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UNIT-I

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Unit II

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 UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Aerospace Engineering

PROGRAM CODE: AS201/AS202

Subject Name : Heat and Mass Transfer Subject Code : 20ASA-403

66
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PROGRAM CODE: AS201/AS202

Subject Name : Heat and Mass Transfer Subject Code : 20ASA-403

5.1 STEFAN- BOLTZMANN LAW

It states that the emissive power of a black body is directly proportional to the fourth power of its
absolute temperature (Eb = σT4).

“Eb” emissive power of black body.“σ”Stefan- Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67x10-8

W/m2K4
5.1.1 Black Body
It is an ideal body that absorbs all incident energy and reflects or transmits none.

5.24.2. TOTAL EMISSIVE POWER (E)

Total amount of radiation emitted by body per unit area and time. It is expressed as W/m2.

5.25. MONOCHROMATIC EMISSIVE POWER (E λ)

The radiation emitted at any temperature varies with wavelengths. The significance of monochromatic
emissive power is to account for change of radiation with respect to wavelength. E = dλ

5.26 EMISSIVITY (ε)

It is defines as capability to radiate heat from surface of body. It is expressed as ε = E/E b

5.27 ABSORPTION, REFLECTION &TRANSMISSION

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When incident radiation imposed on a surface of a body, there is possibility of three cases to take place
during the process as illustrated in figure. (a) Absorption (b) Reflection (c)
Transmission

R = Ra + Rr + R
Dividing both sides by R, we obtain

1 = 1=a+r +t

Absorptivity (a): The ratio of absorbed radiation to incident radiation.

Reflectivity (r): The ratio of reflected radiation to incident radiation.
Transmissivity (t) : The ratio of transmitted radiation to incident radiation
5.28 INTENSITY OF RADIATION AND LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW

5.28.1 Intensity of Radiation: Consider small area “dA”. All the radiation is captured by hemisphere
of radius “R” with base area “dA”. Let “dAn” area normal to “dA” of hemisphere. Radiations
released by “dA” towards “P” with small area “dAP”.

Displacement of hemisphere by an angle “ɵ” from normal surface.

Portion of released radiations from “dA” reaches “dAP”.

The radiation released in any direction is termed as radiation intensity.

Radiation intensity is classified into two categories

(i) Spectral intensity radiation (Ibλ)

(ii) Total radiation intensity (Ib)

(i) Spectral intensity radiation (Ibλ): Radiation travels in an interval “dλ” travelling with one
wavelength.
(ii) Total radiation intensity (Ib): It is used tO distinguish the quantity Of energy travelled
Over the entire wavelength spectrum frOm λ = 0 tO λ = ∞ in a beam and is related as:

68
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5.28.2 Lambert’s Cosine Law:
PROGRAM CODEIt : states that a diffused surface
AS201/AS202
Subject Name : radiates energy
Heat and MassinTransfer
such a way rate ofenergy radiated in any specific
Subject Code : 20ASA-403
direction is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the
direction under consideration and the normal to the surface.

This shows that surfaces which obey “Lambert Law” have

radiation intensities which areindependent of direction. Such
surfaces are also called “Lambertonian Surfaces”.

5.29 STATE KIRCHHOFF’S LAW

It States that at thermal equilibrium, the absorptivity and emissivity of body
are equal; i.e.α ελ
λ=

5.30 PLANCK’S LAW

The law shows a quantum arguments that the spectral distribution
of radiation intensity of a blackbody is given by equation
Ebλ = πbλ = 2πC1/ λ5 {exp (C 2/λT) – 1}
λ= Wave Length; T = Temperature; C 1 = h C02 = 0.595x10-8 W/m2;
h = Planck‟s Constant = 6.625x10-34;
C2 = h C0/σ = 1.4387x10 -2 m-K;σ =
Boltzmann Constant = 1.38049x10-
23
J/mol -K

5.31 WIEN DISPLACEMENT LAW

Ans: Wien Displacement Law:- λmax. T
= (C2/5){1/1- exp (-C2/λmax. T)}λmax. T
= C3 = 0.289x10-2 m-K; Eb λmax/T5 =
Constant OR Eb λmax = C4T5 C4 =
1.307x10-5 W/m2 K5

5.32 REYNOLD’S NUMBER, PRANDTL’S NUMBER& NUSSELT’S

NUMBER
Reynold’s Number (Re):- It is the ratio of inertia force to viscous force.
Prandtl’s number (Pr):-
It is defined as Pr = ν/α =
μCp/kNusselt’s Number
(Nu):- Nu = hL/kf
5.33 STANTON’S NUMBER, PECLET’S NUMBER,
GRAETZ’S NUMBER & GRASHOFF’SNUMBER
Stanton’s Number (St):- It is defined as the Nu divided by the product of Re
and P
St = Nu / Re Pr
Grashoff’s Number (Gr):-ρ2βgL3ΔT/μ2
ρ = Fluid Density, μ = Fluid Viscosity, β = Fluid Coefficient
of Thermal Expansion
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Tutorial Sheet-1 Group-A

