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LINEARIZATION, SEPARABILITY AND LAX PAIRS REPRESENTATION OF a4

TODA LATTICE

BRUCE LIONNEL LIETAP NDI, DJAGWA DEHAINSALA, AND JOSEPH DONGHO

Abstract. The aim of this work is focused on linearizing and found the Lax Pairs of the algebraic
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complete integrability (a.c.i) Toda lattice associated with the twisted affine Lie algebra a4 . Firstly, we
recall that our case of a.c.i is a two-dimensional algebraic completely integrable systems for which the
invariant (real) tori can be extended to complex algebraic tori (abelian surfaces). This implies that the
geometry can be used to study this system. Secondly, we show that the lattice is related to the Mumford
arXiv:2501.02164v1 [nlin.SI] 4 Jan 2025

system and we construct an explicit morphism between these systems, leading to a new Poisson structure
for the Mumford system. Finally, we give a new Lax equation for this Toda lattice and we construct an
explicit linearization of the system.

1. Introduction
Many integrable systems from classical mechanics admit a complexification, where phase space and time
are complexified, and the geometry of the (complex) momentum map is the best possible complex analogue
of the geometry that appears in the Liouville Theorem. Namely, in many relevant examples the generic
complexified fiber is an affine part of an Abelian variety (a compact algebraic torus) and the integrable
vector fields are translation invariant, when restricted to any of these tori. Such integrable systems are call
them algebraic completely integrable systems, following the original definition of Adler and van Moerbeke.
Integrable systems have been integrated classically in terms of quadratures, usually through a sequence
of very ingenious algebraic manipulations especially tailored to the problem. More recently, it was realized
that whenever a system could be represented as a family of Lax pairs. the system could be linearized on
the Jacobian of a spectral curve, defined by the characteristic polynomial of one of the matrices in the Lax
pair.
To show that a Hamiltonian system linearizes on an Abelian variety, one may either construct a Lax
representation of the differential equation depending on an extra-parameter and linearize on the Jacobian of
the curve specified by its characteristic equation, or one may complete the complexified invariant manifolds
by using the Laurent solutions of the differential equations. The latter method allows us in addition to
identify the nature of the invariant manifolds and of the solutions of the system: in most examples the
isospectral manifolds and the invariant manifolds are different.
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In the previous work [3], we have prove that the a4 is a two-dimensional integrable system. This
system satisfies the linearization criterion [[1], theorem 6.41] and it is an algebraic completely integrable
in the Adler-van Moerbeke sense. This system has a smooth hyperelliptic curve of genus two. According
to Vanhaecke [7] and Mumford’s description of hyperelliptic Jacobians (see [[5], Section 3.1]), like Γ is a
hyperelliptic curve of genus two then the Riemann surface Γ is embedded in its jacobian such that Jac(Γ) Γ
is isomorphic to the space of pairs of polynomials (u(λ); v(λ)). u(λ) is a monic of degree two and v(λ) less
than two. f (λ) − v 2 (λ) is divisible by u(λ).
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The aim of this paper is how we can linearize and find the Toda lattice a4 Lax pair or Lax represen-
tation? To prove this, we construct an explicit map from the generic fiber Fc into the Jacobian of the
Riemann surface Γc . After we find the kummer surface of Jac(Kc ), u(λ), v(λ) and f (λ).
This paper is organized as follows. In section 2, preliminaries of this work, we give the basic notions
of linearising, separating variables and Lax representation. In section 3, main part of the paper, we show
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that the a.c.i a4 Toda lattice is related to the Mumford system and we construct an explicit morphism
between these systems, leading to a new Poisson structure for the Mumford system. Finally, we give a new

Date: January 7, 2025.

2020 Mathematics Subject Classification. 34G20,34M55,37J35.
Key words and phrases. Toda lattice, integrable system, linearization, Lax representation.
This work was completed with the support of the Pr Joseph Dongho and Dr Djagwa Dehainsala.
Corresponding author: University of Maroua-Cameroon & University of NDjamena-Chad.
1
2 BRUCE LIONNEL LIETAP NDI, DJAGWA DEHAINSALA, AND JOSEPH DONGHO

Lax equation with spectral parameter for this Toda lattice and we construct an explicit linearization of the
system.

2. Preliminaries
Let Cn denote a complex vector space of dimension n.
Definition 2.1. [2] A lattice in Cn is a discrete subgroup of maximal rank in Cn . It is a free abelian
group of rank 2.

A lattice Λ in Cn acts in a natural way on the vector space Cn and the quotient Tn = Cn /Λ is called a
complex torus.
In the theory of linear algebraic groups there is the notion of a torus. Such a torus is an affine group,
whereas a complex torus is compact.
Definition 2.2. [2] An abelian variety is a complex torus admitting a positive line bundle or equivalently
a projective embedding.
Abelian varieties over the complex numbers are special complex tori, that is, quotients of finite-dimensional
complex vector spaces modulo a lattice of maximal rank.

