Assignment-5

OJ
Question 1:
During the Navratri time, when Arshvardhan returned home, he met his old crush, Emi. Emi told Arsh that
she knows about a good place where free coffee is offered in return for solving a question. After they went
there, the Manager gave them a string S and an integer K. He asked them to calculate the h-factor of the
strings.

h-Factor of a string is defined as the maximum number of non-overlapping substrings each of length K such
that there is exactly one distinct character across all the substrings picked. For eg:-(ab)(ab) non overlapping
substrings of the string “abcdab” has 2 distinct character a & b. Similarly , (aa)(aa)(aa) substrings of
“aabcaagfaaj” has 1 distinct character. Given the string S and the integer K , output its h-factor .

Formally, Output the maximum number of single-valued non-intersecting substrings of length K in the string
S.

💡 A substring is defined as a sequence of contiguous characters obtained by deleting one or more

(or all) characters from the beginning of the string and one or more (or all) characters from the
end of the string.

Input Constraints:

N is the length of the string S (N ≤ 2 X 105 )

S is a string of length N consisting of lowercase English letters

K is an integer ( 1 ≤ K ≤ N )

Input:

N K
S

Output:
Integer ( answering h-factor(S) )

Sample Input 1:

8 2
aaacaabb

Sample Output 1:

Assignment-5 1
 Sample Input 2:

2 1
ab

Sample Output 2:

Sample Input 3:

4 2
abab

Sample Output 3:

Note:

💡 - In the first example, we can select 2 non-intersecting/non-overlapping substrings consisting of

letter 'a': "(aa)ac(aa)bb", so the H-Factor is 2.

- In the second example, we can select either substring "a" or "b" to get the answer 1

- In the third example, we can't find any single-valued substrings (substring consisting of a single
distinct character) of length 2, so the answer is 0

Question 2:
Kitansh Mayathwal recently got a pet dog and asked you to help him name it. You want to suggest a good
name but do not have time as you have to finish your CPro assignment, so you ask your friend for help.
Your friend gives you an initial string S and asks you to perform M actions on the string.
In the ith action, your friend will say Qi , a number either 1 or 2 and will order you the following.
​

If he says the number 1 (Qi = 1) - You are ordered to reverse the current string
​

If he says the number 2 (Qi = 2) - He will give you one more number, Li , a number either 1 or 2 and a
​ ​

character J.
- If he now said the number 1 (Li = 1), then you are ordered to add J to the start of the string.
​

- If he now said the number 2 (Li = 2), you are ordered to add J to the end of the string.
​

What is the final string after completing all actions?

Input Constraints:

The length of the string S is ≤ 105 

Assignment-5 2
 S is a string of length N consisting of lowercase English letters

M is the number of actions (M ≤ 2x 105 )

Qi is either 1 or 2.
​

Li is either 1 or 2
​

J is a lowercase English letter

Input:

S
M
Q_1
…
Q_M

Where Q_i is the i^th query which is either

(This implies Q_i = 1)

2 L_i J

(This implies Q_i = 2)

Output:
The Final String

Sample Input 1:

ab
4
1
2 1 c
2 2 d
1

Sample Output 1:

dabc

Sample Input 2:

a
3
1
2 2 z
1

Sample Output 1:

za

Assignment-5 3
 Sample Input 1:
Note:

💡 In the first example, the initial string is

second operation string becomes cba
ab . After the first operation, the string becomes
. After third operation string becomes cbad
ba . After
. After fourth
operation string becomes dabc .

In the second example, the initial string is a . After the first operation, the string remains a . After
second operation string becomes az . After third operation string becomes za .

Non-OJ

To be submitted on Moodle

A . Matrix Operations
You are tasked with implementing matrix operations in C, organized into separate files. Your code will
consist of three files: matrix.h , matrix.c , and main.c .

matrix.h : Create a header file named matrix.h , containing the function prototypes for various matrix
operations.

matrix.c : Implement the functions defined in matrix.h .

main.c : Read the input, perform the operation (addition, multiplication, scalar multiplication,
determinant, transpose, etc) and output it as asked.

