Chapter 3 & 4 : Estimation and Hypothesis Testing

JAN 2024

A health and fitness program was conducted on a group of UiTM students. The percentage of body fat of
students was measured twice, that is at the beginning (pre) and at the end (post) of the semester. The body fat
percentage recorded by each student are summarized in the SPSS output as given in the following tables.
Paired Sample Statistics
Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 pre 18.2600 20 7.6285 1.7058
post 17.4650 20 7.2806 1.6280
Paired Sample Test
Paired Differences
Mean Std. Std. Error 95% Confidence t df
Deviation Mean Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
Pair 1 pre - post .7950 1.5099 P .0884 1.5016 2.355 Q
a) Calculate the values of P and Q. (3
marks)
b) Show the t-statistic value is 2.355. (2 marks)
c) Test whether the health and fitness program is effective. Use α = 0.1. (4
marks)

JUL 2023

1. A study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of hypnotism in reducing pain among the rheumatoid
patients in Hospital J. The pain was measured based on a score range of 1 to 10 (1 = mild pain, 10 = severe
pain). The patients were tested without hypnotism and asked to give a score. After a week, the patients were
tested again with hypnosis. The data were analyzed using SPSS, the result is shown in the following table.
Paired Sample Statistics
Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 without 8.713 8 2.1774 .7698
with 5.588 8 2.6085 .9222
Paired Sample Test
Paired Differences
Mean Std. 95% Confidence
Deviation Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper t df
Pair 1 without - with P 2.9114 .6910 5.5590 3.036 Q

a) Calculate the values of P and Q. (3

marks)
b) Show how the t-statistic value is obtained. (2 marks)
c) Based on the t-statistic, is hypnotism effective in reducing pain among patients? Perform the relevant
steps. Use α = 0.05.
(4 marks)

2. A group of researchers wishes to determine whether there is a difference in the average score on physical
activity between genders. The data were collected and analyzed using SPSS. Partially complete results are
given as follows.
Group Statistics
Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Physical Female 80 62.4500 11.52751 1.28882
Activity Score Male 64 70.2344 14.34356 1.79295
State an appropriate statistical method to determine the equality of variances. Using the stated statistical
method, can it be concluded that the variances are equal if the p-value is 0.711? Use α = 0.05. (4
marks)
FEB 2023

1. The manager of KT Hotel claims that the average bills of guest on weekends are RM700 or less. However,
the hotel’s accounting department noticed that the total amount of guest bills has increased in recent months.
To verify the manager’s claim, a sample of weekend guest bills was taken. The results are as follows.
One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Guest Bills 20 705.800 114.569 25.619
One-Sample test
Test Value = 700
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Lower Upper
Guest Bills .226 19 .823 5.800 -47.820 59.420
a) Using an appropriate formula, show how the t-statistics and degrees of freedom are obtained. (3
marks)
b) State the null and alternative hypotheses for this study. (2 marks)
c) Based on the p-value, is there sufficient evidence to support the manager’s claim at the 5% significance
level? (4 marks)

2. The owner of a drugstore wants to test the effectiveness of two competing brands of mosquito repellent, X
and Y. The test is conducted by the owner of the drugstore. Eight customers who agree to participate in the
experiment are randomly selected. Each of these customers will be assigned to apply brand X to one arm
and brand Y to the other arm. The table below shows the number of bites on both arms for each customer.
Customer A B C D E F G H
brand X 12 23 18 36 8 27 22 32
brand Y 9 20 21 27 6 18 15 25
a) Find the mean difference in the number of bites on the arm with brand X and Y, where the paired
difference is defined as the number of bites on the arm with brand X minus the number of bites on the arm
with brand Y.
(4 marks)
b) Show that the standard error of the mean difference is 1.463. (3 marks)
c) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean difference. (4 marks)
d) Name the statistical method that can be used to determine whether the mean difference between number
of bites on the arm with brand X and Y is significant. (1
mark)