The Riemann Relations are necessary and sufficient conditions for a complex torus to be an abelian
variety. They were introduced by Riemann in the special case of a Jacobian variety of a curve.
Let Tn = Cn /Λ be a complex torus.
Definition 2.3. [2] A positive line bundle on Tn is by definition a line bundle on Tn whose first Chern
class is a positive definite hermitian form on Cn .

A polarization on Tn is by definition the first Chern class H = c1 (L) of a positive line bundle L on Tn .
By abuse of notation we sometimes consider the line bundle L on Tn itself as a polarization. The type
of L is called the type of the polarization. A polarization is called principal if it is of type (1, · · ·, 1).

Definition 2.4. [2] An abelian variety is a complex torus Tn admitting a polarization H = c1 (L). The
pair (Tn , H) is called a polarized abelian variety.
According to [2], let Γ be a smooth projective curve of genus g over the field of complex numbers. the
g-dimensional C-vector space H 0 (ωΓ ) of holomorphic 1-forms on Γ. The homology group H 1 (Γ, Z) is a free
abelian group of rank 2g. For convenience we use the same letter for (topological) 1-cycles on Γ and their
corresponding classes in H 1 (Γ, Z). By Stoke’s theorem any element γ ∈ H 1 (Γ, Z) yields in a canonical way
a linear form on the vector space H 0 (ωΓ ), which we also denote by:
γ : H 0 (ωΓ ) −→ RC
ω 7−→ γ
ω

Definition 2.5. [2] the Jacobian variety or simply the Jacobian of Γ, denote by Jac(Γ) is a complex torus
of dimension g such that
Jac(Γ) := H 0 (ωΓ )∗ /H 1 (Γ, Z)
Definition 2.6. [2] A theta divisor of the Jacobian Jac(Γ) is any divisor on Jac(Γ) such that the line
bundle OJac(Γ) (Θ) defines the canonical polarization.
Definition 2.7. [4] A system of ordinary differential equations over R is called algebraic complete in-
tegrable (a.c.i.) when it is completely integrable and the complexified invariant manifolds complete into
algebraic tori (Abelian varieties), whose (complexified) commuting flows extend holomorphically.
According to [4], Let Tn = Cn /Λ be a complex algebraic torus, (Abelian variety) with an origin 0 chosen.
Let i be the inverse morphism which coincides with the (−1)-reflection about 0.
Definition 2.8. [4] The Kumrner variety of Tn , denoted by Kc , is the quotient of Tn by the action of
the group (1, i).
 (2)
LINEARIZATION, SEPARABILITY AND LAX PAIRS REPRESENTATION OF a4 TODA LATTICE 3

The Kummer variety bears the moduli information and has the advantage of possessing a lower degree
of embedding in projective space. According to [4], let D be a divisor on Tn . Denote by L(D) the invertible
sheaf associated to D.
L(D) = { the vector space of functions f such that
(f ) = divisor of zeroes-divisor of poles ≥ −D}
According to [7] Let Γ be a smooth curve of genus g. We define two divisor D and D′ in Div(Γ), the divisor
group of Γ, to be linearly equivalent, D ∼l D′ , if and only if there exists a meromorphic function f on Γ.
According to [4], let D be an ample divisor on Tn . We denote by C(D) the set of all divisors D′ on Tn
such that there are two positive numbers n, n′ and nD is algebraically equivalent to n′ D′ .
Definition 2.9. [1] A compact Riemann surface for which the Kodaira map is not an embedding is called
a hyperelliptic Riemann surface (a compact Riemann surfaces of genus 1 being called an elliptic Riemann
surface), while any curve whose (compact) Riemann surface is hyperelliptic is called a hyperelliptic curve
(one speaks of an elliptic curve in the genus 1 case).
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3. Separability and linearization of two-dimensional Toda lattice a4
3.1. Linearization procedure. According to [1], since Jac(Γ) is a principally polarized Abelian variety
g
of dimension g, the Lefschetz Theorem implies that it can be embedded in P3 −1 , by using the sections
of [3Θ]. However, the sections of [2Θ] never embed Jac(Γ) in projective space, but rather they embed its
Kummer variety Kc (Γ) in projective space. An important particular case is that of the Kummer surface
Kc (Γ), where Γ is a hyperelliptic Riemann surface of genus 2. The line bundle [2Θ] that corresponds
to twice the principal polarization on Jac(Γ) has in this case 4 independent sections and the associated
Kodaira map, which maps Jac(Γ) into P3 , factors through Kc (Γ), realizing the Kummer surface as a
surface in P3 .
Being two-dimensional the image is given
Z by a single equation; to compute the degree of this equation,
we use the fact that this degree is given by ω, where ω is associated (1, 1)-form ofthe standard Kahler
Kc (Γ)
structure on P3 . Clearly this is twice the volume of Kc (Γ), which itself is half the volume of the Jacobi
surface (with the polarization of type (1, 1)).
In the two-dimensional case, the invariant manifolds complete into Abelian surfaces by adding one (or
several) curves to the affine surfaces. In this case, Vanhaecke proposed in [7] a method which leads to an
explicit linearization of the vector field of the a.c.i. system. The computation of the first few terms of
the Laurent solutions to the differential equations enables us to construct an embedding of the invariant
manifolds in the projective space PN . From this embedding, one deduces the structure of the divisors Dc
to be adjoined to the generic affine in order to complete them into Abelian surfaces Tc . Thus, the system
is a.c.i.. The different steps of the algorithm of Vanhaecke are given by:
case 1
a) If one of the components of Dc is a smooth curve Γc of genus two, compute the image of the rational
map φ[2Γc ] : T2c → P3 which is a singular surface in P3 , the Kummer surface Kc of jacobian Jac(Γc )
of the curve Γc .
b) Otherwise, if one of the components of Dc is a d : 1 unramified cover Cc of a smooth curve Γc of
genus two, the map p : Cc → Γc extends to the map pe : T2c → Jac(Γc ). In this case, let Cc denote
the (non complete) linear system pe[2Γc ] ⊂ [2Cc ] which corresponds to the complete linear system
[2Cc ] and compute now the Kummer surface Cc of Jac(Γc ) as image of φεc : T2c → P3 .
c) Otherwise, change the divisor at infinity so as to arrive in case (a) or (b). This can always be done
for any irreducible Abelian surface.
case 2. Choose a Weierstrass point W on the curve Γc and coordinates (z0 : z1 : z2 : z3 ) for P3 such
φ[2Γc ] (W ) = (0 : 0 : 0 : 1) in case 1.(a) and φεc (W ) = (0 : 0 : 0 : 1) in case 1.(b). Then this point will be a
singular point (node) for the Kummer surface Kc whose equation is p2 (zo ; z1 ; z2 )z32 + p3 (zo ; z1 ; z2 )z3 + p4 (zo ; z1 ; z2 ) = 0