1. Calculate the rate of heat transfer per unit area through a copper plate 45 mm thick, whose one
face is maintained at 350°C and the other face at 50°C. Take the thermal conductivity of copper as 370
W/m°C.
2. The following data relate to an oven:
Thickness of side wall of the oven = 82.5 mm. Thermal conductivity of wall insulation = 0.044 W/m°C
Temperature on inside of the wall = 175°C. Energy dissipated by the electrical coil within the oven = 40.5 W
Determine the area of wall surface, perpendicular to heat flow, so that temperature on the other side of the
wall does not exceed 75°C
Tutorial Sheet-2 Group-A
1. Illustrate the effects of various parameters on the thermal conductivity of solids
2. A thick-walled tube of stainless steel with 20 mm inner diameter and 40 mm outer diameter is
covered with a 30 mm layer of asbestos insulation (k = 0.2 W/m°C). If the inside wall temperature
of the pipe is maintained at 600°C and the outside insulation at 1000°C, calculate the heat loss per
metre of length.
Tutorial Sheet-3 Group-A
1. Calculate the critical radius of insulation for asbestos [k = 0.172 W/m K] surrounding a pipe and
exposed to room air at 300 K with h = 2.8 W/m K. Calculate the heat loss from a 475 K, 60 mm diameter pipe
when covered with the critical radius of insulation and without insulation.
2. A 10 mm cable is to be laid in atmosphere of 20°C with outside heat transfer coefficient 8.5 W/m2°C.
The surface temperature of cable is likely to be 65°C due to heat generation within. Will the rubber insulation,
k = 0.155 W/m °C, be effective? If yes how much?
Tutorial Sheet-4 Group-A
1. Calculate the amount of energy required to solder together two very long pieces of bare copper wire
1.5 mm in diameter with solder that melts at 190°C. The wires are positioned vertically in air at 20°C.
Assume that the heat transfer coefficient on the wire surface is 20W/m²°C and thermal conductivity
of wire alloy is 330 W/m°C.:
2. It is required to heat oil to about 300°C for frying purpose. A laddle is used in the frying. The section of the
handle is 5 mm × 18 mm. The surroundings are at 30°C. The conductivity of the material is 205 W/m°C.
If the temperature at a distance of 380 mm from the oil should not reach 40°C, determine the convective heat
transfer coefficient.

Tutorial Sheet-5 Group-A

A mild steel tank of wall thickness 12 mm contains water at 95°C. The thermal conductivity of mild steel is 50
W/m°C, and the heat transfer coefficients for the inside and outside the tank are 2850 and 10 W/m²°C, respectively.
If the atmospheric temperature is 15°C, calculate:
(i) The rate of heat loss per m² of the tank surface area.
An electric hot plate is maintained at a temperature of 350°C, and is used to keep a solution boiling at 95°C. The
solution is contained in a cast-iron vessel of wall thickness 25 mm, which is enamelled inside to a thickness of 0.8
mm. The heat transfer coefficient for the boiling solution is 5.5 kW/m²K, and the thermal conductivities of the cast
iron and enamel are 50 and 1.05 W/mK, respectively. Calculate:
(i) The overall heat transfer coefficient
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PROGRAM CODE: AS201/AS202

Subject Name : Heat and Mass Transfer Subject Code : 20ASA-403
Tutorial Sheet-6 Group-A
A very long 25 mm diameter copper rod (k = 380 W/m°C) extends horizontally from a plane heated wall at 120°C.
The temperature of the surrounding air is 25°C and the convective heat transfer coefficient is 9.0W/m²°C.
(i) Determine the heat loss;

Illustrate briefly the terms thermal capacity and thermal diffusivity of a material.
Tutorial Sheet-7 Group-A
Derive general heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates;
Derive expressions for temperature distribution, under one dimensional steady state heat conduction, for the
following systems for Plane wall

Tutorial Sheet-8 Group-A

Derive expressions for temperature distribution and heat dissipation in a straight fin of rectangular profile
for the Infinitely long fin.
A small electric heating application uses wire of 2 mm diameter with 0.8 mm thick insulation (k = 0.12
W/m°C). The heat transfer coefficient (h) on the insulated surface is 35 W/m2°C. Evaluate the critical
thickness of insulation in this case and the percentage change in the heat transfer rate if the critical thickness
is used, assuming the temperature difference between the surface of the wire and surrounding air remains
unchanged.

