APPENDIX I

(See Paragraph 701)

CLASSIFICATION OF REVENUE EXPENDITURE

EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM

General - All Abstracts

The revenue working expenses of the Railways are classified under 13 sub-major heads with a
separate Abstract for each Sub-major head, viz.-

The revenue working expenses of the Railways are classified under 13 sub-major heads with a
separate Abstract for each Sub-major head, viz.-

Sr. No. Abstract Particulars

(1) Abstract 'A'- General Superintendence and Services.
(2) Abstract 'B'- Repairs and Maintenance of Permanent Way and
Works.
(3) Abstract 'C'- Repairs and Maintenance of Motive Power.
(4) Abstract 'D'- Repairs and Maintenance of Carriages and Wagons.
(5) Abstract 'E'- Repairs and Maintenance of Plant and Equipment.
(6) Abstract F'- Operating Expenses-Rolling Stock and Equipment.
(7) Abstract 'G'- Operating Expenses-Traffic
(8) Abstract 'H'- Operating Expenses-Fuel.
(9) Abstract 'J'- Staff Welfare and Amenities.
(10) Abstract 'K'- Miscellaneous Working Expenses.
(11) Abstract 'L'- Provident Fund, Pension and other retirement
benefits.
(12) Abstract 'M'- Appropriation to Funds
(13) Abstract 'N'- Suspense.
(14) Abstract " O" Government Contribution for Defined Contribution
Pension Scheme

The Sub-major heads are divided into minor, sub, and detailed heads as shown in the
accompanying classification. The introduction or abolition or change of nomenclature of any
minor or sub head, the transfer of a sub-head or detailed head from one minor head or sub head
to another, and any rearrangement of abstracts are not within the competence of a Railway
Administration. But the Financial Adviser and Chief Accounts Officer of a Railway may with the
approval of the General Manager introduce a new detailed head within a sub-head except when
the necessity arises of a new class of expenditure, in which case the orders of the Railway
Board should be obtained as to the sub-head under which the detailed head should appear.
When, however, a new detailed head is opened by Railway Administration, the Railway Board
should be informed.

The structure of the accounts classification is such that it corresponds to and is in line with the
revised classification of the Demands for Grants. While the alpha (i.e. the letter of the Abstract)
corresponds to the Demand head, the minor, sub-head and detailed heads of accounts,
represent classification of the activity from a broad grouping into its details. The classification
lends itself to computerisation and its utility from the point of view of analysis of costs will be
greater when the compilation is taken on the computer in due course of time. On
computerisation of the accounting system, the alpha of the abstract classification will be
substituted by a Numerical Code as follows:-

A-03, B-04, C-05, D-06, E-07. F-08, G-09, H-10, J-11, K-12, L-13, M-14 & N-12

Which will be the same as for Demands for Grants. Under the manual system however it is
preferable to retain the alpha character of the Abstract classification in view of its age long
familiarity. In this connection, a summary of the Revised demand Structure-Demand for Grants
for Expenditure on Railways is given below:-

CLASSIFICATION OF REVENUE EXPENDITURE APP. I

Sr.No. Group No Demand

Name of demand
I. Policy Formulation and 1. Railway Board
Services Common to all
Railways 2. Miscellaneous Expenditure
(General)
II. General 3. General Superintendence
Superintendence and and Services on Railways.
Services on Railways
III. Repairs and 4. Repairs and Maintenance of
Maintenance Permanent Way and Works.

5. Repairs and Maintenance of

Motive Power.
6. Repairs and Maintenance of
Carriages and Wagons.
7. Repairs and Maintenance of
plant and Equipment
IV. Operation 8. Operating Expenses-Rolling
Stock and Equipment.
9. Operating Expenses-Traffic.

10. Operating Expenses-Fuel.

V. Staff Welfare, 11. Staff Welfare and Amenities.
Retirement Benefits and
Miscellaneous 12 Miscellaneous Working
Expenses.
13. Provident Fund, Pension
and other Retirement
 Benefits.
VI. Railway Funds and 14. Appropriation to Funds.
payment to General
Revenues. 15. Dividend to General
Revenues, Repayment of
lones taken from General
Revenues and Amortization
of over Capitalisation.