where the pi are polynomials of degree i. After a projective transformation which fixes (0 : 0 : 0 : 1), we
may assume that p2 (zo ; z1 ; z2 ) = z12 − 4z0 z2 .

case 3. Finally, let s1 and s2 be the roots of the quadractic equation z0 s2 + z1 s + z2 = 0, whose
discriminant is p2 (zo ; z1 ; z2 ), with the zi expressed in terms of the original variables. Then the differential
4 BRUCE LIONNEL LIETAP NDI, DJAGWA DEHAINSALA, AND JOSEPH DONGHO

equations describing the vector field of the system are rewritten by direct computation in the classical
Weierstrass form
√ s˙1 + √ s˙2 = α1 dt
f (s1 ) f (s2 )
(3.1)
√s1 s˙1 + √s2 s˙2 = α2 dt
f (s1 ) f (s2 )

where α1 and α2 depend on the torus. From it, the symmetric functions s1 + s2 := − zz10 , s1 s2 := zz20
and the original variables can be written in terms of the Riemann theta function associated to the curve
y 2 = f (x).
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3.2. A.C.I of a4 Toda lattice. In this section, we recall, according to [3], some results relating the
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two-dimensional a4 Toda lattice. It is well known that this system is a.c.i.

The Toda lattice, introduced by Morikazu Toda in 1967 [6], is a simple model for a one-dimensional
crystal in solid-state physics. It is famous because it is one of the first examples of a completely integrable
nonlinear system. It is described by a chain of particles with nearest-neighbor interaction, and its dynamics
are governed by the Hamiltonian
X  p2 (n, t) 
H (p, q) = + V (q (n + 1, t) − q (n, t)) ,
2
n∈Z

and the equations of motion

( ∂H(p,q) −(q(n,t)−q(n−1,t))
d
dt p (n, t) = − ∂q(n,t) = e − e−(q(n+1,t)−q(n,t))
d ∂H(p,q)
dt q (n, t) = ∂p(n,t) = p (n, t)
where q (n, t) is the displacement of the n-th particle from its equilibrium position, and p (n, t) is its
momentum (with mass m = 1), and the Toda potential is given by V (r) = e−r + r − 1. The classical Toda
lattice is a system of particles with unit mass, connected by exponential springs. Its equations of motion
derived from the Hamiltonian.
n n−1
1 X 2 X qj −qj+1
(3.2) H= pj + e .
2 j=1 j=1

where qj is the position of the j -th particle and pj is its amount of movement. This type of Hamiltonian
was considered first by Morikazu Toda [6]. The equation (3.2) is known as the finite classic no periodic
Toda lattice to distinguish other versions of various forms of the system. The periodic version of (3.2) is
given by
n n
1 X 2 X qj −qj+1
H= pj + e , qn+1 = q1 .
2 j=1 j=1
where the equations of motion are given by
∂H ∂H
ṗj = − = e(qj−1 −qj ) − e(qj −qj+1 ) and q̇j = = pj , 1 ≤ j ≤ n.
∂qj ∂pj
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The differential equations of the periodic Toda lattice a4 are given on the five dimensions hyperplane
H = {(x0 , x1 , x2 , y0 , y1 , y2 ) ∈ C6 |y0 + 2y1 + 2y2 = 0} of C6 by