JUL 2022

1. The director of a government agency heard that their financial department is receiving an average of 6
complaints from the customers in a week. To solve the problem, he assigned his secretary to collect some
data to see if he needs to replace the supervisor of that department. The director will replace the supervisor if
the actual mean number of complaints towards the financial department is greater than 6 per week. The
secretary gathered data over the next 12 weeks and discovered that the mean number of weekly complaints
towards the financial department is 7 with a variance of 3.25.
a) Determine an appropriate statistical analysis to be used in this study. (1
mark)
b) Calculate the t-statistic for this study. (2 marks)
c) Test at the 5% significance level, is the director going to replace the department supervisor? Show the
relevant steps. (5 marks)
2. A professor at a local university wish to determine whether there is significant difference in the average of
final examination marks between the students who took his STA404 course online and face-to-face. Fifteen
students were randomly selected from each group and the final examination marks were recorded. Hence,
he analysed the data using IBM SPSS and the results are as follows.
Independent Samples Test
Mark
Equal variances Equal variances
assumed not assumed
Levene’s Test for F 2.041
Equality of Variances
Sig .164
t -1.524 -1.524
df W 24.625
Sig. (2-tailed) .139 .140
Mean Difference -6.42000 -6.42000
t-test for Equality of
Means Std. Error Difference 4.21320 4.21320
95% Confidence Lower X -15.10390
Interval of the
difference Upper Y 2.26390
a) Are the variances of the two populations equal? Use α = 0.05. (3
marks)
b) Find the value of W. (1
mark)
c) Calculate the values of X and Y. (4 marks)
d) Based on the confidence interval obtained in c), is there any evidence to support that the average of final
examination marks for students who took online class is different form face-to-face class? (2
marks)

FEB 2022
The owner of rental houses claims that the average length of occupancy is 3.2 years. A random sample of 35
rental contracts were selected and analysed using SPSS.
One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Length (years) 35 3.446 1.0551 T
a) Show that T is 0.1783. (2 marks)
b) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the average length of occupancy of properties owned by the owner.
(3 marks)
c) Based on the confidence interval in b), is the owner’s claim true? Give a reason to support your answer.

(2 marks)

JUL 2021
1. The depression scores (the higher the score, the more stressed are the patients) of 25 patients were
recorded before and after they had undergone a therapy. The scores were analyzed to see the effectiveness
of the therapy. The outputs are indicated below.
Paired Sample Statistics
Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 depress1 42.56 25 4.331 .866
depress2 41.36 25 4.957 .991
 Paired Sample Test
Paired Differences t df
Mean Std. Std. Error 95% Confidence Sig.
Deviation Mean Interval of the (2 tailed)
Difference
Lower Upper
Pair 1 depress1 - depress2 X 2.121 Y .324 2.076 2.828 24 .009
Note: depress1 is representing the depression scores before the patient undergo a therapy.
Assuming the score of depression is normally distributed.
a) Find the values of X and Y. (3 marks)
b) State the 95% confidence interval for the mean depression scores. (1 mark)
c) Based on the confidence interval in b), can it be concluded that the therapy is effective? (2
marks)
2. A study has been made to compare the average amount of sugar contents for two brands of energy drinks.
Ten energy drinks of brands P and eight energy drink of Brand Q were sampled and the amount of sugar
content was recorded for this study. The following are the SPSS output for the analysis of sugar contents.
Group Statistics
Brand of Energy Drink N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Sugar Energy Drink P 10 10.80 4.185 1.323
Content Energy Drink Q 8 11.00 1.069 0.378
Independent Samples Test
Sugar Content
Equal variances Equal variances
assumed Not assumed
Levene’s Test for F 2.176
Equality of Variances
Sig .160
t -.131 -.145
df 16 10.439
Sig. (2-tailed) .897 .887
Mean Difference -.200 -.200
t-test for Equality of
Means Std. Error Difference 1.526 1.376
95% Confidence Lower -3.435 -3.249
Interval of the
difference Upper 3.035 2.849
a) Determine whether the variances of the amount of sugar for the two brands are equal. Use α = 0.05.
(3 marks)
b) Assume the sugar content is normally distributed. If it is claimed that energy drink P has less amount of
sugar than energy drink Q, conduct a hypothesis testing to test this claim. Use α = 0.05. (4
marks)