A. Write code to perform the following operations with these function names:

1. destroy destroy_matrix

2. add add_matrix

3. multiply mult_matrix

4. scalar multiply scalar_mult_matrix

5. transpose transpose_matrix

6. determinant determinant (This link can help)

You can refer to the homework code on the website: Commandline Args and Multifile Programming Lecture
Homework

Assignment-5 4
 #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

typedef struct Matrix {

int num_rows;
int num_cols;
long long int** data;
} Matrix;

Matrix* create_matrix(int r, int c) {

Matrix* m = (Matrix*) malloc(sizeof(Matrix));
m->num_rows = r;
m->num_cols = c;
m->data = (long long int**) calloc(r, sizeof(long long int*));
for (int i =0; i < r; i++) {
m->data[i] = (long long int*) calloc(c, sizeof(long long int));
}
return m;
}

void destroy_matrix(Matrix* m) {
// 1: Write code here to free all memory used by the matrix stored in m
}

Matrix* add_matrix(Matrix* A, Matrix* B) {

// 2: write code here to add the matrices A and B and return a new matrix with the results.
// A, B should remain unmodified. If dimensions don't match, it should return NULL.
}

Matrix* mult_matrix(Matrix* A, Matrix* B) {

// 3: write code here to multiply the matrices A and B and return a new matrix with the results.
// A, B should remain unmodified. If the dimensions don't match, it should return NULL.
}

Matrix* scalar_mult_matrix(long long int s, Matrix* M) {

// 4: write code here to multiply the matrix A with a scalar s and return a new matrix with the results.
// M should remain unmodified.
}

Matrix* transpose_matrix(Matrix* A) {
// 5: write code here to find the transpose of given matrix A and return a new matrix with the results.
// A should remain unmodified.
}

long long int determinant(Matrix* M) {

// 6: Write code here to calculate the determinant of the given matrix M (if not a square matrix, return -1).
// Return the determinant value.
}

// DO NOT MODIFY THE OUTPUT FORMAT of this function. Will be used for grading
void print_matrix(Matrix* m) {
printf("%d %d\n", m->num_rows, m->num_cols);
for (int i = 0; i < m->num_rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < m->num_cols; j++) {
printf("%lld ", m->data[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

int main() {
/**
Matrix* m = create_matrix(3,3);
print_matrix(m);
*/
return 0;

Assignment-5 5
 }

Input Format:
The first line of input would contain a single integer q , denoting the number of queries. Then, q queries
follow. Each query could be one of the following.
In each of the following queries, a matrix would be specified in the following way:
The first line would contain two integers n m denoting the dimensions of the matrix (having n rows and m

columns). Then, n lines follow:

The i^th line describes the i^th row of the matrix. It would contain m space-separated integers where the
j^th integer describes the element in the j^th column.
In other words, the format is given by:

n m
A_11 A_12 A_13 ... A_1m
A_21 ...
...
A_n1 A_n2 A_n3 ... A_nm

We shall refer to this format as <matrix> in the following descriptions.

Add matrices:
The first line of the query would contain the string add_matrix and the integer 0 (space-separated)

💡 The 0 here is put in place to make the queries from part B cleaner.

Next, the first operand is specified by the above format, followed by the second in the same format.
Formally, it would look like:

add_matrix 0
<matrix>
<matrix>

Multiply matrices
The format is similar to the above command, except the first line now reads mult_matrix 0

mult_matrix 0
<matrix>
<matrix>

Scalar Multiply with matrix

The first line of the query reads scalar_mult_matrix 0

The second line would contain a single integer s that denotes the scalar to be multiplied with the matrix.

Next, the matrix is described in the above-mentioned format.

Assignment-5 6
 scalar_mult_matrix 0
s
<matrix>

Transpose matrix
The first line of the query reads transpose_matrix 0

Next, the matrix is described in the above format.

transpose_matrix 0
<matrix>

Determinant

The first line of the query reads determinant 0

Next, the matrix is described in the above format.

determinant 0
<matrix>

Output Format
For each of the above queries (except the determinant), the code needs to output the resultant matrix using
the print_matrix function already provided. For the determinant query, the code needs to output the
resulting integer output on a single line.

Handling Errors
In case of an argument mismatch (for example, you were asked to add two matrices of different
dimensions), the code needs to output a single line for the query saying ERROR: INVALID ARGUMENT

Example Run
Input:

4
add_matrix 0
2 3
1 2 3
4 5 6
2 3
1 1 1
1 1 1
add_matrix 0
2 2
2 5
3 5
1 1
3
transpose_matrix 0
3 2
3 5
6 1
3 5
determinant 0

Assignment-5 7
 1 3
3 5 1

Output:

2 3
2 3 4
5 6 7
ERROR: INVALID ARGUMENT
2 3
3 6 3
5 1 5
ERROR: INVALID ARGUMENT

B. Matrix File Handling

Implement two more functions read_matrix_from_file and write_matrix_to_file

Read Matrix From File:

The function should take a file name as an argument and read the matrix present in the file. If the file is
present, then it would contain the matrix in the format specified above. If not, print the error ERROR: INVALID
ARGUMENT similar to part A.
Write Matrix To File:

This function should take a file name and a matrix as its argument and write the given matrix in the
specified file. If there are issues while opening the file, then it should print the error message specified
earlier. If a file with the name does exist, overwrite its contents. The matrix should be written to the file in the
format specified in part A (which is also followed by the print_matrix command)

Input format
The queries are similar to the ones specified in part A, except here, you would read the input
matrix/matrices from files and write the output to a file.
For each of the above queries, the first line would now end with the integer 1 (instead of the previous 0 ).
Further, when describing matrices as <matrix> we will now say <file_name_x> indicating the file name to be
used for reading the corresponding matrix. Additionally, the queries in this section would have an additional
line at the end which specifies the output file name. It is guaranteed that all of the file names would have
only alpha-numeric characters without any white-spaces in them.

Add matrices:

add_matrix 1
<file_name_1>
<file_name_2>
<output_file_name>

Multiply matrices

mult_matrix 1
<file_name_1>
<file_name_2>
<output_file_name>

Assignment-5 8
 Scalar Multiply with matrix

scalar_mult_matrix 1
s
<file_name_1>
<output_name_1>

Transpose matrix

transpose_matrix 1
<file_name_1>
<output_file_name>

Determinant

determinant 1
<file_name_1>

Output Format
For each of the above queries (except the determinant), the code needs to output the resultant matrix using
the write_matrix_to_file function, which is to be implemented. For the determinant query, the code needs
to output the resulting integer output on a single line to the terminal and not to an output file.

Handling Errors
In case of an argument mismatch (for example, you were asked to add two matrices of different
dimensions), the code needs to output a single line for the query saying ERROR: INVALID ARGUMENT .
Additionally, if there are any errors related to file opening/closing/reading/writing output the same error
message. While writing to files, if the file already exists, overwrite it. This should not counted as an error.

Example Run
Input:

4
add_matrix 1
helloWorldMatrix1
worldHelloMatrix2
out1
add_matrix 1
fileContainingA2By3Matrix
fileContainingA1By2Matrix
out2
add_matrix 0
2 3
1 2 3
4 5 6
2 3
1 1 1
1 1 1
determinant 1
byeMatrix

Output:

Assignment-5 9
 //query 1 writes the result to file 'out1'
//query 2 failed say, because the matrices were incompatible
ERROR: INVALID ARGUMENT
2 3
2 3 4
5 6 7
//The determinant output is written to the terminal
25

C. History Command
This command is similar to the history command in your terminal. Keep track of all the operations that were
done in part A and part B. And provide a new command history , which should print all the operations done
so far. This should work across different runs of your program. For example, if you do the operations
add_matrix 0 , mult_matrix 1 in one program run. Close the program. Run the program again and do one

more add_matrix 0 ; then run history, it should show the following:

LOG::add_matrix 0
LOG::mult_matrix 1
LOG::add_matrix 0
LOG::history

Note that the history command counts as an operation, so you should also store it. To achieve this, you
should write the operations done so far in a file. Name it mx_history (do not have any extensions for this
file).

The lines written to the file should be of the format LOG:: followed by the first line of the query.
The following describes the output of two sample runs:

> ./main
3
add_matrix 0
...
...
mult_matrix 1
...
...
history
LOG::add_matrix 0
LOG::mult_matrix 1
LOG::history

//Ctrl+C to end the program

> ./main
2
transpose 1
...
...
history
LOG::add_matrix 0
LOG::mult_matrix 1
LOG::history
LOG::transpose 1
LOG::history

Note that the history file should not store the matrices specified in the output and instead store only the first
line of the query. Each of the following commands is eligible to be written to the history file and should be

Assignment-5 10
 output when the history command is called.

add_matrix 0 add_matrix 1

mult_matrix 0 mult_matrix 1

scalar_mult_matrix 0 scalar_mult_matrix 1

transpose_matrix 0 transpose_matrix 1

determinant 0 determinant 1

history

Submission details
Have the implementations structured in main.c , matrix.c and matrix.h , as explained at the beginning of the
section. Keep the files in a single directory with your roll number as the name and zip the directory. Submit
only the zip file (note that the extensions .tar , .tar.gz etc would not be accepted)

The program will be compiled as gcc rollnumber/main.c rollnumber/matrix.c -o main . Ensure there are no other
files in your submission (especially those with .c or .h extensions). Strictly follow the I/O format and the
file structure specified above.

Assignment-5 11