ẋ = x.y
ẏ = Ax
⊤ ⊤
where x = (x0 , x1 , x2 ) , y = (y0 , y1 , y2 ) and A is the Cartan matrix of the twisted affine Lie algebra
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a4 given in [1] by
 
2 −2 0
 −1 2 −2 
0 −1 2
⊤ (2)
and ε = (1, 2, 2) is the normalized null vector of A⊤ . The equations of motion of the Toda lattice a4 are
given in [1] by :
 (2)
LINEARIZATION, SEPARABILITY AND LAX PAIRS REPRESENTATION OF a4 TODA LATTICE 5

x˙0 = x0 y0 y˙0 = 2x0 − 2x1

(3.3) x˙1 = x1 y1 y˙1 = −x0 + 2x1 − 2x2
x˙2 = x2 y2 y˙2 = −x1 + 2x2
We denote by V1 the vector field defined by the above differential equations (3.3). Then V1 is the Hamil-
tonian vector field, with Hamiltonian function F2 = y02 + 4y22 − 4x0 − 8x1 − 16x2
with respect to the Poisson structure {·, ·} defined by the following skew-symmetric matrix
 
0 0 0 4x0 −2x0 0
 0
 0 0 −2x1 2x1 −x1  
1  0 0 0 0 −x2 x2 
(3.4) J=  
8 −4x0 2x1 0 0 0 0 

 2x0 −2x1 x2 0 0 0 
0 x1 −x2 0 0 0
This Poisson structure is given on C6 ; the function F0 = y0 + 2y1 + 2y2 is a Casimir, so that the hyperplane
H is a Poisson subvariety. The rank of this Poisson structure {·, ·} is 0 on the three-dimensional subspace
{x0 = x1 = x2 = 0}; the rank is 2 on the three four-dimensional subspaces: {x0 = x1 = 0}, {x0 = x2 = 0}
and {x1 = x2 = 0}. Thus, for all points of H except the four subspaces above the rank is 4. The vector
field V1 admits also the following two constants of motion:
F1 = x0 x21 x22
(3.5) F2 = y02 + 4y22 −
4x0 − 8x1
− 16x2
F3 = y02 − 4x0 y22 − 4x2 − 4x1 (y0 y2 − 4x2 − x1 )
F1 is a Casimir for {·, ·}, and the function F3 generates a second Hamiltonian vector field V2 , which
commutes with V1 , given by the differential equations
′
x0 = x0 y2 (y0 y2 − 2x1 ) − 4x0 x2 y0
′
x1 = −x1 y1 y2 (y1 + y2 ) − x21 y1 + x1 (x0 y2 + 2x2 y0 )
′
x2 = x2 (y1 + y2 ) ((y1
+ y2 ) y2 + x1 ) + x0 x2 y0
(3.6) ′
y0 = 2 2x1 x2 + x0 y22 + x1 (2x1 − y0 y2 ) − 8x0 x2
′
y1 = −x0 y22 + 2x2 (3x0 − x1 ) + y0 y2 (x1 + x2 ) − 2x21 + x2 y0 y1
′
y2 = x1 y2 (y1 + y2 ) + x21 − x2 (y1 + y2 ) − 2x2 x0
Hence the system (3.3) is completely integrable in the Livouille sense. It can be written as a Hamiltonian
vector fields
∂H ⊤ ⊤
ż = J , z = (z1 , · · · , z6 ) = (x0 , x1 , x2 , y0 , y1 , y2 )
∂z
where H = F2 . the Hamiltonian structure is defined by the following Poisson bracket
  6
∂F ∂H X ∂F ∂H
{F, H} = ,J = Jik
∂z ∂z ∂zi ∂zk
i,k=1
 ⊤
∂H ∂H ∂H ∂H ∂H ∂H ∂H
where ∂z = ∂x0 , ∂x1 , ∂x2 , ∂y0 , ∂y1 , ∂y2 and J is an antisymmetric matrix.

The vector field V2 admits the same constants of motion (3.5) and is in involution with V1 therefore
{F2 , F3 } = 0. The involution σ defined on C6 by
σ (x0 , x1 , x2 , y0 , y1 , y2 ) = (x0 , x1 , x2 , −y0 , −y1 , −y2 )
preserves the constants of motion F1 , F2 and F3 , hence leave the fibers of the momentum map F invariant.
This involution can be restricts to the hyperplane H.
Lemma 3.1. [3] The system of differential equation (3.3) of the vector field V1 has three distincts families
of homogeneous Laurent solutions with weights depending on four (dimH − 1) free parameters.