FEB 2021
A group of final year project students of a particular faculty wanted to examine gender differences
in leader performance score of employees on task skills in the QQ University. Based on the results
from SPSS output in Table 1 and Table 2, answer the following questions.
Table 1: Group Statistics
Employee Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Leader Male 110 5.6818 2.74257 0.26149
Performance Female 118 6.1441 1.94046 0.17863
Table 2: Independent Sample Test
Levene’s
Test for t-test for Equality of Means
Equality of
Variances
Std. 95% Confidence
Sig. Mean Error Interval of the
F Sign. t df (2- Diff Diff Difference
 tailed)
Lower Upper
Leader Equal
Performance variances 42.802 0.000 -1.477 226 0.141 -0.46225 0.31299 -1.079 0.15451
assumed
Equal
variances -1.46 194.923 0.146 -0.46225 0.31668 -1.08682 0.16232
not assumed
a) What is the variable in this study?
(1 mark)
b) State the null and alternative hypothesis for the above test?
(2 marks)
c) Based on the results, what is the assumptions of the variances at 5% level of significance?
(2 marks)
d) Based on the p-value, what can you conclude about the gender differences in leader
performance score of employees on task skills in the QQ University? Use α = 0.05.
(3 marks)
e) State the 95% confidence interval of the mean gender differences in leader performance score
of employees on task skills in the QQ University. Does the interval further prove the conclusion
in (d)? (2 marks)
DEC 2019

1. The monthly rent (in RM) for a two-bedroom apartment in XYZ Town was recorded for a sample of 15
apartments. The partial output indicated in the following table.
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Monthly rent 15 930.1333 122.2859 31.57408
a) Name the statistical method used in the study. Give a reason to support answer. (2
marks)
b) Construct a 90% confidence interval for the true mean monthly rented for a two-bedroom apartment in
XYZ Town.
(4 marks)
c) Based on the values in b), is the mean monthly rented for a two-bedroom apartment in XYZ Town
different from RM950? Give a reason to support your answer.
(2 marks)

2. A researcher wants to determine whether there is significant difference in the Body Mass Index (BMI)
between male and female. A survey was conducted on 80 patients at Tawakal Health Centre. The collected
data analyzed using SPSS. The partial output indicated in the following table.
Group Statistics
Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Mean
BMI Male 40 27.0375 4.41911 .69872
Female 40 24.0175 4.00031 .63251
a) Show the standard error difference is 0.9425. (3 marks)
b) State the null and alternative hypotheses for the above study. (2 marks)
c) Given the z-statistic is 3.205, do the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate there is significant
difference in the Body Mass Index (BMI) between male and female? Use α = 0.05.
(3 marks)

JUN 2019

1. A statistics lecturer intends to investigate whether there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the average
score was different from the expected average score of 74. A random sample of 15 students were selected
and analyzed using SPSS. The result obtained is as follow.
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Exam score 15 74.4870 13.5564 3.5002
a) Identify the statistical test used for this study. (1 mark)
b) Show that the standard error of the mean is 3.5002. (2 marks)
c) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the average score. (4 marks)
 d) Based on the confidence interval in c), does the average score differ from 74? Give a reason to support
your answer. (2 marks)

2. One indicator of physical fitness is resting pulse rate. Ten men volunteered to test the exercise device as
advertised on television by using it three times a week for 20 minutes. Their pulse rate (beats per minute)
were measured before and after six week of the test. The data were recorded and analyzed using SPSS.
The results are shown below.
Paired Sample Statistics
Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 Before 85.2000 10 6.89283 2.17970
After 82.0000 10 5.94418 1.87972

Pair 1
Before - After
Paired Differences Mean G
Std. Deviation 2.14994
95% Confidence Interval of Lower 1.66203
the Difference Upper 4.73797
t 4.707
df 9
a) Find the values of G. (1 mark)
b) Prove the t-statistics value for the above study. (2 marks)
c) State the 95% confidence interval for the mean difference before and after six weeks of the test. (1 mark)
d) At the 5% level of significance, is there sufficient evidence to indicate that this kind of exercise device
could reduce resting pulse rate? (4 marks)

DEC 2018
1. A study was done to estimate the average monthly electricity bill (in RM) for a company. The manager claims
that the average monthly electricity bill (in RM) is RM700. Analysis of previous 20 monthly bills gives the
following result.
One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Monthly_bill (RM) 20 705.8 114.5695 K
a) Show that K is 25.6185. (2 marks)
 b) Calculate a 90% confidence interval for the mean monthly electricity bill. (3 marks)
c) Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the mean monthly electricity bill. (3 marks)
d) Based on the confidence interval in b), is the manager’s claim true? Give a reason to support your
answer.
(2 marks)
e) What can be concluded based on the confidence interval conducted in b) and c) in term of the size of the
interval? (2 marks)

