

d. Function value at x=1: f(x) = √x − 1

f(1) = √1 − 1 = 0

The value of the function at a, denoted by f(a) may not be equal to lim f(x)
x →a
3. Limit theorems:
i . lim c = c lim c• f(x) = c• lim f(x)
x→a x→a x→a

ii. lim [f(x) + g(x)] = lim f(x) + lim g(x)

x→a x→a x→a
 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT
MATH 2
DGE306/EGE306 DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
APPLIED CALCULUS Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
TITLE MODULE
ISSUE NO. 0 REV. 0 DATE EFFECTIVE: JANUARY 1, 2024 PAGE 2 OF 7
iii. lim [f(x) • g(x)] = lim f(x) • lim g(x)
x→a x→a x→a

lim f(x)
f(x) x→a
iv . lim =
x→a g(x) lim g(x)
x→a

4. Limit at infinity, infinite limits and asymptotes

i. X= a is a Vertical asymptote when lim f(x) = ±∞ or lim f(x) = ±∞

x→a- x→a+

ii. Y = b is a Horizontal asymptote when lim f(x) = b or lim f(x) = b

x → − x →
Examples:
𝑥 +3
1. Given: 𝑦 = 𝑓( 𝑥) = 2
𝑥 −9
a . f(3) doesnot exist because3 is not an element of the Domain
b . f (- 3) doesnot exist
x+ 3 1
c . lim f(x) = lim 2
= lim =+ ∞
x →3 + x →3 + x - 9 x →3+
x- 3
Therefore, vertical asymptote : VA x = 3
x+ 3 1 1 x+ 3 1 1
d . lim f(x) = lim 2
= lim =- Also, lim f(x) = lim 2
= lim =-
x → -3 - x → -3 - x - 9 x → -3 - x - 3 6 x → -3 + x → -3 + x - 9 x → -3 + x - 3 6

1
Therefore x = -3 is not a vertical asymptote. The point ( - 3, - ) is an excludedpoint
6
x+ 3 1 x+ 3 1
e . lim f(x) = lim 2
= lim =0 Also, lim f(x) = lim 2 = lim =0
x → -∞ x → -∞ x - 9 x → -∞ x - 3 x →∞ x→∞ x - 9 x → ∞ x- 3

Therefore there is only one horizontalasymptote : HA y = 0

x +3
f. Graph of the curve y =
x2 −9

VA: X=3

● (4,1)
(0,0)
o X
(-3,-1/6) ● HA: Y=0
(0,-1/3)
 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT
MATH 2
DGE306/EGE306 DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
APPLIED CALCULUS Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
TITLE MODULE
ISSUE NO. 0 REV. 0 DATE EFFECTIVE: JANUARY 1, 2024 PAGE 3 OF 7

2. From a given Graph:

o •2
.
• 1

o X
-3 3
-2 -1 3
1 2 3 4 3 5 3

o o -1

-2 ● o

-3

Determine the following:

a. Domain b. Range c. Horizontal Asymptote d. Vertical Asymptote

e. lim− f(x) f. lim+ f(x) g. lim f(x) h. f(-3)
x→−3 x→−3 x→−3
i. lim− f(x) j. lim f(x) k. lim f(x) l. f(-2)
x→−2 x→−2+ x→−2
m. lim− f(x) n. lim f(x) 0. f( 0) p. lim f(x)
x→ 0 x→ 0 x→2
q. lim f(x) r. f (4) s. lim− f(x) t. lim f(x)
x→ 4 x→ 5 x→ 5
u. f(5) v. lim f(x) w. lim f(x)
x→ −∞ x→ ∞

Exercises:
x+2 ; x <1 Determine the following
3
; 1<x<3 a . lim f(x) b . lim f(x) c . lim f(x) d . lim f(x)
x → 3− x → 3+
x
1. y = 2
x ; 3 ≤ x ≤5
x →1 x →3
5
{x −5 + 2 ; 5 < x }
e. lim f(x) f . lim f(x) g . lim f(x) h . lim f(x)
x → 5− x →5 x→  x→ −

i . f (1) j . f(3) k . f(5) l . VA m . HA

2. Evaluate the following:

a . lim (5 x+ 3) d . lim x
x →2 x →0
2
x -9 4
b . lim e . lim
x →3 x - 3 x →∞ x+ 3
4x 4 x2
c . lim f . lim
x →5 + 5-x x →∞ x+ 3
 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT
MATH 2
DGE306/EGE306 DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
APPLIED CALCULUS Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
TITLE MODULE
ISSUE NO. 0 REV. 0 DATE EFFECTIVE: JANUARY 1, 2024 PAGE 4 OF 7