The set of regular values of the momentum map F is the Zariski open subset Ω defined by

Ω= c = (c1 , c2 , c3 ) ∈ C3 | c1 ̸= 0 and

256 3200000c21 + 2000c23 c2 c1 − 225c3 c32 c1 + c53 + 1728c52 c1 − 32c43 c22 + c33 c42 ̸= 0 .
6 BRUCE LIONNEL LIETAP NDI, DJAGWA DEHAINSALA, AND JOSEPH DONGHO

At a generic point c = (c1 , c2 , c3 ) ∈ C3 , the fiber on c ∈ Ω of F is therefore:

3
\
−1
Fc := F (c) = {m ∈ H : Fi (m) = ci }
i=1
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Hence we have the following result which prove that Toda lattice a4 is a completely integrable system
in the Liouville sense.
Proposition 3.2. [3] For c ∈ Ω, the fiber Fc over c of the momentum F is a smooth affine variety of
dimension 2 and the rank of the Poisson structure (3.4) is maximal and equal to 4 at each point of Fc ;
moreover the vector fields V1 and V2 are independent at each point of the fiber Fc .
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Proposition 3.3. [3] (H, {·, ·}, F) is a completely integrable system describing the Toda lattice a4 where
F = (F1 , F2 , F3 ) and {·, ·} are given respectively by (3.5) and (3.4) with commuting vector fields (3.3) and
(3.6).
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The algebraic complete integrability of the a4 Toda lattice was established in [3] by the following
theorem
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Theorem 3.4. [3] Let (H, {·, ·}, F) be an integrable system describing the Toda lattice a4 where F =
(F1 , F2 , F3 ) and {·, ·} are given respectively by (3.5) and (3.4) with commuting vector fields (3.3).
i) (H, {·, ·}, F) is a weight homogeneous algebraical completely integrable system.
ii) For c ∈ Ω, the fiber Fc of its momentum map is completed in an abelian surface T2c (the Jacobian
(2)
of the hyperelliptic curve (of genus two) Γc ) by the addition of a singular divisor Dc composed
(0)
of three irreducible components: Dc defined by:
(0)


Γc : 16d2 a8 −
256d3 +
8d2 c2 a6 +
1536d2 + 96dc2 + 8c3 + c22 d2 a4 − 8 8c3 + 48dc 2

2 2+
c22
2 2 2 2 3 2
+512d d + 2c2 c3 d + 64c1 a + 8d c2 c3 + 16dc3 + 64d c2 + 512d + 2dc2 + c3 d = 0
(1)
and Dc defined by:

2 
Γ(1) 3
c : 256ad − 4a2 − c2 − 16c3 d2 − +64c1 = 0,
(2)
two singular curves of respective genus 3 and 4 and one smooth curve and Dc defined by
Γ(2) 4 4 2

2 2
c : e a − 8c1 + c2 e a e − 64e5 + 4e2 c1 c2 + 4c3 e4 + 16c21 = 0.
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of genus 2 and isomorphic to Γc . The curves intercept each other as indicated in figure:

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Figure: Curves completing the invariant surfaces Fc of the Toda lattice a4 in abelian surfaces
(i)
where Di is the curve Dc .
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4. Linearization and Lax pairs of the a4 Toda lattice
The involution (−1) on the abelian surface give a singular surface, his Kummer surface. Here we give an
equation of Kummer surface lie with the Jacobi surface Tc2 = Jac(Γc ) where Γc is a hyperelliptic Riemann
surface of genus
h 2 idefine above. The surface Tc2 is an abelian principal polarisation and the section of the
(2)
line bundle 2Dc embed his Kummer surface in the projectif space P 6
 (2)
LINEARIZATION, SEPARABILITY AND LAX PAIRS REPRESENTATION OF a4 TODA LATTICE 7

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Consider the functions which have a double pole on one of component of divisor Dc , namely Dc and
no pole on the other.

Now, we find a basis function on H which has a double pole in t when we substitute the principal
balance x(t; m2 ) and no poles when the other principal balances are substituted. Using x(t, m0 ), x(t, m1 )
and x(t, m2 ) give in [3], we obtain a basis of these functions constituate by the functions θi give in the
following table:
k dim F k dim Hk dim Zρk ♯dep ζ k indep. functions
0 1 1 1 0 1 θ0
1 2 0 0 0 0 -
2 6 1 2 1 1 θ1
3 10 0 0 0 0 -
4 20 2 4 3 1 θ2
5 30 0 0 0 0 -
6 50 2 6 5 1 θ3
7 70 0 0 0 0 -
8 105 3 8 8 0 -

θ0 1 =
θ1 x2=
(4.1)
θ2 x1 x2 + 4x22 − y22 x2
=
θ3 x1 x22
=
h i
(2)
The four functions θi are the line bundle section 2Dc .
Hence we can formulate the following result:
Proposition 4.1. The Koidara map which correspond to these functions:
ψc : Jac(Γc ) −→ P3
m = (x0 , x1 , x2 , y0 , y2 ) 7−→ (θ0 (m) : θ1 (m) : θ2 (m) : θ3 (m)),
applied the Jacobi surface Tc2 = Jac(Γc ) on his Kummer surface, which is a singular quartic in the projective
space P 3 . The basis (θ0 : θ1 : θ2 : θ3 ) is taking convenably.
Proof. By substitute the balance x(t, m2 ) in the θi , i = 0, ..., 3 functions and taking the coefficients of t−2
of Laurent series θi (t, m2 ), the map ψc induce on Γc a map
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ψc : (a, e) 7−→ 0 : 1 : 4e12 a2 e2 − c2 e2 − 4c1 : e .