While the classification upto the detailed head represents only the activity, the structure of the
classification also incorporates a two digit code to represent the primary unit, i. e. the object of
the expenditure/indicating on "what" the expenditure is incurred viz., salary, allowances, wages,
materials, consumable stores etc. The indication of a classification of expenditure will, therefore,
be complete only if the Abstract, the minor, sub or detailed heads of activity as well as the code
of the object of expenditure are given, in that order for instance.

(i) The wages of the permanent gangs engaged in manual maintenance of a section of BG.
track (with sanctioned speed of 100 km.p.h. -- i.e. a group 'D' track) will be indicated as B. 241-
01.

(ii) Ballasting of the same track will be indicated by B. 243-28.

(iii) The wages of Steam Loco crew will be indicated as F. 112-01.

(iv) The wages of a Diesel Loco crew will be indicated as F. 212-01.

(v) The kilometrage allowance of Diesel Loco crew will be indicated as F. 212-10.

(vi) The dearness allowance of train passing and Control office staff such as Station Masters,
Assistant Station Masters etc. will be indicated as G. 250-02 and so on,

It will be noted that last two digits show the "object" of expenditure.

Back

CLASSIFICATION OF REVENUE EXPENDITURE APP. I

In order to make the new classification "function" and "activity'' oriented the following major
changes have been made in the new classification as compared to the existing ones: -

(i) The expenditure on salary and allowances of those officers who are directly connected with
the work of maintenance in the field will be charged to the respective Abstracts on Repairs and
Maintenance instead of to General Administration as at present e.g. Bridge Engineers in-charge
of Bridge Engineering Workshops, Workshop Officers (such as Superintendent of Workshops,
Works Managers etc.), Senior D. E. Es. In-charge of Electric Loco Sheds etc.

(ii) The expenditure on repairs and maintenance of staff quarters and welfare buildings which
used to be charged to existing Abstract 'A'-Maintenance of Way and Works will now be charged
to Abstract' 'J'--Staff Welfare and Amenities.

(iii) The Repairs and Maintenance of Plant and Equipment of all Departments which used to be
charged to the respective Maintenance Abstracts such as 'A', 'B','C' etc., will now be charged to
a separate Abstract for Repairs and Maintenance of Plant and Equipment viz., Abstract 'E'.
(iv) Operating Expenses for Rolling Stock and Equipment which is part of the existing Abstracts
'B', 'C', 'D', 'H' and 'J' will all be charged to a separate Abstracts for Operating Expenses for
Rolling Stock and Equipment viz., the new Abstract 'F' and Operating Expenses forming part of
existing Abstract 'E' and 'G' will be charged to Abstract 'G' and 'K'.

(v) The expenses of the Medical Department, which used to be charged to Abstract 'F' under
General Departments will now be included in new Abstract 'J' Staff Welfare and Amenities.

(vi) Expenditure of the Security Department and related expenses such as Order Police and
payment to State Governments in this connection, which used to be included under the existing
Abstract 'F' for General Departments will now be charged under Abstract 'K' for Miscellaneous
Working Expenses.

(vii) The retirement benefits to staff such as the contribution of bonus to S. R. P. F. gratuities,
Special contribution to Provident Fund which used to be charged to Abstract 'G' Miscellaneous
Expenses and the payment of the pension and other retirement benefits which were charged to
Abstract 'N' will now be charged to separate Abstract for Provident Fund, Pension and other
retirement benefits Abstract 'L'.

(viii) The Abstract 'K' for purposes of recording Miscellaneous Expenses includes the payment of
Compensation Claims, which used to be booked under different Abstracts under the existing
scheme.

(ix) The appropriation to Depreciation Reserve Fund which used to be booked under Abstract 'K'
and appropriation to Pension Fund which used to be booked under Abstract 'M ' under the
existing arrangement are now both booked under Abstract 'M '-Appropriation to Funds.