B . Derivative of a function

1. Definition: The derivative of a function y=f(x) ,

denoted by dy/dx (read derivative of y with respect to x) is defined as follows:
dy Δy f(x + Δx) − f(x)
= lim = lim .
dx Δx →0 Δx Δx →0 Δx

∆y
Note that: i. is an average rate of change.
∆x
dy
ii. is an instantaneous rate of change.
dx
iii. Other notations for the derivative: df /dx, f’(x) , y’ , D xy
iv. The first derivative of the function at a point A is interpreted geometrically as the slope of a tangent
line of the curve at A.

Y secant line
● tangent line
Δy
Y=f(X) m secantline = = average rate of change
Δx
Δy
● m tangentline = lim
X Δx→0 Δx
= instantaneous rate of change

2. Differentiation formulas:

Derivative of: Example

1. Constant C: Dx (C) = 0 1. Y = 5
Y’ = 0

2. Power of x: Dx ( xn ) = n x n -1 2. Y = x3
Y’ = 3x2
3. Product of a constant and a function of x:
d f(x) 7 7
Dx ( C f(x) ) = C 3. Y = = x −6
dx 3x6 3
7
Y’ = ( −6 𝑥 −7 )
3
−14
Y’ =
𝑥7
4. Sum or Difference:
5
Dx ( U ± V) = U ’ ± V ’ 4. Y = 4 √x −
x3
Y = 4x1/2 − 5x −3
1
1
Y’= 4 ( x −2 ) − 5( −3 x −4 )
2
2 15
Y’= +
x1/2 x4
n
5. Chain Rule: let Y = U
4 5
where U=f(x) and n=constant 5. Y = ( 3x2 + - √6x 3 )8
x
Y ’= n Un-1 U’ Y = [ 3x2 + 4x-1 – (6x3)1/5 ]8
Y’ = 8 [3x2 + 4x-1 – (6x3)1/5 ]7 [ 6x +4(-x-2) - ¹/5 (6x3)-4/5(18x2)
4 18 x2
Y’ = 8 [3x2 + 4x-1 – (6x3)1/5 ]7 [ 6x - - ]
x2 5 (6x3 )4/5
 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT
MATH 2
DGE306/EGE306 DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
APPLIED CALCULUS Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
TITLE MODULE
ISSUE NO. 0 REV. 0 DATE EFFECTIVE: JANUARY 1, 2024 PAGE 5 OF 7
7 3
6. Product: Dx ( UV ) = U V ’ + V U ’ 6. Y = 5x √x 2 − 3x
Let U = 5x7 V = (x2 -3x)1/3
2x−3
U’ = 35 x6 V’= ¹/3(x2 – 3x)- 2/3 (2x–3) =
3(x2 −3x)2/3
Y’ = U V’ + V U’
2x−3
Y’ = (5x7)( ) + (x2 -3x)1/3 ( 35x6)
3(x2 −3x)2/3
5x7 ( 2x−3)+ 3(x2 −3x)(35x5 )
Y’ =
3 (x2 −3x)2/3
115 x8 −330 x7
Y’ =
3 (x2 −3x)2/3

U V U′ −U V′ x3 −2x+5
7. Quotient: Dx = 7. Y = 3
V V2 √4x−2
U
Let Y =
V
3
U = x 3 − 2x + 5 V = √4x − 2 = (4x − 2)1/3
2
4
U’ = 3x2 – 2 V’ = ¹/3( 4x -2)−3 (4) = 2
3(4x−2)3
Apply the formula for the derivative of a quotient; then, simplify the result.

An Implicit function or relation between x and y is defined as F(x,y)=0.

An implicit differentiation is used when neither y is expressed in terms of x nor x in terms of y,
and chain rule is applied.

Example: Given: x2y3 = x1/2 – 1/y

Req’d: Solve for y’ ; note that 1/y = y-1

Solution: x2 [3y2 (y’)] + y3[2x(1)] = ½ x-1/2(1) – [-y-2(y’)]

Collect terms with y’ on one side of the equation and simplify
𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟒 𝐱 𝟑/𝟐 𝐲 𝟓
𝐲′ =
𝟔 𝐱 𝟓/𝟐 𝐲 𝟒 − 𝟐𝐱 𝟏/𝟐

Higher-order Derivative:

When y =f(x), the first derivative of y with respect to (wrt) x is denoted by dy/dx or y’.