Consider a Weierstrass point on Γc ∞ : a = ς −1 , e = 64 1

ς −4 − c2 ς −2 + 4c3 + O ς 6 . we obtain

(2)

ψc (∞) = lim 0 : 64ς 4 : 16ς 2 − 16c2 ς 4 + O(ς 6 ) : 1 − c2 ς 2 + O(ς 4 )
(4.2) ς→0
= (0 : 0 : 0 : 1)
hence a basis (θ0 : θ1 : θ2 : θ3 ) is take convenably. □
Consider the constants of motion
F1 = x0 x21 x22 = c1
(4.3) F2 = y02 + 4y22 − 4x0 − 8x1 − 16x2 = c2
F3 = (y02 − 4x0 )(y22 − 4x2 ) − 4x1 (y0 y2 − 4x2 − x1 ) = c3
and eliminating the variables (x0 , x1 , x2 , y0 , y2 ) in the principals balances x(t, m0 ), x(t, m1 ) and x(t, m2 )
in [3] we obtain:
c1 θ12 θ3
(4.4) x0 = 2 , x1 = 2 , x2 = θ 1
θ3 θ1
Using the second equations of (4.1) and (4.3), we obtain
1 1
y02 = 2 2 4c1 θ14 + 4θ33 + θ1 θ32 (c2 θ1 + 4θ2 ) , y22 = 4θ13 − θ1 θ2 + θ3



(4.5) 2
θ1 θ3 θ1
Rewriting the last equation of (4.3) on the follow form
4x1 y0 y2 = (y02 − 4x0 )(y22 − 4x2 ) − c3 + 4x1 (4x2 + x1 )


8 BRUCE LIONNEL LIETAP NDI, DJAGWA DEHAINSALA, AND JOSEPH DONGHO

we obtain a Kummer surface of Jac(Γc ). It can be put in the follow form

 
2
(4.6) (c2 + 16θ1 ) − 16 (16θ2 + 4c2 θ1 + c3 ) θ32 + 2θ3 f3 (θ1 , θ2 ) + f4 (θ1 , θ2 ) = 0
where f3 is a polynomial of degre 3, f4 of degre 4 in θ1 and θ2 given by
f3 (θ1 , θ2 ) = − (c2 + 16θ1 ) θ2 (θ1 c2 + 4θ2 ) + c3 θ12 − 64c1



2
f4 (θ1 , θ2 ) = c3 θ12 + 4θ22 − θ1 −2θ12 c2 θ2 c3 + 256c1 θ12 − θ1 c22 θ22 − 64c1 θ2 − 8θ23 c2

Hence we have the following results:

Proposition 4.2. A quartic equation of the Kummer surface of Jac(Γc ), in terms of θi is given by
 
2
(c2 + 16θ1 ) − 16 (16θ2 + 4c2 θ1 + c3 ) θ32 + 2θ3 f3 (θ1 , θ2 ) + f4 (θ1 , θ2 ) = 0
where f3 is a polynomial of degre 3, f4 of degre 4 in θ1 and θ2 given by
f3 (θ1 , θ2 ) = − (c2 + 16θ1 ) θ2 (θ1 c2 + 4θ2 ) + c3 θ12 − 64c1



2
f4 (θ1 , θ2 ) = c3 θ12 + 4θ22 − θ1 −2θ12 c2 θ2 c3 + 256c1 θ12 − θ1 c22 θ22 − 64c1 θ2 − 8θ23 c2

Theorem 4.3. The vector field V1 3.3 extends to a linear vector field on the abelian surface T2c and the
Jacobi form for the differentials equation can be written as
˙ ˙

 √ λ1 + √ λ2 = 0
f (λ1 ) f (λ2 )
 √λ1 λ˙1 + √λ2 λ˙2 = 1
f (λ1 ) f (λ2 ) 2i dt


with f (λ) = λ5i + 2c2 λ4i + 8c3 + c22 λ3i + 8c2 c3 λ2i + 16c23 λi − 16384c1 and v 2 = f (λ) is birational equivalent
to the hyperelliptic curve of genus two Kc

Proof. Consider coefficient of θ32 in equation (4.6) with the variables xi and yi
2
∆ = (c2 + 16x2 ) − 4 4x2 −16y22 + 64x2 + 16x1 + 4c2 + 4c3