(x) The expenditure under Suspense which used to be charged to Abstract' I'-Suspense will now
be charged to Abstract 'N'-Suspense.

Back
 

Brief Description
ShrutLekhan-Rajbhasha, a Hindi speaker independent, continuous speech
recognition system is a milestone in the Speech technology that enables a
machine to recognize human speech (Hindi) and provide an output in Hindi
Unicode. This project has been developed by Applied AI Group, C-DAC,
Pune for Department of Official Language [DOL], Ministry of Home Affairs,
Government of India. Recognizer improves recognition through the use of
grammar (Language Module), which defines the vocabulary and syntax.
The user communicates with the application through the appropriate input
device i.e. a microphone. The Recognizer converts the analog signal into
digital signal for the speech processing. A stream of text is generated after
the processing.


Main uses and domain
Govt. department and employees & Individuals

Features and Technical Specifications
Features of the system:
Output is in UNICODE, a universally accepted font.
Facility to convert UNICODE text into ISFOC fonts.
Unicode Hindi typing help.
Runtime displaying Punctuation marks, Date, Number and Currency formats
Text correction facility.
Bilingual typing & editing facility.
Floating Toolbar provided for MS Word, MS Excel, MS Paint and Notepad
Off-line wave audio wave file input facility has been incorporated for the
user to transcribe his/her stored audio wave file into Hindi text.
Facility for typing through Inscript, Remington and Phonetic keyboards.

Technical Specifications:
Windows operating system (Vista, 7, 10)
Microphone

Platform required(if any)

Windows operating system (Vista, 7, 10)

Read more Download Brochure

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Contact Details for Techno Commercial
Information
C-DAC Pune, AAI Group
4th Floor, CDAC Innovation Park,
Panchwati Pashan , Pune -411 008
Phone No. : 020-25503335/255033305
Email: info[dot]aai[at]cdac[dot]in

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 Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
C-DAC Innovation Park,
Panchavati, Pashan, Pune - 411 008, Maharashtra (India)
Phone: +91-20-25503100
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Website owned & maintained by: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)
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 TOP
 Annual Programme for 2024-25 for use of Hindi

S.NO DETAILS OF WORK ‘A’ REGION ‘ B’ REGION ‘C’ REGION

1. Originating 1. From A to A 100% 1. From B to A 90% 1. From C to A 55%

Correspondence in Hindi 2. From A to B 100% 2. From B to B 90% 2. From C to B 55%
(including E-mail) 3. From A to C 65% 3. From B to C 55% 3. From C to C 55%
4. From Region A 100% 4.From Region B 90% 4. From Region C to 55%
to Offices/ Individuals in to Offices Individuals Offices/ Individuals
States / UTs in States / UTs of in States / UTs of
of A & B region A & B region A & B region

2. Letters received in Hindi to be 100% 100% 100%

answered in Hindi

3.Noting in Hindi 75% 50% 30%

4. Training Programme through Hindi Medium 70% 60% 30%

5. Recruitment of employees utilized for

Hindi Typing & Stenographers 80% 70% 40% .

6. Dictation in Hindi/ Direct Typing on 65% 55% 30%

Key-Board (self and by the Assistant)

7. Hindi Training (Language, Typing/ Stenography) 100% 100% 100%

8. Preparation of Bilingual Training Material 100% 100% 100%

9. Expenditure for the purchase of 50% 50% 50%

Hindi books etc., including digital material
i.e., Hindi e-books, CD/DVD, Pen Drive including
amount incurred on Translation in Hindi from English
and Regional Languages out of the total Library grant
excluding journals and standard reference books.

10. Purchase of all electronic equipment 100% 100% 100%

including computers having bilingual i.e. Hindi and
English working facility.