The second derivative of y wrt x is the derivative of the first derivative wrt x.
𝑑2𝑦
This is denoted by y’’ or 2 or f’’(x). The nth derivative indicates the number of times a differentiation is applied to
𝑑𝑥
a function or relation.
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑4𝑦
Other higher-order derivatives are: = 𝑦′′′, , etc.
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 4

Examples
1. y = √1 + s 2
a. apply Chain rule to solve for y’
y = ( 1+ s2)1/2
1 1
1
y ′ = (1 + s 2 )−2 (2s) = s(1 + s 2 )−2
2
b. solve for y”
1
y′ = s(1 + s 2 )−2 apply the derivative of a product:
let y = u v u=s v = (1 + s 2 )−1/2
3
−1 −s
y” = u v’ + v u’ u’ = 1 v′ = (1 + s 2 )−2 (2s) =
2 (1+s2 )3/2

−s 2 −1/2
−s 2 1
y" = s[ ] + [(1 + s ) ](1) = +
(1 + s 2 )3/2 (1 + s 2 )3/2 (1 + s 2 )1/2

−s 2 + 1 + s 2 1
y" = 2 3/2
=
(1 + s ) (1 + s 2 )3/2
 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT
MATH 2
DGE306/EGE306 DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
APPLIED CALCULUS Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
TITLE MODULE
ISSUE NO. 0 REV. 0 DATE EFFECTIVE: JANUARY 1, 2024 PAGE 6 OF 7
2. + x2 4 Solve for y’’
y2 =
Apply implicit differentiation
i. solve for the first derivative: 2x + 2yy’ = 0
x + y y’ = 0 or y’= -x/y
ii. solve for the second derivative using x + y y’ = 0
1 + (y y’’ + y’ y’) =0
− 1 − (y' ) 2 − 1 − (− x/y)2 −x
y' ' = = substitute y' = ; simplify
y y y
− y 2 − x 2 − (x 2 + y 2 )
y' ' = = substitute x 2 + y 2 = 4
3 3
y y
−4
y' ' =
y3

Exercises. A. Solve for the indicated requirements

1. y = x 2 − 3 x ; y'(0) and its geometric interpretation 6. xy + y 2 = 4 x 3 ; y'
5 4 d2z y dy
2. z = 6
− − 7 x+ 8 ; 2
7 . x−1 + =6 ;
x 3
x 2 dx 4 dx
x −2x
3. f(x) = ; f' (x) 8. y = (2 x − x ) 5 (x − 5) ; y''
x
dz
4. z = (y 3 − 2) 3 4 − 2 y ; z' = 9. y 2 − 6 x 2 y = −9 x ; y' at (1,3)
dy
x 2 y2
5. + = 1 ; y' by implicit differentiation
4 9

B. Given : y = √9 − x 2
Req’d:
1. f’(x)
2. f’(1)
3. Equation of the tangent line at x=1
4. Solve for the equation of the normal line at x=1
5. Draw a graph of the curve and the tangent line in one Cartesian plane.
6. Solve for the points where : a. the tangent line is vertical
b. the tangent line is horizontal

C. More exercises for finding the derivative

3
1. f(x) = 4 √x 2 − π3 Solve for: a) f ’(x) b) f ’(8) c) f “ (-8)
y
2. w = Solve for w ’
y2 + 4

3. z2 = y2 ( 5 + y2) Solve for z ’

5
4. xy = √25x 3 − 2x + 2 Solve for: a) y ’ b) y ”
5 x3 2
5. (x + y)2 = + + Solve for: a) y ’ b) y ’ (1, 3)
x2 3 √x
6
6. ey = Solve for: a) y ’ b) y ’(2)
(𝑥 𝜋 +5)4
3
7. y2 -2y +4 = Solve for: a) y ’ b) y ’(0, -1)
(2𝑥+5)
dw
8. w2 z3 + 2w – 3z2 = 4z Solve for w ’ =
dz
4−6p dp
9. p3 = Solve for p ’ =
√3−5x dx
ye 5x − yπ dy
10. = Solve for y ’ =
7 2x dx
 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT
MATH 2
DGE306/EGE306 DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
APPLIED CALCULUS Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
TITLE MODULE
ISSUE NO. 0 REV. 0 DATE EFFECTIVE: JANUARY 1, 2024 PAGE 7 OF 7
Additional Resources:
a. The Calculus with Analytic Geometry by Louis Leithold
b. Calculus and Analytic Geometry by George B. Thomas Jr and Ross L.Finney
c. Math 2 Modules

Assessment and Evaluation:

Summary and Reflection: