ioatt ‘re Of senenil rested OPMent are -efficientay sustainablh using thet tream ati 1e goals # generative Fawwer | 18 of water: Following are the main source \dwater = és ee ‘water found undefground in the eracks and spaces insoil, sand and rock. : i Itis stored in and moves slowly through geologic formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. si. Most usable groundwater occur upto a depth of 750 m Groundwater supplies water to wells, springs, and even to rivers and streams. y. Groundwater reservoirs do not suffer seepage los uch as surface reservoirs, ¢.g., streams and lakes. 2 Surface Water : After precipitation, the amount of water that does not percolate down into the ground or does not return to the atmosphere vaporation or transpiration and enters the rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, wetland, or artificial reservoirs constitutes surface water. Que 2.5. | Write a note on the availability of water on the earth. Answer A 1 2 Availability of Water : The total water in the world is estimated to be 1400 x 10° km*. Unfortunately, 97.5 % of this water is found in the oceans and is too salty to drink.jnaccessible ice caps and glaciers, and 0.5 %is.er0 it lies too far underground. i “About 2 x 10° km? of freshwater is found in lakes and i 14 x 10° km® freshwater is found in the atmosphere. B. Availability of Water in India: 1. Indiais the wettest country in the world, but rainfall is highly uneven with space and time. 2, Rainfall is highin the North-East but extremely low in Rajasthan. 3. Out of 4000 billion em? rainfall received, about, 600 billion em? is put ¥0 use so far. 4, With 16 % of the world’s population, India has only 4% of global water resources. Gue2s, | Describe the characteristics of good quality water. Answer Following are the various characteristies of good quality water : o It is transparent, colourless and odourless. It has sufficient oxygen concentration for marine life to survive. Itis free from bacteriological contamination, Itis free from any water pollution Itis free excessive nutrient like N, P, ete., which are responsible for eutrophication. q 6. Itis fit for the intended use ’ ane Que 2.7. | Whatis meant by ‘water conservation’ ? Suggest various measures that should be adapted to conse: i i i rves it agriculture and industrial fronts. water india Answer A. Water Conservation : 1 Over the years ris sing popul: : se expanding agriculture Pee ets: growing industrialization, and : . conservation othe reget Pushed up the demand for water. Water cost-« i to reduce our demand for mticeflestive and environmentally sound way Efforts have beer fin n made to at ‘and digging wells for this eee ater by building dams and reservoirs ng water can extend the li ond the life of our septic | educing and pollution due to leaker PY Teducingtion in Agriculture : preserve water + on-off and minimizes evaporation eft bare for long periods of time. sequence it retains are some measures 10 ced by crops, slows down, Monce, elds should not De , ‘move the soil around. As a co to thereby reducing evaporation. e force of rain and helps ‘ontng of tree ass, and bushes breaks thi i Fr pwater penetrate the soil. trees and bushes along the & ‘ fed and reduce evaporati dge of agricultural fields jon and erosion. Woter Conservation g:'To avoid high water consumption we can 4 {Minimal Use in Cleanin: fpeleetric brooms, vacuum cleanes & other cleaning devices (like mr Wash equipments as and When required of water sprinkler: er angle is perfect on x flow and te, in initial proce: regularly. Reduce the us ] it it modification + product. Also use triggers to stop water flow, reduce wate! pressure wherever possible wit hout affecting performance. it stall Water saving Equipments : There are plenty of water Conservation equipments are av ailable. Such as toilet systems, tap aerators, also replace tap from high volume to high pressure and low | volume, iv. Routiy Checks : Installation on monitoring, and a” flow meter will help to identify leaka Ensure that spray’ water pressure meter ge in pipes, joints or borne and water jnduced diseases 2 | What are the water elated disease the car uses . P and preventive measures of water ™‘A. Water Borne Diseases * Water borne diseases are SP" king the contaminated water, 1 ter borne diseases are spread by drinkir water feces of humans and animal 2 The water may be contaminated dus which contain pathogenic micro org read if contaminated water is used im 3. Water borne disease can the preparation of food 4. It includes the disease Responsible Pathogen B. Water Induced Disease 1. Wate 2 The diseases like ter indveed $. Malar y anopheles 4. Dengue is tr ae = 7 rban area ©. Causes and Effects of Water. d Dis. 1 These are caused “ oo which contain pathogenic mary see oeminated al excreti 2 Contaminated surf == 2 Duets pecially diarrh ‘ansmiss00 Senet dea tn eed waa Muids, salts and wenn: Patients suffer ga? borne infections ‘body “ater, which could prove oa €xcessive loss of ae js “@ictions lower the body's in case of a severeiced eles eas. ing nof ons sof |= ARI 2017-18 Coma Manas) Disease : Refer Q. 2.8, Page 2-7N, Unit-2. ag are the measures that should be 8 efollowonce of water induced diseases: . ser management of water resources has become the need oft L _Prpexthiswouldulimstely lead to acleaner and healthier environ 4, The municipal water supply to all human habitation should be safe and properly. Regular checks should be undertaken to ensure that there are no cracks or leakage. ‘Thewater supplied by municipal bodies should be properly treated and disinfected. . ithe individual level, water should be boiled, or filtered toensure that itis free from harmful germs. Hiands should be washed with soap after defecation and after cleaning _anddisposing ofan infant’s feces. & Proper use and maintenance of water supply and sanitation systems ‘hould be encouraged. 1. Proper maintenance of ground water sources such as pumps and wells. Pipes and taps should always be kept clean. a ; Disposing oforganic and animal wastes should be undertaken properly toavoid insects. es What do you mean by water borne disease ? Diseuss disease, their cause effect on human being. 2Severe abdomir gas, ete. iasis (7) oo 3p) histolytica (Protoz abdominal pain, ete Cryptosporidiu parvum (tiny Cryptosporidiosis (Type of diarrhea) | diarrhea, vomiting parasite nausea. Vibrocholerae _—‘| Sudden o | (bacteria) diarrhea, which m lead to excessi Cholera cramps, diarrheal nausea, Breasy stool Extreme abdominal] bi een oa)| discomfort, loose stools, bloating, weight loss, Mild fever, weight loss, chydration, kidney failure and finally, ay ve| se | | even death. 5. | Gastroenteritis o1 | Noroviruses | Low grade fever, stomach flu | diarrhea, frequent | | vomiting, dehydration, | | | stomach or abdominal | amping. 6 inaahe. 1 \ | Typhoia | Consuming fe | g food or| High fever j | |e contaminated| accompanied with bacteriafoundin| with diar ee fae tBedin| with diarrhea oF == vomiting. QHERAT] Discuss Muoride ae effects on human health, 2, Bffe (1.5 - fract 3. Effe pre abil Que 2.| ual anced with fuoride, and Dangers! Effeets : Fluoride damages teeth, | e, brain. system. ‘on Teeth: Apermanent discoloration and mottling of the tooth feet “fgental fluorosis) is caused by a child’s ingestion of fluoride | 5-15 ppm) before its permanent teeth have erupted. pect on Bone : In an area of high natural levels of fluoride i555 ppm, fluoride con weaken bone and increase the risk of froctures- lowers the 1Q of children, even when 4 Bifect on Brain : Fluoride | iat 1.8 ppm in. water. It is apparent that fluorides have the sbilityto interfere with the functions of the brain. . Geena | What is Nalgonda process and where it has being used? AKTU 2015-16 (Sem-2), Marks 05 ‘Nalgonda Technique : 1 Nilgonda technique involves addition of aluminum salts, lime bleaching powder followed by rapid mixing, flocculation sedimentation, filtration | 7 and disinfection. peemsel: maybe added as aluminum sulphate ; Spence of these two. k —" salt is only responsible for removal of fluoride from water. alkalinity of aluminum salt increas ncrease in the fluoride and dp W levels of the raw water. lection of ei ‘epends on et either