-12-
11. Website bilingual 100% 100% 100%

12. Citizen Charter and display of Public 100% 100% 100%

interface information Board bilingual

13. (i) Inspection by Ministries/ 25% (minimum) 25% (minimum) 25% (minimum)
Departments/ Offices of their
offices located outside their Headquarters
by the officers (DS/Dir/JS) and officers
of OL sections

(% of Offices)

(II) Inspections of sections at 25% (minimum) 25% (minimum) 25% (minimum)

Headquarters.

(III) Joint inspections by the officers At least one inspection in a year.

Concerned & those of the
Departments of Official Language of
Foreign based Undertakings/
Offices etc. owned or controlled
by the Central Government.

14. Meetings regarding Official Language

(A) Hindi Salahakar Samiti 02 meetings in a year

(B) Town Official Language 02 meetings in a year (One meeting in every six months)
Implementation Committee.

(C) Official Language 04 meetings in a year (One meeting in every quarter)

Implementation Committee.

15. Translation of Codes, Manuals, Forms, Procedural literature. 100% 100% 100%

16 Sections of the Ministries/ Departments/ Offices/ Banks/

Undertakings where entire work to be done in Hindi. 40% 30% 20%

(Minimum Sections)

40% in ‘A’ Region, 25% in ‘B’ Region and 15% in ‘C’ Region work
may be done in Hindi for those Public Sector Undertakings/
Corporations where there is no concept of sections.

- 13 -
 Which of the following is a common database solution for mobile app

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Some common database solutions for mobile app data management include:
SQLite
A lightweight, serverless, self-contained SQL database engine that's embedded in
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MySQL
A well-known SQL database that's a popular choice for developers working with
structured datasets. It's a good choice for simple applications that won't change
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An open-source, object-based, and highly customizable RDBMS that's an excellent
alternative for iOS and Android apps.

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A document-oriented database that uses JSON features. It's a good choice for
custom mobile app development services.

Realm DB
An embedded database that operates directly on the device.

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 No. 20(3)/2022-CERT-In
Government of India
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)
Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In)

Electronics Niketan,
6 CGO Complex,
New Delhi-110003

Dated: 28 April, 2022

Subject: Directions under sub-section (6) of section 70B of the Information

Technology Act, 2000 relating to information security practices,
procedure, prevention, response and reporting of cyber incidents
for Safe & Trusted Internet.

Whereas, the Central Government in terms of the provisions of sub-section (1)

of section 70B of Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000 (IT Act, 2000) has
appointed “Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In)” vide
notification dated 27th October 2009 published in the official Gazette and as per
provisions of sub-section (4) of section 70B of IT Act, 2000 The Indian Computer
Emergency Response Team shall serve as the national agency for performing the
following functions in the area of cyber security:-

a) collection, analysis and dissemination of information on cyber incidents;

b) forecast and alerts of cyber security incidents;
c) emergency measures for handling cyber security incidents;
d) coordination of cyber incidents response activities;
e) issue guidelines, advisories, vulnerability notes and whitepapers relating to
information security practices, procedures, prevention, response and
reporting of cyber incidents;
f) such other functions relating to cyber security as may be prescribed.

And whereas, “The Information Technology (The Indian Computer Emergency

Response Team and Manner of performing functions and duties) Rules, 2013”
were notified and published vide notification dated 16.01.2014 by the Central
Government in exercise of the powers conferred by clause (zf) of sub-section (2)
of section 87 read with sub-section (5) of section 70B of the IT Act, 2000.

Page 1 of 8
And whereas, as per provisions of sub-section (6) of section 70B of the IT Act,
2000, CERT-In is empowered and competent to call for information and give
directions to the service providers, intermediaries, data centres, body corporate
and any other person for carrying out the activities enshrined in sub-section (4)
of section 70B of the IT Act, 2000.

And whereas, various instances of cyber incidents and cyber security incidents
have been and continue to be reported from time to time and in order to coordinate
response activities as well as emergency measures with respect to cyber security
incidents, the requisite information is either sometime not found available or
readily not available with service providers/data centres/body corporate and the
said primary information is essential to carry out the analysis, investigation and
coordination as per the process of law.

