String and Text File

Inst. Nguyễn Minh Huy

Fundamentals of Programming - Nguyễn Minh Huy 1

Contents

String.

Text file.

Fundamentals of Programming - Nguyễn Minh Huy 2

String

Basic concept:

String is an array of chars storing readable text.

C string (null-
(null-terminated string):
 Array of chars + ‘\
‘\0’ at the end.
 Declaration: char <string name> [ <string length> + 1 ];
0 1 2 3 4 5
char s1[ 5 ];
]; s1 ? ? ? ? \0
char s2[ ] {“hello”}
{“hello”};; s2 h e l l o \0

C++ string (std::string):
 Data type in library <string>.
 Support dynamic string.
 Declaration: std::string <string name>;
name>;

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String

Basic concept:

String comes with helpful libraries:
 C: <string.h
<string.h>,
>, <
<stdio.h
stdio.h>,
>, <
<ctype.h
ctype.h>.
>.
 C++: <string>, <iostream
<iostream>,>, <
<sstream
sstream>.
>.

Iterate string:
 C string: check for ‘\
‘\0’ or use strlen
strlen(<string>).
(<string>).
for (int
(int i = 0; s[ i ] != ‘\
‘\0’
0’;; ++i
++i)
{
// Process character s[ i ].
}
 std::string: <string>.length().
for (int
(int i = 0; i < s.length()
s.length();; ++i
++i)
{
// Process character s[ i ].
}
Fundamentals of Programming - Nguyễn Minh Huy 4
String

Input string:

C string:
 fgets( <string>, <max length>, stdin ).
fgets(
 std::cin.getline
std:: cin.getline(( <string>, <max length> ) (C++).

std::string:
 std::getline
std:: getline(( std::cin
std::cin,, <string> ).

Output string:

C string:
 printf( “%s”, <string> ).
printf(
 puts( <string> ).
 std::cout
std:: cout << <string> (C++).

std::string: std::cout
std::cout << <string>.
Fundamentals of Programming - Nguyễn Minh Huy 5
String

Practice: <ctype.h
<ctype.h>>

Count words: “the quick fox”  3 words.
 Space: ‘ ‘, ‘\‘\t’, ‘\
‘\n’, ‘\
‘\r’ -> isspace
isspace(<char>).
(<char>).
 Alphabet: ‘A’‘A’––‘Z’, ‘‘a’
a’--‘z
‘z’’ -> isalpha
isalpha(<char>).
(<char>).
 Punctuation: ‘.‘, ‘,’, ‘?’, ‘!’,… -> ispunct
ispunct(<char>).
(<char>).
 Digit: ‘0’, ‘1’, ‘2’, ‘3’, ‘4’, … -> isdigit
isdigit(<char>).
(<char>).

Capitalize words: “the quick fox”  “The Quick Fox”.
 Lower alphabet: ‘a’
a’--‘z
‘z’’ -> islower
islower(<char>).
(<char>).
 Capitalize: <char> - 32 -> toupper
toupper(<char>).
(<char>).

Fundamentals of Programming - Nguyễn Minh Huy 6

Contents

String.
String.

Text file.

Fundamentals of Programming - Nguyễn Minh Huy 7

Text file

File IO:

Advantages (vs. keyboard and screen):
 Do not need user:
 Automatic control..
 Repeatable.
 Communicate with other programs.
 Persistent storage.

Disadvantages (vs. RAM):
 Sequential vs. random access.
 Slower.

Fundamentals of Programming - Nguyễn Minh Huy 8

Text file

File stream:

File is either input or output device.

File stream is connection between program and file.

Declaration:
 C (library <stdio.h
<stdio.h>):
>): FILE *<name>.
*<name>.
 C++ (library <fstream
<fstream>):>): std::
std::fstream
fstream <name>.

Steps to process a file:
 Open file stream.
 Read/write file stream.
 Close file stream.

Fundamentals of Programming - Nguyễn Minh Huy 9

Text file

Open file stream:

C syntax:
 fopen(“<file path>”, “<open mode>”)
fopen( mode>”);
 Return: file stream (succeeded) or NULL (error).
FILE *f = fopenfopen((“C:/test.txt”, “r“r”);
if ( !f ) fprintf
fprintf((stderr
stderr,, “Error.”);
else printf
printf(“Succeeded.”);
(“Succeeded.”);

C++ syntax:
 <stream>(“<file path>”, <C++ open mode>)
<stream>(“<file mode>);
 Check <stream> to know the result.
std::fstream f ((“test.txt”,
std::fstream “test.txt”, std::
std::ios
ios::in)
::in);;
if ( !f ) std::cerr
std::cerr << “Error.”;
else std::cout
std::cout << “Succeeded.”;

Fundamentals of Programming - Nguyễn Minh Huy 10

Text file

Open file stream:

C/C++ open modes:
Open mode C/C++ Ý nghĩa
r / std::ios::in Read-only, open for reading (text mode).
Return NULL if file not found.
w / std::ios:out Write-only, open for writing (text mode).
File created or overwritten.
a / std::ios:app Append-only, open for append (text mode).
File created if not found.
[r/w/a]+ / combine | Combine read and write (text mode).
[r/w/a]b / combine | Read and write in binary (binary mode).

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Text file

Close file stream:

C syntax:
 fclose(<stream>
fclose( <stream>));
 Close an opened stream.
 Always close a stream after used.
FILE *f = fopen
fopen((“C:
“C:\\\test.txt”, “r
“r”);
if ( !f ) {
fprintf((stderr,
fprintf stderr, “Error.”);
fclose(( f );
fclose // Wrong.
} else {
printf(“Succeeded.”);
printf (“Succeeded.”);
fclose(( f );
fclose // Right.
}

C++ syntax: <stream>.close(
<stream>.close( );
);

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Text file

Read stream:

C syntax:
 fscanf(<stream>, “<type format>”, &<var
fscanf( &<var 1>, …
…));
 fgets((<string>, <max line>, <stream>)
fgets <stream>);
FILE *f = fopen
fopen((“C:
“C:\\\test.txt”, “r
“r”);
if ( !f ) fprintf
fprintf((stderr
stderr,, “Error.”);
else {
int a, b;
b; char s [ 100 ];
fscanf(( f, “%d %d”, &a, &b );
fscanf
fgets(( s
fgets s,, 100, f );
fclose(( f );
fclose
}

C++ syntax:
 <stream> >> <var>.
var>.
 <stream>.getline
<stream>. getline(( <string>, <max line> ).

Fundamentals of Programming - Nguyễn Minh Huy 13

Text file

Write stream:

C syntax:
 fprintf((<File stream>, “<Định
fprintf “<Định dạng kiểu
kiểu>”,
>”, <
<Biến
Biến 1>, …
…));
FILE *f = fopen
fopen((“C:“C:\\\BaiTap.txt”, “w
“w”);
if ( !f ) fprintf(
fprintf(stderr,
stderr, “Error.”);
else {
int a = 12;
float b = 4.165;
char c = ‘A’;
fprintf(( f, ““Gia
fprintf Gia tri = %d %f %c”, a, b, c );
fclose(( f );
fclose
}

C++ syntax: <stream> << <var>.
var>.

Fundamentals of Programming - Nguyễn Minh Huy 14

Text file

File management:

Delete file:
 Syntax: remove(
remove(“<file
“<file path>”)
path>”);
 Return: 0 (succeeded), -1 (error).
 Do not need file stream.

if ((remove(
remove(“C: “C:\\\test.txt”)
test.txt”) == 0)
printf(“File
printf (“File deleted.
deleted.\\n”);
else
printf(“Error:
printf (“Error: cannot delete file.
file.\\n”);

Fundamentals of Programming - Nguyễn Minh Huy 15

Text file

File management:

Rename/move file:
 Syntax: rename(
rename(“<file
“<file path>”, “<new file path>”)
path>”);
 Return: 0 (succeeded), -1 (error).
 Both path must be in the same drive.
 Do not need file stream.

if ((rename(
rename(“C:/test.txt”,
“C:/test.txt”, “C:/folder\
“C:/folder\\test2.txt”)
test2.txt”) == 0)
printf(“Succeeded.
printf (“Succeeded.\\n”);
else
printf(“Error.
printf (“Error.\\n”);

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Summary

String:

C string:
 Array of chars + ‘\
‘\0’ at the end.
 Null terminated string.

C++ string (std::string):
 A data type in library <string>.
 Dynamic string.

Input/output:
 C string: fgets,
fgets, std::cin.getline
std::cin.getline,, printf
printf,, std::
std::cout
cout..
 std::string: std::getline
std::getline,, std::
std::cout
cout..