Let u(λ) an unitary polynomial in λ such that the discriminant is ∆, hence we have:
u(λ) = λ2 + (c2 + 16x2 ) λ + 4x2 −16y22 + 64x2 + 16x1 + 4c2 + 4c3

2
= λ2 + y02 + 4y22 − 4x0 − 8x1 λ + (4x1 − 2y0 y2 ) − 16x0 y22

.
Lets λ1 and λ2 roots of polynomial f (λ), we have:
λ1 λ2 = 4x2 −16y22 + 64x2 + 16x1 + 4c2 + 4c3


(4.7) λ1 + λ2 = −16x2 − c2 ,
that imply,with respect with V1
λ̇1 λ2 + λ1 λ̇2 = −16x2 −y2 y02 − 4x0 + 2x1 y0



(4.8) λ̇1 + λ̇2 = −16x2 y2 ,
Let v (λ) a polynom define,up to a multiplicative constante, by :
 2



v (λ) = 32i x − 4x0 − 2x1 y0
2 y2 λ + x2 y2 y0 
(4.9)
= −2i λ̇1 + λ̇2 λ + 2i λ̇1 λ2 + λ1 λ̇2 .

by substituation (4.7) and (4.8) in (4.3), and by eliminating variables x0 , x1 , x2 , y0 and y2 , we obtain two
quadrics polynoms in λ̇2i given by


2 λ5i + 2c2 λ4i + 8c3 + c22 λ3i + 8c2 c3 λ2i + 16c23 λi − 16384c1
λ̇i = 2 , i = 1, 2
4 (λ1 − λ2 )
verify
˙ ˙

 √ λ1 + √ λ2 =0
f (λ1 ) f (λ2 )
(4.10)
 √ 1 λ˙1
λ
+ √ 2 λ˙2
λ
= 1
2i dt
f (λ1 ) f (λ2 )

with
f (λ) = λ5i + 2c2 λ4i + 8c3 + c22 λ3i + 8c2 c3 λ2i + 16c23 λi − 16384c1


 (2)
LINEARIZATION, SEPARABILITY AND LAX PAIRS REPRESENTATION OF a4 TODA LATTICE 9

and like v 2 = f (λ) then:

p
f (λl ) = v (λl )
= 2i 16x2 y2 λl + 16ix2 y2 y02 − 4x0 − 2x1 y0



   
= −2i λ̇1 + λ̇2 λl + 2i λ̇1 λ2 + λ1 λ̇2
hence
 p    
 f (λ1 ) = −2i λ̇1 + λ̇2 λ1 + 2i λ̇1 λ2 + λ1 λ̇2  p
    =⇒ pf (λ1 ) = −2i (λ1 − λ2 ) λ̇1
f (λ2 ) = 2i (λ1 − λ2 ) λ̇2
p
 f (λ2 ) = −2i λ̇1 + λ̇2 λ2 + 2i λ̇1 λ2 + λ1 λ̇2

This show that the Toda is linearising on the Jacobian variety of the curve Kc . It is able to see how Kc
and v 2 = f (s) are related.
Like
Kc : z 2 = h(t) = t5 − 2c2 t4 + 8c3 + c22 t3 − 8c2 c3 t2 + 16c23 t + 16384c1

and
v 2 = f (λ) = λ5 + 2c2 λ4 + 8c3 + c22 λ3 + 8c2 c3 λ2 + 16c23 λ − 16384c1

then we easy verify by taking λ = −t that z = iv .

one verifies, by a direct computation, that the expression f (λ) − v 2 (λ) is divisible by u(λ) with
f (λ) = λ5 + 2c2 λ4 + 8c3 + c22 λ3 + 8c2 c3 λ2 + 16c23 λ − 16384c1

2
Hence
r y = f (λ) is birational to the affine curve Γc by adding the Weierstrass points at infinity a =
t5 −2c2 t4 +(8c3 +c22 )t3 −8c2 c3 t2 +16c23 t+16384c1 1


± (t2 −c t+4c )2
, e = 64 t2 − c2 t + 4c3 . □
2 3

The form 4.10 is ewuivalent to !