2. The manager of an insurance company hired a marketing executive officer to advice the best advertising
strategies to improve the sales of the insurance policies under the company. In order to investigate whether
the sales had improved, the manager recorded the sales of the insurance policies a month before and after
the officer was hired. The data was analyzed using SPSS and the result is as follows.
Paired Sample Test
Paired Differences
Std. 95% Confidence
Std. Error Interval of the t df
Mean Deviatio Mean Difference
n
Lower Upper
Pair 1 Sales before - - 4.94 3.901 1.745 - 9.784 - .096 - 2.83 4
Sales after
a) Show how the value of test statistics, t is obtained. (2 marks)
b) State the null and alternative hypotheses (1 mark)
c) At the 5% level of significance, do the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the sales had
improved? (4 marks)

JUN 2018

1. The table below shows the summary statistics for the traveled distance from home to work (in km) by 28
employees of ABC company.
One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Distance 28 14.3 X 0.4914
a) Find the value of X. (3 marks)
b) Construct a 90% confidence interval for the true mean traveled distance from home to work (in km) by the
employees of ABC company. (4 marks)
c) Based on the confidence interval in (b), is the mean traveled distance from home to work by the
employees of ABC company different from 15 km? Give a reason to support your answer.
(2 marks)

2. Two groups of drivers are surveyed to see how many kilometers per week they drive for pleasure trips. The
recorded data were analyzed using SPSS software. The output of statistical analysis is shown in the
following tables.
Group Statistics
Type of drivers N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Distance in Single drivers 35 196.4779 32.62732 5.51502
km Married drivers 35 189.1209 25.94217 4.38503

Independent Samples Test

Distance in km
Equal Equal
variances variances
assumed not
assumed
Levene’s Test for F 1.102
Equality of Variances
Sig .298
t 1.044 1.044
 df 68 64.714
Sig. (2-tailed) .300 .300
t-test for Equality of Mean Difference 7.35700 7.35700
Means
Std. Error Difference 7.04585 7.04585
95% Confidence Lower -6.70277 -6.71570
Interval of the
difference Upper 21.41677 21.42971
a) Based on the p-value in the Levene’s Test, test the equality of variances in this study. Use α = 0.05.
(3 marks)
b) State the null and alternative hypotheses to test whether single drivers do more driving on average than
married drivers for pleasure trips. (2 marks)
c) At 10% significance level, can it be concluded that the single drivers do more driving for pleasure trips on
average than married drivers? (3 marks)

JAN 2018

1. There was a claim that the price of ikan kembung sold in a certain market was different from the average
RM17 per kg. A study was conducted to investigate the changing price per kg (in RM) of ikan kembung. Fifty
stalls were selected at random and the results obtained are as follows:
One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Price per kg (in RM) 50 17.2740 0.8354 0.1181
a) Show that the standard error of the mean is 0.1181. (3 marks)
b) Construct a 99% confidence interval for the mean price of ikan kembung. (4 marks)
c) Based on the confidence interval in (b), does the average price per kg (in RM) of ikan kembung in the
market differ from RM17? Give a reason to support your answer. (2 marks)
2. A researcher claim that after playing a certain type of interactive game, the memory capability of a group of
autistic children had improved. In order to test her hypothesis, a sample of 20 autistic children was selected
and the ability to memorize items out of 10 before and after playing the interactive game was recorded. The
data were analyzed using SPSS and have the following outputs:
Paired Sample Statistics
Mean N Std. Std. Error
Deviation Mean
Pair 1 MEMORY1 (Before) 2.15 20 1.837 .310
MEMORY2 (After) 4.95 20 1.317 .294

