Introduction

1. Java Review
Java class structure

◼ Class {
fields
constructors
methods
main method
}

Arrays 3
Inheritance
◼ Subclass: using extends keyword followed by
the name of its superclass

◼ In Java, each class can extend exactly one

other class. A superclass may have many
subclasses

◼ By default, it automatically inherits from a

class java.lang.Object, which serves as the
universal superclass in Java
4
class Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("eating...");}
}

class Dog extends Animal{

void bark(){System.out.println("barking...");}
}

class BabyDog extends Dog{

void weep(){System.out.println("weeping...");}
}

5
Interface
◼ The main structural element in Java that
enforces an application programming interface
(API) is an interface.
◼ An interface is a collection of method
declarations with no data and no bodies.

◼ Interfaces do not have constructors and they

cannot be directly instantiated.
❑ When a class implements an interface, it must implement all of
the methods declared in the interface.

6
interface Drawable{
void draw();
}

class Rectangle implements Drawable{

public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing
rectangle");}
}

class Circle implements Drawable{

public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing circle");}
}

7
Abstract class

◼ Abstract class serves a role somewhat between

that of a traditional class and that of an
interface

◼ An abstract class may define signatures with

empty body, and may define one or more fields
and some methods with implementation.

◼ Abstract classes is limited to single inheritance

8
interface A{
void a();
void b();
void c();
void d();
}

abstract class B implements A{

public void c(){System.out.println("I am c");}
}

class M extends B{
public void a(){System.out.println("I am a");}
public void b(){System.out.println("I am b");}
public void d(){System.out.println("I am d");}
}
9
Exceptions
◼ Exceptions are unexpected events that occur
during the execution of a program.

◼ An exception might result due to an unavailable

resource, unexpected input from a user, or
simply a logical error on the part of the
programmer.

10
public class JavaExceptionExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
//code that may raise exception
int data=100/0;
}catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);}
//rest code of the program
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
}

11
Generics
◼ Java includes support for writing generic classes and
methods that can operate on a variety of data types
while often avoiding the need for explicit casts.
◼ The generics framework allows us to define a class in
terms of a set of formal type parameters, which can
then be used as the declared type for variables,
parameters, and return values within the class
definition.
◼ Those formal type parameters are later specified when
using the generic class as a type elsewhere in a
program.

12
public class TestGenerics{
public static < E > void printArray(E[] elements) {
for ( E element : elements){
System.out.println(element );
}
System.out.println();
}
public static void main( String args[] ) {
Integer[] intArray = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };
Character[] charArray = { 'J', 'A', 'V', 'A', 'T','P','O','I','N','T' };

System.out.println( "Printing Integer Array" );

printArray( intArray );

System.out.println( "Printing Character Array" );

printArray( charArray );
}
}

13
Nested Classes
◼ Java allows a class definition to be nested inside the
definition of another class.
◼ The main use for nesting classes is when defining a
class that is strongly affiliated with another class.
❑ This can help increase encapsulation and reduce undesired
name conflicts.
◼ Nested classes are a valuable technique when
implementing data structures, as an instance of a
nested use can be used to represent a small portion
of a larger data structure, or an auxiliary class that
helps navigate a primary data structure.

14
class Java_Outer_class{
//code
class Java_Inner_class{
//code
}
}

15
DrJava

◼ DrJava is a simple editor (tool for entering

program text) and interaction space so that
you can try things out in DrJava and create
new programs (methods) and classes.
◼ DrJava is available for free under the DrJava
Open Source License

https://drjava.sourceforge.net/

16
2. Introduction to Multimedia
18
19
Media

◼ Information can be conveyed in the form

of different media
❑ Text
❑ Still images
❑ Web pages
❑ Video
❑ Sound

20
Media type

◼ Time-based media: exhibit change over time

❑ Video
❑ Animation
❑ Sound
◼ Static media: do not exhibit change over time
❑ Still images
❑ Text

21
◼ Each medium has its own characteristics,
leading to distinctive strengths and
weaknesses.
◼ Always choose the most appropriate medium
for your purpose.

22
Multimedia

◼ Media may be combined into multimedia

❑ World Wide Web: combines text, images, and
time-based media

◼ Digital media can be manipulated as data by

programs
❑ Users can interact with digital multimedia in
novel ways, leading to non-linear structures

23
24
25
◼ Digital multimedia can interact with other
sorts of data and computation, serving as a
user interface to databases and applications
◼ Multimedia is a relatively immature
technology, although its adoption is
accelerating with the increasing power of
computer systems

26
◼ Bit: unit of data
◼ Byte: eight bits

◼ Groups of bits can be interpreted as numbers

to base 2, but can also be treated as
characters, colours, etc.

27
◼ Compression must often be applied to media
data
❑ Lossless
❑ Lossy

◼ Different compression algorithms are

applicable to different types of media data.
Their effectiveness depends on the
characteristics of the data itself.

28
29
Digital Representation of Media

◼ There are established ways of representing

images, video, animation, sound and text in
bits

30
Working with Media

1. Drawing

❑ In Java each new class is usually defined in a file

with the same name as the class and an
extension of “.java".
❑ Class names start with a capital letter and the first
letter of each additional word is capitalized.

31
 ❑ class Turtle: Turtle.java
❑ class World: World.java
❑ class Turtle inherits from a class called
SimpleTurtle

◼ Creating Objects

32
World worldObj = new World();
System.out.println(worldObj);
Turtle turtle1 = new Turtle(worldObj);
System.out.println(turtle1);
Turtle turtle2 = new Turtle(30,50, worldObj);
System.out.println(turtle2);

turtle1.forward(20);
turtle1.turnLeft();
turtle1.forward(100);
turtle1.turnRight();

33
turtle1.forward(40);
turtle1.turn(-45);
turtle1.forward(30);
turtle1.turn(90);
turtle1.forward(20);

turtle2.turnRight();
turtle2.forward(200);
turtle2.turnRight();
turtle2.forward(200);

34
World world1 = new World();
Turtle turtle1 = new Turtle(world1);
System.out.println(turtle1);
turtle1.setName(“Jane”);

turtle1.turnRight();
turtle1.forward(400);
System.out.println(turtle1);
System.out.println(world1.getWidth());

35
World world1 = new World();
Turtle turtle1 = new Turtle(50,50,world1);

turtle1.turnRight();
turtle1.forward(30);
turtle1.turnRight();
turtle1.forward(30);
turtle1.turnRight();
turtle1.forward(30);
turtle1.turnRight();
turtle1.forward(30);

36
turtle1.penUp();
turtle1.moveTo(200,200);
turtle1.hide();
turtle1.penDown();

turtle1.turnRight();
turtle1.forward(30);
turtle1.turnRight();
turtle1.forward(30);
turtle1.turnRight();
turtle1.forward(30);
turtle1.turnRight();
turtle1.forward(30);

turtle1.show();

37
◼ Creating Methods

public void drawSquare()

{
this.turnRight();
this.forward(30);
this.turnRight();
this.forward(30);
this.turnRight();
this.forward(30);
this.turnRight();
this.forward(30);
}

38
World world1 = new World();
Turtle turtle1 = new Turtle(world1);
turtle1.drawSquare();

System.out.println(world1.getClass());

System.out.println(turtle1.getClass());

39
public void drawSquare2()
{
int width=30;

this.turnRight();
this.forward(width);
this.turnRight();
this.forward(width);
this.turnRight();
this.forward(width);
this.turnRight();
this.forward(width);
}

40
public void drawSquare(int width)
{
this.turnRight();
this.forward(width);
this.turnRight();
this.forward(width);
this.turnRight();
this.forward(width);
this.turnRight();
this.forward(width);
}

41
2. Pictures

Picture picture1 = new Picture();

picture1.show();

Create an empty picture

The default width is 200
The default height is 100
The default is that all of the pixels in the picture
are white

42
 Open a picture and show it
 Method 1: using method directly

new Picture(FileChooser.pickAFile()).show();

43
❑ Method 2: declare a variable

String pictureFile = FileChooser.pickAFile();

Picture fish = new Picture(pictureFile);
fish.show();

44
2. Sounds

new Sound(FileChooser.pickAFile()).play();

45
◼ Backslashes and Slashes
❑ Java can figure out the path name when you use
slashes
❑ You can still use backslashes in the full path
name, but you need to double each one

46
>String myFileName = FileChooser.pickAFile();
> System.out.println(myFileName);
C:\intro-prog-java\mediasources\katie.jpg

> Picture myPicture = new Picture(myFileName);

> System.out.println(myPicture);
Picture, filename C:\intro-prog-
java\mediasources\katie.jpg height 360 width 381

47
String myFileName =
"C:/intro-prog-java/mediasources/katie.jpg";

String myFileName =
"C:\intro-prog-java\mediasources\katie.jpg";

String myFileName =
"C:\\intro-prog-java\\mediasources\\katie.jpg";

48