2 Z Qk  
d X
→
− 0
ω =
dt 0k 2i
k=1
 ⊤
where →
−
 p 
ω = √dx , √xdx is a basis for holomorphic differentials on Γc , Q1 := λ1 , f (λ1 ) and
f (x) f (x)
 p   p   p 
Q2 := λ2 , f (λ2 ) two points of Γc and Q1 + Q2 = λ1 , f (λ1 ) + λ2 , f (λ2 ) viewed as a divisor
on the genus 2 hyperelliptic curve Γc . Thus, by integrating 4.10, we see that the flow of V 1 is linear on the
Jacobian of the curve Γc . By using [[5], Theorem 5.3], one shows that the symmetric functions λ1 and λ2 ,
and hence the original phase variables can be written in terms of theta functions.
(2)
Now we also establish a link between the a4 Toda lattice and the Mumford system [5]. By using a
method due to Vanhaecke [8], we construct an explicit morphism between these two systems. Thus, we
(2)
obtain a new Poisson structure for the Mumford system and then derive a new Lax equation for the a4
Toda lattice.
According the fact that the expression f (λ) − v 2 (λ) is divisible by u(λ) such that the above formulas
2
define a point of Jac(Γc )\Γ2c , there exist a polynomial w in λ of degree 3 =deg u + 1. By direct calculation,
we obtain:
f (λ) − v 2 (λ)
w(λ) =
u(λ)
= λ3 + w2 λ2 + w1 λ + w0 ,
where
w0 = 256y02 x22 − 1024x0 x22
w1 = 16x21 + 4y02 y22 − 32y02 x2 − 16x0 y22 + 128x0 x2 + 256x22 + 128x2 x1 − 16x1 y0 y2
w2 = y02 − 8x1 − 32x2 − 4x0 + 4y22 .
(2)
The linearizing variables 4.7 and 4.8 suggest a morphism φ from the a4 Toda lattice to genus 2 odd
Mumford system:
  
v(λ) u(λ) deg(u) = 2 = deg(w) − 1 ∼
∈ M2 (C[λ]) such that = C7 ,
w(λ) −v(λ) deg(v) < 2; u,w are monic
10 BRUCE LIONNEL LIETAP NDI, DJAGWA DEHAINSALA, AND JOSEPH DONGHO

where C7 is a phase space of Mumford system. The morphism φ is given by:


 u(λ) = λ2 + u1 λ + u0
(4.11) (x0 , x1 , x2 , y0 , y2 ) 7−→ v(λ) = v1 λ + v0
w(λ) = λ3 + w2 λ2 + w1 λ + w0


with
2


u0 = (4x1 − 2y0 y2 ) − 16x0 y22
v0 = 16x2 y2 y02 − 4x0 − 2x1 y0
u1 = − y02 + 4y22 − 4x0 − 8x1 v1 = 16x2 y2
w0 = 256y02 x22 − 1024x0 x22
w1 = 16x21 + 4y02 y22 − 32y02 x2 − 16x0 y22 + 128x0 x2 + 256x22 + 128x2 x1 − 16x1 y0 y2
w2 = y02 − 8x1 − 32x2 − 4x0 + 4y22
Theorem 4.4. A Lax representation of the vector field V1 = XF1 is given by:
Ẋ = [X(λ), Y (λ)]
by taking    
v(λ) u(λ) 0 1
X(λ) = and Y (λ) =
w(λ) −v(λ) b(λ) 0
where u(λ), v(λ) and w(λ) are the polynomials defined above. The coefficient b(λ) = λ − 32x2 of the
matrix Y (λ) is the polynomial part of the rational function w(λ)/u(λ).
Acknowledgements. We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to Professor Pol Vanhaecke at Uni-
versity of Poitiers for his particular contributions in providing clarifications and guidance on our research
theme, for the enriching exchanges and thoughtful advice he generously offered us throughout this project.

References
[1] Adler, M., Moerbeke,P.V and Vanhaecke, P., Intégrabilité algébrique, géométrie Painlevé et algèbres de Lie, Ergeb. Math.
Grenzgeb. 47 (3) (2004) Berlin- Heidelberg : Springer.
[2] Herbert,L. and Birkenhake, C.,Abelian Varieties over the Complex Numbers,A Graduate Course, Grundlehren Text Edi-
tions, Springer,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25570-0.
(2)
[3] Lietap, N.,Dehainsala, D. and Dongho, J., Algebraic complete integrability of the a4 Toda lattice, University of
maroua,SIGMA 20 (2024), 087, 26 pages, https://doi.org/10.3842/SIGMA.2024.087.
[4] Piovan, L., Algebraically completely integrable systems and Kummer varieties, Brandeis University, Math. Ann. 290,
pp.349-403 (1991)
[5] Mumford, D.: Tata Lectures on Theta: 2. Jacobian Theta Functions and Differential Equations, Progr. Math., vol. 43,
Boston, MA: Birkhäuser, 1984.
[6] Toda, M., One-Dimensional Dual Transformation, J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1965, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 2095A (see also Progr.
Theoret. Phys. Suppl., 1966, no. 36, pp. 113-119).
[7] Vanhaecke, P., Linearising two-dimensional integrable systems and the construction of action-angle variables. Math. Z.,
1992, vol. 211, no. 2, pp. 265-313.
[8] Vanhaecke, P.,Integrable Systems in the Realm of Algebraic Geometry, 2nd ed., Lecture Notes in Math., vol.1638, Berlin:
Springer, 2001.

(LIETAP) University of Maroua, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences,
P.O. Box 814 Maroua, Cameroon
Email address: [email protected]

(DEHAINSALA) University of NDjamena, Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Department of Mathematics,
1 route de Farcha, PO Box 1027 NDjamena, Chad
Email address: [email protected]

(DONGHO) University of Maroua, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences,
P.O. Box 814 Maroua, Cameroon
Email address: [email protected]