Paired Sample Test

Paired Differences
Std. 95% Confidence
Std. Error Interval of the t df Sig.
Mean Deviation Mean Difference (2 tailed)
Lower Upper
Pair MEMORY1
1 - D 1.196 .268 - 3.360 - 2.240 - 10.466 E .000
MEMORY2
a) Find the values of D and E. (2 marks)
b) State the 95% confidence interval for the mean difference and explain. (3 marks)
c) At the 5% level of significance, using the value of t = -10.466, is there sufficient evidence to indicate that
the interactive game has improved the memory of the autistic children? (4 marks)

3. A Ministry of Education wants to determine whether there is significant difference in the starting salary offer
per month between those who hold a bachelor degree from the public and private universities. A survey was
conducted on a randomly selected 100 employees and the statistics are shown in the following tables.
Group Statistics
University N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Starting Salary Public 60 3889.70 32.19 4.156
Offer (RM) Private 40 3813.50 70.39 11.130
 Independent Samples Test
Levene’s
Test t-test for Equality of Means
for Equality of
Variances
Std. 95% Confidence
Sig. Mean Error Interval of the
F Sig. t df (2-tailed) Diff Diff Difference
Lower Upper
Starting Equal
Salary variances 19.3 0.79 6.41 98 .001 76.20 11.88 16.20 126.20
Offer assumed
(RM)
Equal
variances 6.24 81.2 .075 76.20 12.21 20.20 130.20
not
assumed
a) State the null and alternative hypotheses for the above test. (2 marks)
b) Based on the Levene’s Test, what can be concluded about the equality of variances? Use α = 0.05.
(3 marks)
c) Using the p-value, do the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that there is significant different in
starting monthly salary between graduates from public and private universities? Use α = 0.05. (3 marks)

JUL 2017

1. The table below shows the summary statistics for the amount of money (in RM) spent by 14 customers at a
supermarket.
One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Amt_Spent_(in_RM 14 104.4636 16.71289 4.46671
)
a) Show that the standard error of the sample mean is 4.46671. (3 marks)
b) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the true mean amount of money (in RM) spent by the customers
at the supermarket. . (4 marks)
c) Based on the confidence interval in (b), is the mean amount of money (in RM) spent by the customers at
the supermarket different from RM117? Give a reason to support your answer. (2 marks)

2. The manufacturer of a gasoline claims that the use of this additive increases mileage earned. A random
sample of six cars was selected, and these cars were driven for one week without the gasoline additive and
then for one week with the additive. The SPSS output of the paired sampled tests of the mileage without and
with the additive are shown in the following table.
Mileag Without 24.6 28.3 18.9 23.7 15.4 29.5
e
(KM) With 26.3 31.7 18.2 25.3 18.3 30.9

Paired Samples Test

Difference, D =
WithoutAdditive - WithAdditive
Paired Differences Mean M
Std. Deviation 1.42747
Std. Error Mean .58276

95% Confidence Lower -3.21470

 Interval of the Upper -.21863
difference
t -2.946
df 5
Sig. (2-tailed) .032
a) Find the value of M. (2 marks)
b) State the 95% confidence interval for the mean difference. (1 mark)
c) Assuming that D is normally distributed, test at 2.5% significance level that the use of the gasoline
additive increases mileage earned.
(5 marks)

3. A researcher wants to know if there is a significant difference in the mean enrolment of those specializing in
research and primary care. The SPSS outputs for the statistics of enrolments and the independent samples
test of those specializing in research and primary care are given below.
Group Statistics
Specialization N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Enrolments Research 17 594.4706 162.63038 39.44366
Primary Care 16 481.5000 179.39565 44.84891

Independent Samples Test

Enrolments
Equal variances Equal
assumed variances not
assumed
Levene’s Test for F .106
Equality of Variances
Sig .747
t-test for Equality of t 1.897 1.891
Means
df 31 30.226
Sig. (2-tailed) .067 .068
Mean Difference 112.97059 112.97059
Std. Error 59.54381 59.72627
Difference
95% Confidence Lower -8.46982 -8.96856
Interval of the
difference Upper 234.41100 234.90974
The enrolments of those specializing in research and primary care are assumed to be normally distributed.
a) Based on the p-value in the Levene’s Test, test the equality of variances in this study. Use α = 0.05.
 (3 marks)
b) State the null and alternative hypotheses for the mean test. (2 marks)
c) Using p-value, justify there is a significant difference in the mean enrolment of those specializing in
research and primary care, at 5% significance level.
(3 marks)