aluminum sulphate or alw Iphate and chloride contents of the raw W: EXC z Si permissible limits. = emeis empirically 1/20th that of ‘the dose of alumi 8 forming dense floc for rapid settling. or aluminum: chloride vith i minum chloride also ater to ave"d num salt.Cloth filter, — Defluori- dated water Fig. 2.11.1. ue BAd. | Discuss arsenic problem in India. Also enumerate its effects on human health Answer A. Arsenic Problem in Drinl-ing Water Arsenie decurs naturally as a trace component in many rocks and sediments, Arsenic is introduced into soil and groundwater during weathering of Tocks and minerals followed by subsequent le: Itcan also be introduced into soil and groundw sources aching and runoff ter from anthropogenic In drinking-water supplies, ar at low levels ani is Pies, arsenic poses a problem because it is toxie aknown carcinogen. B. Sources of Arsenic : Follow mg are the various sources of arsenic es fired power pl by high-temperature proc he cr Plants, burning vegetation «. : particularly grouna Setation and volcanism. epost and wean eronne ater, where there ary deposits deriving wee Te Sulfide mineral ated. Volcanic rocks, theof nic cic a ol Following 7° ‘g. oxidation Techniques: 4 the conversion of soluble arsenite £0 arsenate. 9 Thisalone sarsenie from the solution, they SFemans technique, SU © arse gulation, orion exchange, Must OU: 3, For anoxic er yp since arsenite isthe prevalent various techniques used for removal of ar: oxidation involves does not remov ch as adsorpti ssidation is an important ste! near neutral PH rntries, atmospheric OXYBen hypochlorite, and 4, In developing com permanganate are the most commonly used oxidants, oundwater, © form of arsenic a! slow process, which cam , chemic als, such as chlorine, 0208, and idly oxidize arsenic 7, Toefficiently remove arsenic from a solution by oxidation, oxidants should be selected carefully B, Coagulation-Flocculation = 1. Coagulation and flocculation are among the most employed techniques for arsenic removal from water a 3 aan positively charged coagulants reduce the negative ge of colloids, thereby making the particles collide and get larger- 3 " Floceulation involves the addition of an anionic focculant that causes 1 particles ats fe . or charge neutralization between the formed large ing to the formation of flocs.rsenic is transformed by iy “floceulation is the production gp sludge js necessary $0 28 to prevent the of the environment. Pe is costly Moreover treatment of sud8e co Joreovet> logies + iprane Techno! neal cae atignis a techniqe that be used for the removal of : ec th contaminants from water seni and other “a terials with billions of pores yw some constituents of csure difference nsport the synthetic mal ich do not allo force, such as Pre’ eded to t , membranes are 2, Typically. acting as selective barrier, thewatertopessthrough. 3.A driving f Tepean the feed and the permeate sides 15 2° water through the membrane. , whit ‘4 Generally, there are two categories of Pr essure-driven membrane filtrations «low-pressure membrane processes, such as microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF); and ii _ high-pressure membrane processes, such as reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF), D, Adsorption and Jon Exchange : 1. Adsorption is a process that uses solids a ee solids as medium for the removal of solutions, 2 “eg Processis driven forees between th atoms, i mainly by Van der W: adso1 ‘als forces and electrostati¢ bat bate molecules and the ad; 3. Adsorpti sorbent surface ions the to its seve Most widely Maat Sanages inca ena for ars Shudge producti. Peration, and ne Telatively high ins noval due te nd handling, corteregn en removal er, adsory effectiveness, and no Concentration ani ot Of arse; , and and pH. nic strongly AL low i, depends asian ee 2 8enate Pends on the system’ Sorption canbe 18 favore, obtained ty Sy whereas for a: DH 4 arsenite, and 9,saver Type and Medium Answer Type Questions = a= GookS6.