<ctype.h>:
ctype.h>: support checking character.

Fundamentals of Programming - Nguyễn Minh Huy 17

Summary

Text file:

File stream: connection between program and file.

C file stream: FILE * (<stdio.h
(<stdio.h>).
>).
 Open/close: fopen
fopen,, fclose.
fclose.
 Read/write: fscanf
fscanf,, fprintf,
fprintf, fgets.
fgets.

C++ file stream: std::fstream
std::fstream (<
(<fstream
fstream>).
>).
 Open/close: <stream>(), <stream>.close.
 Read/write: <stream> >>, <<, <stream>.getline
<stream>.getline..

Fundamentals of Programming - Nguyễn Minh Huy 18

Summary

Text file:

File stream: connection between program and file.

C file stream: FILE * (<stdio.h
(<stdio.h>).
>).
 Open/close: fopen
fopen,, fclose.
fclose.
 Read/write: fscanf
fscanf,, fprintf,
fprintf, fgets.
fgets.

C++ file stream: std::fstream
std::fstream (<
(<fstream
fstream>).
>).
 Open/close: <stream>(), <stream>.close.
 Read/write: <stream> >>, <<, <stream>.getline
<stream>.getline..

Fundamentals of Programming - Nguyễn Minh Huy 19

Practice

Practice 6.1:
Write C/C++ program to trim spaces:
- Enter a sentence of words.
- Delete leading spaces at the beginning (trim left).
- Delete trailing spaces at the end (trim right).
- Delete duplicate spaces between words (keep one space).

Input format:
Enter a sentence = “ today is a beautiful day ”
Output format:
“today is a beautiful day”

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Practice

Practice 6.2:
Write C/C++ program as follow:
- Enter a string S.
- Count frequencies of each character in S.
- Print the frequencies in descending order.

Input format:
S = tick tak tok
Output format:
3: k t
1: a c i o

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Practice

Practice 6.3:
File MATRIX.TXT stores a matrix of M x N integers:
- First line: M N (integers, rows and columns).
- Next M lines, line i stores N elements at row i of matrix.
Write C/C++ program to:
- Read matrix from MATRIX.TXT.
- Rotate left the matrix.
- Write the result to OUTPUT.TXT (same format as MATRIX.TXT).
MATRIX.TXT OUTPUT.TXT
23 32
123 36
456 25
14

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Practice

Practice 6.4:
File NUMBER.TXT stores sequence of integers separated by space.
Write C/C++ program as follow:
- Read sequence of integers from NUMBER.TXT.
- Extract prime numbers from the sequence.
- Write result to PRIME.TXT (same format as NUMBER.TXT).
NUMBER.TXT
5 1 2 9 46 23 11 39 43 117 20

PRIME.TXT
5 2 23 43 117

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Practice

Practice 6.5:
File OPERATION.TXT stores a list of arithmetic operations, each
operation is on a line containing an operator (character +, -, *, /) in
between two operands (integers).
Write C/C++ program as follow:
- Read list of operations from OPERATION.TXT.
- Compute the result of each operation.
- Write operation results to RESULT.TXT.
OPERATION.TXT RESULT.TXT
12 + 5 17
2 * 31 62
3/0 Divided by zero
60 / 2 30
7 – 20 -13

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Practice

Practice 6.6:
File STUDENT.TXT stores a list of students, each student is on 2 lines:
- First line format: student name|student id.
- Second line format: student points (floats) separated by spaces.
Write C/C++ program as follow:
- Read student list from STUDENT.TXT.
- For each student, capitalize student name and compute GPA.
- Write the result to GPA.TXT in descending order of GPA.
STUDENT.TXT GPA.TXT
nguyen van a|24127001 24127002|Tran Thi B|7.6
8.5 6.0 7.5 24127001|Nguyen Van A|7.3
tran thi b|24127002
9.0 8.0 6.5 7.5

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Practice

Practice 6.7:
Write C/C++ program to count words and numbers:
- Read from a text file INPUT.TXT.
- Count and print the number of words and numbers in the file.
Notes:
- A word is a sequence of alphabets.
- A number is a sequence of digits.
INPUT.TXT
-----The,
----- The, quick ##123 fox,,, 456!!!

Screen output:
Word count: 3.
Number count: 2.

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