And whereas, it is considered expedient in the interest of the sovereignty or

integrity of India, defence of India, security of the state, friendly relations with
foreign states or public order or for preventing incitement to the commission of
any cognizable offence using computer resource or for handling of any cyber
incident, that following directions are issued to augment and strengthen the cyber
security in the country:

(i) All service providers, intermediaries, data centres, body corporate and
Government organisations shall connect to the Network Time Protocol
(NTP) Server of National Informatics Centre (NIC) or National Physical
Laboratory (NPL) or with NTP servers traceable to these NTP servers, for
synchronisation of all their ICT systems clocks. Entities having ICT
infrastructure spanning multiple geographies may also use accurate and
standard time source other than NPL and NIC, however it is to be ensured
that their time source shall not deviate from NPL and NIC.

(ii) Any service provider, intermediary, data centre, body corporate and
Government organisation shall mandatorily report cyber incidents as
mentioned in Annexure I to CERT-In within 6 hours of noticing such
incidents or being brought to notice about such incidents. The incidents can
be reported to CERT-In via email ([email protected]), Phone (1800-
11-4949) and Fax (1800-11-6969). The details regarding methods and
formats of reporting cyber security incidents is also published on the
website of CERT-In www.cert-in.org.in and will be updated from time to
time.
Page 2 of 8
 Aptitude Engineering Mathematics Discrete Mathematics Operating System DBMS Computer Network

Segmentation in Operating System

Last Updated : 27 Sep, 2024

A process is divided into Segments. The chunks that a program is divided

into which are not necessarily all of the exact sizes are called segments.
Segmentation gives the user’s view of the process which paging does not
provide. Here the user’s view is mapped to physical memory.

Types of Segmentation in Operating Systems

Virtual Memory Segmentation: Each process is divided into a number
of segments, but the segmentation is not done all at once. This
segmentation may or may not take place at the run time of the program.
Simple Segmentation: Each process is divided into a number of
segments, all of which are loaded into memory at run time, though not
necessarily contiguously.

There is no simple relationship between logical addresses and physical

addresses in segmentation. A table stores the information about all such
segments and is called Segment Table.

What is Segment Table?

It maps a two-dimensional Logical address into a one-dimensional
Physical address. It’s each table entry has:

Base Address: It contains the starting physical address where the

segments reside in memory.
Segment Limit: Also known as segment offset. It specifies the length of
the segment.

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 Segmentation

Segmentation is crucial in efficient memory management within an

operating system. For an in-depth understanding of memory management
and other critical OS topics, explore the
GATE CS Self-Paced Course, designed to help you succeed in the GATE
exam.
Translation of Two-dimensional Logical Address to Dimensional Physical
Address.

Translation
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 Segment number (s): Number of bits required to represent the
segment.
Segment offset (d): Number of bits required to represent the position
of data within a segment.

Advantages of Segmentation in Operating System

Reduced Internal Fragmentation : Segmentation can reduce internal
fragmentation compared to fixed-size paging, as segments can be sized
according to the actual needs of a process. However, internal
fragmentation can still occur if a segment is allocated more space than
it is actually used.
Segment Table consumes less space in comparison to Page table in
paging.
As a complete module is loaded all at once, segmentation improves
CPU utilization.
The user’s perception of physical memory is quite similar to
segmentation. Users can divide user programs into modules via
segmentation. These modules are nothing more than separate
processes’ codes.
The user specifies the segment size, whereas, in paging, the hardware
determines the page size.
Segmentation is a method that can be used to segregate data from
security operations.
Flexibility: Segmentation provides a higher degree of flexibility than
paging. Segments can be of variable size, and processes can be
designed to have multiple segments, allowing for more fine-grained
memory allocation.
Sharing: Segmentation allows for sharing of memory segments
between processes. This can be useful for inter-process communication
or for sharing code libraries.
Protection: Segmentation provides a level of protection between
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 process’s memory segment. This can help increase the security and
stability of the system.