Tutorial Sheet-9 Group-A

A refrigerant suction line having outer diameter 30 mm is required to be ther- mally insulated. The outside air film
coefficient of heat transfer is 12 W/m2°C. The thermal conduc- tivity of insulation is 0.3 W/m°C.
(i) Determine whether the insulation will be effective;
(ii) Estimate the maximum value of thermal conductivity of insulating material to reduce heat transfer;
(iii) Determine the thickness of cork insulation to reduce the heat transfer to 22 percent if the thermal
conductivity of cork is 0.038 W/m°C.
A motor body is 360 mm in diameter (outside) and 240 mm long. Its surface temperature should not exceed
55°C when dissipating 340 W. Longitudinal fins of 15 mm thickness and 40 mm height are proposed. The
convection coefficient is 40 W/m²°C. Determine the number of fins required. Atmospheric temperature is
30°C. Thermal conductivity = 40 W/m°C..
Tutorial Sheet-10 Group-A
The filament of a 75 W light bulb may be considered a black body radiating into a black enclosure at 70°
C. The filament diameter is 0.10 mm and length are 5 cm. Considering the radiation, determine the filament
temperature
Consider a hot baked potato. Will the potato cool faster or slower when we blow the warm air coming from
our lungs on it instead of letting it cool naturally in the cooler air in the room? Explain.
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PROGRAM CODE: AS201/AS202

Subject Name : Heat and Mass Transfer Subject Code : 20ASA-403

Tutorial Sheet-11 Group-A

During air cooling of potatoes, the heat transfer coefficient for combined convection, radiation, and evaporation is
determined experimentally to be as shown:
Air Velocity, m/s Heat Transfer
Coefficient, W/m². °C
0.66 14.0
1.00 19.1
1.36 20.2
1.73 24.4
Consider an 8-cm-diameter potato initially at 20°C with a thermal conductivity of 0.49 W/m °C. Potatoes are cooled
by re- frigerated air at 5°C at a velocity of 1 m/s. Determine the initial rate of heat transfer from a potato, and the
initial value of the temperature gradient in the potato at the surface.
Consider a hot-boiled egg in a spacecraft that is filled with air at atmospheric pressure and temperature at
all times. Will the egg cool faster or slower when the spacecraft is in space instead of on the ground?
Explain.

Tutorial Sheet-12 Group-A

The velocity distribution in the boundary layer is given by: u/U= y/δ where u is the velocity at a distance y from the
plate and u= U at y = δ, δ being boundary layer thickness. Find: (i) The displacement thickness (δ *),
(ii) The momentum thickness (Ꮎ)
(iii) The energy thickness, and
(iv) The value of δ */Ꮎ
A cylindrical body of 300 mm diameter and 1.6 m height is maintained at a constant temperature of 36.5°C.
The surrounding temperature is 13.5°C. Find out the amount of heat to be generated by the body per hour
if p = 1.025 kg/m³; c, = 0.96 kJ/kg°C; v = 15.06 × 10° m²/s; k = 0.0892 kJ/m-h-°C and β= 1/298: K¹. Assume
Nu = 0.12 (Gr. Pr)1/3 (the symbols have their usual meanings).
Tutorial Sheet-13 Group-A
Physically, what does the Grashof number represent? How does the Grashof number differ from the Reynolds
number?

Show that the volume expansion coefficient of an ideal gas is β= 1/T, where T is the absolute temperature.
Tutorial Sheet-14 Group-A
Draw the diagram boiling curve and identify the different boiling regimes. Also, explain the characteristics of each
regime.

Illustrate the difference between evaporation and boiling.

Tutorial Sheet-15 Group-A

Three thin walled infinitely long hollow cylinders of radii 5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm are arranged concentrically as
shown in Fig. T, = 1000 K and T = 300 K.
Assuming & = ε2 = ε3 = 0.05 and vacuum in the spaces between the cylinders, calculate the steady state temperature
of cylindrical surface 2 and heat flow per m² area of cylinder 1.
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PROGRAM CODE: AS201/AS202

Subject Name : Heat and Mass Transfer Subject Code : 20ASA-403

Three hollow thin-walled cylinders having diameters 10 cm, 20 cm and 30cm are arranged concentrically. The
temperatures of the innermost and outermost cylindrical surfaces are 100 K and 300 K respectively. Assuming
vacuum between the annular spaces, find the steady state temperature attained by the cylindrical surface having
diameter of 20 cm.
Take &₁ = E₂ = 3 = 0.05.
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Subject Name : Heat and Mass Transfer Subject Code : 20ASA-403
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PROGRAM CODE: AS201/AS202

Subject Name : Heat and Mass Transfer Subject Code : 20ASA-403