| What is the role of forests in human existence 2 Answer 1 Forests, because of their ec urces, play a vital role in human existence 2 Forests provide ind t Iping to sustain and control biophysical components of t h as climate and water. & Tropical forest ecosyst 1 for their benefits and services to humans. 4 ce of these eco: ustainability of products 1 the context of global vices they offer ange and the climateprovide indirect benefits by helping to sustain and control al components of the ecosystem, such as climate and water. forest ecosystems are globally recognized for their benefits ‘ices to humans. mace of these ecosystems and the sustainability of the products services they offer are significant concerns in the context of global eand the climate component.OR which influence the deforestation ang pe various ecryrestation ? ia Sc RTS Some aR] | OR alt. erate and discuss the various causes ‘ deforestation ? Enum: os he ATU 2017-18 (Sem-3), Marks 07] for deforestation. A. Deforestation : ’ ¢. Th 4, Destruction of the forest without plantation is called as deforestation. haa Su The destruction of forest du to indiscriminate felling of treeshasresulted |) 1 ES in the deterioration of the environment. | im 3. Deforestation is creating the threat to country’s economy and future development. 2 Fe B. Causes of Deforestation : Following are the causes of deforestation: | fr 1 Population Explosion : Due to population explosion, requirement of ay F Peseta timber, fuel, etc, has been increased. « astruction Purpose : Forests have been cleared for agriculture, a houses, road, railway tracks, for s 7 2 sinks iy » for setting up an industry, ete. t Shifting Cultivation : g gc . forest ‘on: Shifting cultivation requires destruction of 4) 4 Overgrazi ing : Overgrazing by li : Sepston ofthe forest, © PY livestock has resulted in large scale Expansion of Agri ‘increases, it, pas eoulture : As the demand for a. ofthe forest more land for cultivation which agricultural product & aad ich results in destruction ‘These be Seamer temae 4, Seforestag Deforestation : Potions. eS huge f 3 oming are 4 forest loss. > Q * Adverse effects of ;estation ement of iculture ction of re scale oduct -uction ts of " Deforestation : Refer Q. 2.87, Page 2-42N, Unit-2. Page 2-42, Unit-2. Effects of Deforestation : Refer Q. 2.87, The Measures taken for Conserving Forest Wealth ¢ agement (SFM) : SFM is the use of the Tnat they continue to provide resources 1m generations of their Use. L Sustainable Forest Mani world’s forests in such a way the present, without depriving future ation : Be responsible consumers. Buy wood only hhat follow sustainable practices. ‘orest Management 2. Forest Certifi: from companies t! 3 Involve Local Communities in Joint Fi hich local eommunities are (GEM) : These are protected forests in wi stowed to harvest fruits, nuts, medicines, fibres, rubber, ete., in ways that do not harm the forest mance and Accountability :‘The Government must va and develop new civil society institutions to ability regarding forest use. Stop 4, Improve Gover take bold political decisio improve governance and account harmful subsidies to timber companies. search and Training : This is to ensure 6 Accelerate Education, Re ality. that SFM and JFM can quickly become Que 2.39. | What are the measures that are helpful in controlling forest destruction ? ‘owe | ‘The important measures t h ji pee cpartent me ‘ures that are helpful in controlling forest destruction| other economic ang and ot ld be created vil effects of deforestation — n forest cons tively inf ; Id b ox pople shine be and they sh ould be jucated abou ight to participate 2 programmes VERY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS _ vniny questions are very nt. Thes Following questions are very | : = nd where it has being used? Q4. Wh oral want by mineral resources ? Describe the effect of mineral extraction on environment. AWE Refer Q.2.14, Unit 2. Q5. What do carbon Ane, Refer Q. you mean by the term cycle with the help material ¢ 2.16, Unit-2, Of diagram. =! cycle ? Explainibe the non renewable or conven' with examples. oe Refer Q. 2.21, Unit-2. Qt Desc! Qs What are non-conventional energy resources? Diseuss any two of them. gos: Rofor Q, 2.22, Unit-2, @©8