Disadvantages of Segmentation in Operating System

External Fragmentation : As processes are loaded and removed from
memory, the free memory space is broken into little pieces, causing
external fragmentation. This is a notable difference from paging, where
external fragmentation is significantly lesser.
Overhead is associated with keeping a segment table for each activity.
Due to the need for two memory accesses, one for the segment table
and the other for main memory, access time to retrieve the instruction
increases.
Fragmentation: As mentioned, segmentation can lead to external
fragmentation as memory becomes divided into smaller segments. This
can lead to wasted memory and decreased performance.
Overhead: Using a segment table can increase overhead and reduce
performance. Each segment table entry requires additional memory,
and accessing the table to retrieve memory locations can increase the
time needed for memory operations.
Complexity: Segmentation can be more complex to implement and
manage than paging. In particular, managing multiple segments per
process can be challenging, and the potential for segmentation faults
can increase as a result.

FAQs on Segmentation

1. What is Segmentation?

Answer:

Segmentation in Operating systems can be determined as a division

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 2. Why is Segmentation used in OS?

Answer:

Segmentation is a memory management technique that is used to

improve the performance of an Operating System.

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Transaction Isolation Levels in DBMS

Last Updated : 17 Sep, 2024

The levels of transaction isolation in DBMS determine how the

concurrently running transactions behave and, therefore, ensure data
consistency with performance being even. There are four basic levels-
Read Uncommitted, Read Committed, Repeatable Read, and Serializable
that provide different degrees of data protection from providing fast access
with possible incoherence and strict accuracy at the cost of performance. It
depends upon choosing the right one based on whether the need is speed
or data integrity.

What is the Transaction Isolation Level?

In a database management system, transaction isolation levels define the
degree to which the operations in one transaction are isolated from the
operations of other concurrent transactions. In other words, it defines how
and when the changes made by one transaction are visible to others to
assure data consistency and integrity.

As we know, to maintain consistency in a database, it follows ACID

properties. Among these four properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation,
and Durability) Isolation determines how transaction integrity is visible to
other users and systems. It means that a transaction should take place in a
system in such a way that it is the only transaction that is accessing the
resources in a database system.

Isolation levels define the degree to which a transaction must be isolated

from the data modifications made by any other transaction in the database
system. A transaction isolation level is defined by the following
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 Dirty Read – A Dirty read is a situation when a transaction reads data
that has not yet been committed. For example, Let’s say transaction 1
updates a row and leaves it uncommitted, meanwhile, Transaction 2
reads the updated row. If transaction 1 rolls back the change,
transaction 2 will have read data that is considered never to have
existed.
Non Repeatable read – Non-realatable read occurs when a transaction
reads the same row twice and gets a different value each time. For
example, suppose transaction T1 reads data. Due to concurrency,
another transaction T2 updates the same data and commit, Now if
transaction T1 rereads the same data, it will retrieve a different value.
Phantom Read – Phantom Read occurs when two same queries are
executed, but the rows retrieved by the two, are different. For example,
suppose transaction T1 retrieves a set of rows that satisfy some search
criteria. Now, Transaction T2 generates some new rows that match the
search criteria for Transaction T1. If transaction T1 re-executes the
statement that reads the rows, it gets a different set of rows this time.

Based on these phenomena, The SQL standard defines four isolation

levels:

1. Read Uncommitted – Read Uncommitted is the lowest isolation level.

In this level, one transaction may read not yet committed changes made
by other transactions, thereby allowing dirty reads. At this level,
transactions are not isolated from each other.
2. Read Committed – This isolation level guarantees that any data read is
committed at the moment it is read. Thus it does not allow dirty read.
The transaction holds a read or write lock on the current row, and thus
prevents other transactions from reading, updating, or deleting it.
3. Repeatable Read – This is the most restrictive isolation level. The
transaction holds read locks on all rows it references and writes locks
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 transactions cannot read, update or delete these rows, consequently it
avoids non-repeatable read.
4. Serializable – This is the highest isolation level. A serializable
execution is guaranteed to be serializable. Serializable execution is
defined to be an execution of operations in which concurrently
executing transactions appears to be serially executing.

The Table given below clearly depicts the relationship between

isolation levels, read phenomena, and locks:

Anomaly Serializable is not the same as Serializable. That is, it is

necessary, but not sufficient that a Serializable schedule should be free of
all three phenomena types. Transaction isolation levels are used in
database management systems (DBMS) to control the level of interaction
between concurrent transactions.
The four standard isolation levels are:
1. Read Uncommitted: This is the lowest level of isolation where a
transaction can see uncommitted changes made by other transactions.
This can result in dirty reads, non-repeatable reads, and phantom reads.
2. Read Committed: In this isolation level, a transaction can only see
changes made by other committed transactions. This eliminates dirty
reads but can still result in non-repeatable reads and phantom reads.
3. Repeatable Read: This isolation level guarantees that a transaction will
see the same data throughout its duration, even if other transactions
commit changes to the data. However, phantom reads are still possible.
4. Serializable: This is the highest isolation level where a transaction is
executed
We use cookies as you
to ensure if ithave
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are no dirty reads, non-repeatable reads, or phantom reads.
 Trending Now DSA Web Tech Foundational Courses Data Science Practice Problem Python Mach

Sniffing of Login Credential or Password Capturing in

Wireshark
Last Updated : 28 Mar, 2023

Wireshark is a free and open-source packet analysis tool that lets you
capture and analyze network traffic in real-time. It is available for
Windows, macOS, and Linux operating systems.

Wireshark captures network packets and displays the captured data in a

human-readable format for easy analysis and troubleshooting of network
issues. It can scan a variety of network protocols including TCP, UDP,
HTTP, DNS, etc.

So, in this article, we will understand how we can perform the sniffing of
login credentials or how to capture the password using Wireshark. and
also see the overview of the Wireshark tool in terms of network security.

Password Capturing

Wireshark can capture not only passwords but any type of information
transmitted over the network: usernames, email addresses, personal
information, etc. As long as we can capture network traffic, Wireshark can
sniff passing passwords.

In sniffing can include passwords for various protocols such as HTTP, FTP,
Telnet, etc. the captured data can be used to troubleshoot network
problems, but can also be used maliciously to gain unauthorized access to
sensitive information.

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using So, here
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you have can capture
and understood the
our Cookie password
Policy & Got It ! the
using
Wireshark network capture Privacy Policy
analyzer. and see the outputs of the following
 steps.

Step 1: First of all, open your Wireshark tool in your window or in Linux
virtual machine. and start capturing the network. suppose I am capturing
my wireless fidelity.

Step 2: After starting the packet capturing we will go to the website and
login the credential on that website as you can see in the image.

Step 3: Now after completing the login credential we will go and capture
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the password in Wireshark. for that we have to use some filter that helps
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to find the login credential through the packet capturing.
Privacy Policy
 Step 4: Wireshark has captured some packets but we specifically looking
for HTTP packets. so in the display filter bar we use some command to
find all the captured HTTP packets. as you can see in the below image the
green bar where we apply the filter.

http

Step 5: So there are some HTTP packets are captured but we specifically
looking for form data that the user submitted to the website. for that, we
have a separate filter

As we know that there are main two methods used for submitting form
data from web pages like login forms to the server. the methods are-

GET
POST

Step 6: So firstly for knowing the credential we use the first method and
apply the filter for the GET methods as you can see below.

http.request.method == "GET"

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 GET method

As you can see in the image there are two packets where the login page
was requested with a GET request as well, but there is no form data
submitted with a GET request.

Step 7: Now after checking the GET method if we didn’t find the form data,
then we will try the POST method for that we will apply the filter on
Wireshark as you can see.

http.request.method == "POST"

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 HTML form URL Encoded where the login credential is found. login
credential as it is the same that we filed on the website in step 2.

Form item: "uname" = "Tonystark_44"

Form item: "pass" = "tony@1234"

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